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An Introduction to Biorisk Management and Dual Use in Life Sciences Landau Network-Centro Volta AN INTRODUCTION TO BIORISK MANAGEMENT AND DUAL USE IN LIFE SCIENCES EDITED BY ZABTA KHAN SHINWARI, GIULIO M. MANCINI AND WILLIAM J. PINARD Landau Network-Centro Volta Quaid-i-Azam University Landau Network Centro Volta Sandia National Laboratories AN INTRODUCTION TO BIORISK MANAGEMENT AND DUAL USE IN LIFE SCIENCES EDITED BY ZABTA KHAN SHINWARI, GIULIO M. MANCINI, AND WILLIAM J. PINARD Landau Network-Centro Volta Landau Network-Centro Volta is a non-profit and non-governmental organization operating as a global network of international experts supporting global science cooperation, security, and disarmament. Its programmes include research on scientific and technologic cooperation for global peace support, international security, and policy issues; worldwide disarmament of Weapons of Mass Destruction; and water and energy security. LNCV is also the seat of the Executive Secretariat of the International Working Group (IWG), an informal think-tank of experts and officials sharing their personal capacities. www.centrovolta.it/landau Quaid-i-Azam University Quaid-i-Azam University was established as the University of Islamabad under an Act of National Assembly passed in July 1967. The University of Islamabad was renamed Quaid-i-Azam University in 1976 during centennial celebrations in honor of the founder of Pakistan. The University is recognized in Pakistan and abroad as an institution of high academic standards, with its graduates accepted by universities and research facilities worldwide. The University collaborates with research institutions in the United States, Europe, and South Asia, and publishes more scientific articles than any other university in the nation. Quaid-i-Azam University graduates approximately 2000 trained M. Sc, M. Phil, and PhDs annually. At present the University has three faculties, Natural Sciences, Biological Sciences, and Social Sciences, in addition to the Centers of Excellence and Institutes that include Gender Studies, the National Institute of Pakistan Studies, the National Institute of Psychology, the Area Study Center, the Computer Center, and the Taxila Institute of Asian Civilization. www.qau.edu.pk Sandia National Laboratories1 Sandia National Laboratories develops innovative, science-based solutions to solve the most challenging national and global security proďůĞŵƐ͘ ^ĂŶĚŝĂ͛Ɛ 'ůŽďĂů ^ĞĐƵƌŝƚLJ WƌŽŐƌĂŵƐ ƌĞĚƵĐĞ ƉƌŽůŝĨĞƌĂƚŝŽŶ ĂŶĚ terrorism threats to United States (U.S.) national security through global technical engagement. Since 1999, the International Biological Threat Reduction (IBTR) programme, a division of SĂŶĚŝĂ͛Ɛ'ůŽďĂů^ĞĐƵƌŝƚLJ Programs, has worked to advance international threat reduction goals by promoting safe, secure, and responsible use of dangerous biological agents around the globe. IBTR leverages advanced technical resources and expertise, coupled with strategic alliances, to meet its core objectives. In cooperation with U.S. agencies, host country governments, and other international partners, IBTR promotes sustainable and transparent bioscience capacity, while identifying and reducing global biological threats. www.biosecurity.sandia.gov Edited and Printed in Como (Italy), Islamabad (Pakistan), and Albuquerque (United States) in 2011 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. 1 Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-program laboratory managed and operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Corporation, for the U.S. Department ŽĨŶĞƌŐLJ͛ƐEĂƚŝŽŶĂůEƵĐůĞĂƌ^ĞĐƵƌŝƚLJĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƚŝŽŶƵŶĚĞƌĐŽŶƚƌĂĐƚ-AC04-94AL85000. SAND Numbers: 2011-8634 P, 2011-6154 P Quaid-i-Azam University Landau Network Centro Volta Sandia National Laboratories AN INTRODUCTION TO BIORISK MANAGEMENT AND DUAL USE IN LIFE SCIENCES EDITED BY ZABTA KHAN SHINWARI, GIULIO M. MANCINI, AND WILLIAM J. PINARD Contributors: Zabta K. Shinwari, Quaid-i-Azam University (Pakistan) Giulio M. Mancini, Landau Network-Centro Volta (Italy) Kathryn McLaughlin, Landau Network-Centro Volta (Italy) William Pinard, Sandia National Laboratories (United States) LouAnn Burnett, Sandia National Laboratories (United States) Anwar Nasim, Organization of Islamic Countries Standing Committee on Science and Technology (Pakistan) Aamer Ikram, Quetta Institute of Medical Sciences (Pakistan) Abdullah, Quaid-i-Azam University (Pakistan) Muhammad Qasim, Quaid-i-Azam University (Pakistan) Alessandro Fasani, Landau Network-Centro Volta (Italy) This volume has been realized with the support of the Biosecurity Engagement Program of the United States. The opinions, conclusions, or recommendations in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or institutions that have supported the project. 4 Table of Contents 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 9 Introduction................................................................................................................................................................................... 15 Foreword: Biotechnology in Pakistan ................................................................................................................................ 19 Chapter 1 ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 21 Survey on Awareness and Opinions on Biosecurity and Dual Use among Pakistani Life Sciences Students ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 21 Methods of the Survey ......................................................................................................................................................... 21 Questionnaire ...................................................................................................................................................................... 21 Description of the Sample .............................................................................................................................................. 23 Empirical Results ................................................................................................................................................................... 24 Awareness Levels .............................................................................................................................................................. 24 Educational Opportunities ............................................................................................................................................. 31 Risk Perception ................................................................................................................................................................... 32 Opinions and Attitudes .................................................................................................................................................... 35 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................................................................... 38 Chapter 2 ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 41 Concepts and Definitions ......................................................................................................................................................... 41 Biorisk and biorisk management .................................................................................................................................... 41 Biosafety .................................................................................................................................................................................... 41 Laboratory Biosafety (Biocontainment) ...................................................................................................................... 42 Biosecurity ................................................................................................................................................................................ 43 Dual Use ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 45 Chapter 3 ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 49 The Threats and the Risks ....................................................................................................................................................... 49 Dz dz .............................................................................................................................................. 49 Naturally occurring diseases ............................................................................................................................................. 51 Intentional Use by States ...................................................................................................................................................
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