View point of Ibn Sa‘ad, one of Ahl , about the history of the beginning of Islam

A case study about the biography of Imam ‘Ali (a.s.) in the book “al-Tabaqat al-Kubra”

١ MuhammadAli Kazim Beyki ٢ Mustafa Guhari FakhrAbad ٢٠١۶ .Article acceptance date: June

Abstract: al-Tabaqat al-Kubra by Ibn Sa‘ad ( ۲۳۰ A.H.) is of the significant ancient books about the biography of Prophet Muhammad, his companions, Tabi‘in (companions of his companions), and tradition narrators till the beginning decades of the third Hijrah century. The present study in a case study on the biography of imam ‘Ali included in this book explained the differences among records of historians and tradition narrators about the events at the beginning of Islam. The findings show that Ibn Sa‘ad as a tradition narrator ( Muhaddith) and a historian due to his commitment to the beliefs of Ahl Hadith in explaining the events at the beginning of Islam pictured the course of events different from other historians.

Key words: historiography, Ashab Hadith, Ibn Sa‘ad, al-Tabaqat al-Kubra, ‘Ali

Associate professor, Tehran university ١ Downloaded from safinah-al-nejat.ir at 16:44 +0330 on Wednesday September 29th 2021 Assistant professor, Ferdusi university, Mashhad ٢

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Waqidi’s students attended all his Introduction classes and adhered to him in such a In the third Hijrah century, tradition way that he was known as “Katib al- ٣ recorders and great historians of the Waqidi” (the scriber of Waqidi) , ٤ history of Islam came into existence. “Sahib Waqidi” and “Ghulam ٥ One of these historians and Waqidi”. Ibn Sa‘ad after the death of A.H.) stayed in Baqdad ٢٠٧) traditionalists of Sunnah who was Waqidi succeeded to write a complete series of and was among the first biography books about the biography of Prophet writers who was from out of Medina. Muhammad, Companions (Sahabah) , The prior biography writers such as ibn A.H.) and Waqidi both were ١۵١) Tabi‘in, and tradition narrators till his Ishaq ٦ time is Ibn Sa‘ad. The book al-Tabaqat from Medina. He wrote another book al-Kubra by him due to including details besides al-Tabaqat al-Kubra titled al- ٧ of life of people and Islamic cultural Tabaqat al-Saghir. Finally Ibn Sa‘ad in A.H. in his ۶٢ ٢٣٠ and social aspects, is considered as a passed away in ٨ political, social and religious book till Baqdad. the beginning of the third century. The The first issue regarding Ibn Sa‘ad is to present study deals with the differences clarify in which groups of Muhaddithan, among Ahl Hadith view points and Akhbaris or historians he can be historians and tries to explain these classified. Though in the book “al- differences by reviewing the records of based ٩ Fihrist”, he is known as Akhbaris Ibn Sa‘ad regarding biography of Imam on his approach in recording history ‘Ali. which is based on documentation, he Abu ‘Abdullah ibn Sa‘ad ibn Mani’ al- can be regarded as Muhaddith ١٠ Basari al-Hashimi known as “Katib al- (traditionalist) as Fuck said. Caetani A.H. in Basra. also introduced him as an influential ١۶٨ Waqidi” was born in He benefited from the masters of that individuals in revolution of ١١ Then he traveled to other Hadith documentation of Hadith. He reached ١ .time scholars in Kufa, Medina, and Baqdad. to the level of “Hafiz” in Ilm al- Hadith He said, I visited some scholars in and ibn Hujr mentioned him as he Medina and I benefited from their enjoyed both groups’ traditions, Akhbaris and Muhadittan, and by ٣٠ knowledge. Finally when he was years old, he traveled to Baqdad to learn mixing them he could prepare his book Downloaded from safinah-al-nejat.ir at 16:44 +0330 on Wednesday September 29th 2021 ,Ibn Sa‘ad after joining as a historical work. Therefore ٢ .from Waqidi according to my opinion, he should be ٢٤

Ibn Saad , Ahl Hadith’s view point to the history of the beginning of Islam

regarded as a traditionalist-historians. these disagreement can bring their His interest in traditions and believes of justice under question. The best attempt traditionalists are clear in this book. He had been done to cover up these wrote this book to introduce the disagreement which was against the biography of tradition recorders. Due to approach of Akhbaris. Shaykh Mufid, this, traditionalists generally knew him the great Shia scholar, at the beginning as a thiqqah narrator unlike his master of the book “al-Jamal” pointed out to Waqidi. The trend of traditionalists in this group of traditionalists and said, the first half of third A.H. century was the common trend among Sunnis and According to a group of them, it his look towards history of Islam had shouldn’t be studied and searched about fundamental differences with other disputes among companions of Prophet historians. One of the beliefs of Ahl- or even listen to them. So anyone who Hadith was “justice of Sahabah” which ignores this advice makes a change in was mentioned in his book Tabaqat. religion and is standing against the According to Ahl-Hadith, all religion; because it is narrated from companions of Prophet are just and Prophet who said, do avoid of what will there is not even a little doubt about occur among my companions. “ them. For example the story of Hatib ibn Abi Bal‘atah can be mentioned: Because according to them, speaking about some events like Saqifah, When it was cleared that he had secret ‘ murder, Jamal and Siffin are ١٤”.correspondent with infidels of Mecca, distortion ‘Umar asked for permission from Prophet to behead him. The holy This belief of keep quite regarding Prophet said, “Isn’t he the one who took disputes among companions of Prophet part in Badr battle?... We don’t know. sometimes causes their discord with God knows him the best. Do whatever Akhbariyun. Because Akhbariyun wrote you want that heaven is guaranteed for a lot of books about some events like According to this, the tradition Jamal, Siffin, ‘Uthman murder,… or ١٢”.you “Asharah Mubashshirah” is accepted by like Tabari and Biladhuri talked about And the virtues of companions these events in details which was not ١٣ .them of Prophet should be mentioned. interesting to traditionalists. This causes Therefore, mentioning whatever against them to become weak or sometimes ١٥ Downloaded from safinah-al-nejat.ir at 16:44 +0330 on Wednesday September 29th 2021 them, criticizing them or disputes they were accused of being Shia. among them is not suitable. Because Asserting this point is what Ibn Salah ٢٥

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found as a fault in the book al-Isti‘ab amongst the mistakes of traditionalists ibn ‘Abdulbar because of its including we can say mixing events with each disputes among companions and other, tribe-bound honors, … he ,benefited from various historical ١٦ .traditions of Akhbariyun traditional and interpretational sources This difference can be seen in the book and depicted explicitly that a tradition in Tabaqat ibn Sa‘ad. The reader not only the way of its perfection, or as he put “ does find himself reading a historical process of redaction” underwent book but also a theological book of Ahl- changes and evolutions. Hadith. In the present article, it has been tried to compare and contrast the Jones in his two essays compared and information in this book about Imam contrasted Sirah by ibn Ishaq and ‘Ali and other historians’ to prove this Maghazi. In the first titled “the book is written based on his religious Chronology of the Maghazi- A Textual tendencies towards traditionalists; survey” studied “chronology” in these therefore in accepting his words two books and at the end concluded that specifically regarding disputes among any date mentioned only by Waqidi is “ In the second article, titled ١٧ .companions should act wisely. doubtful Ibn Ishaq and al-Waqidi: the dream of Those scholars who are studying about Atika and the Raid to Nakhla in relation Islam were always interested in history to the charge of plagiarism” he studied recorded in Sirah, Maghazi and later these two events. According to him, in events in the beginning of Islam. the report by Waqidi which included Accordingly, they prepared some more details than Ibn Ishaq’s, Though ١٨ .researches. for example, Ella Landau- storytelling is more apparent Tasseron in an introduction titled these stories were appeared at the time .٢nd century process of redaction: a case study over of Ibn Ishaq and about early“ Wafad Tamim approaching Muhammad” compared and contrasted Motzki also gathered a collection of traditions by Waqidi and ibn Ishaq ( articles from various authors on the mentioned in Sirah ibn Hisham), cited reviewing Sirah source books. A few of his coming towards Prophet as the them are related to the topic at hand: Uri ٩th year (‘Am al- Rubin in an essay titled “the life of biggest Wafad of Wafad) and showed the difference Muhammad and Islamic self-portrait: a

Downloaded from safinah-al-nejat.ir at 16:44 +0330 on Wednesday September 29th 2021 among traditions and their reasons. He comparative analysis from events of knew several factors involving in this: Badr and Hudaybiyah” reviewed the ٢٦

Ibn Saad , Ahl Hadith’s view point to the history of the beginning of Islam

war council that Prophet had with his in Maghazi’s traditions are not from companions. Various verses described reports and not adapted with them but in this event and each one offered different contrast they are prior to them. Because and … explanation about time and place of not interest in solving questions and other details. He shows that in this related to Islamic jurisprudence, these council and councils like that some traditions are saved in interpretational The importance works while in Sunnah by Maghazi and .١ :issues are made bold of consultation in the opinion of Sirah are put aside. Prophet; as Abu Hurayrah said, the Prophet consulted his companions more Leites reviewed the important issue of Though in other different opinions among Sunni and ١٩ .than other leaders tradition, Abu Hurayrah emphasized Shia towards Muhammad in an article that Prophet consulted with companions “Sirah and the issue of tradition”. He, in Bolding the this article, reviewed the tradition of .٢ ٢٠ .about martial issues role of Abubakr and ‘Umar in getting comets-filling-of-sky at the time consultation. In some traditions, some Muhammad birth based on Sunni and decisions made by the Prophet had been Shia sources. He, quoted from Tor known to be from Abubakr and these Andrae, depicted two opposite pictures two were the special advisors of Prophet from prophethood based on Shia and Sunni sources. According to the first .٣.and there is no word about ‘Ali Making honors and virtues for Muhajirs picture, Prophet is merely a human and Ansars by themselves. Rubin also being who was given the responsibility pointed out to this point that Muslims of being a Prophet in a special period of accepted easily whatever about the life. According to the second picture, bravery of the first fighters… and did Prophet is a super human whose life not question them. So they spread fast. turned into prophethood by a choice. From Andrae’s research we can realize Marco Scholler reviewed quoted the first picture belongs to Sunnite traditions from Kalbi about related scholars and the second rooted in Shia verses to Medina Jews and showed their thoughts which found its way to the discrepancies in article “ Sirah and Sunni Traditions. interpretation of Muhammad Kalbi about Medina Jews; though he did not Muhammad Qasim Zaman also by ignore the importance of this traditions. comparing Maghazi part in three books Downloaded from safinah-al-nejat.ir at 16:44 +0330 on Wednesday September 29th 2021 According to him, interpretational of al- Abdul Razaq Sanani, al- works and traditions in them as we see Musannaf ibn Abi Shaybah, and Sahih ٢٧

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Bukhari pointed out to the differences of among companions and neglecting this their reports of these two groups about issue by Akhbaris, most of Akhbaris this unique event. According to him, works and first historians records lost or their traditions can clarify the horizon in reached us a little. This opposition front of a traditionalist in terms of shows us somehow why Akhbaris were selection, order and submitting accused of being Shia and fabricating historical variables…. traditions by traditionalists. Examples of these kinds of judgment can be found in For example some events like Sulh the words of Sunni traditionalists and Hudaybiah (Hudaybiyah peace treaty) Rijaliyun talking about the first writers, has clear difference in San’ani’s i.e. Waqidi and ibn Sa‘ad. While a large But ٢١.wording and ibn Abi Shaybah. About group of them knew Waqidi a liar murdering ‘Uthman ibn Abi Shaybah , they praised ibn Sa‘ad, Waqidi’s ibn Abi Shaybah mostly tended to omit student, who as famous as Waqidi a number of these traditions instead of scriber for his extreme accompany with ,According to Bahramiyan ٢٢.including the various traditions. The Waqidi author concluded at the end that the new these discrepancy refers to the method theology of Sunnah is traceable in every of ibn Sa‘ad who did not mention some corner of the books “Kitab al-Maghazi” opinions due to following Ashab and “al-Jamal” of ibn Abi Shaybah. hadith’s rules. This theology asserted that Islamic society is moving in the true path, the The biography of Imam Ali in the caliphs all were right, ‘Uthman was book “Tabaqat ibn Sa‘ad” killed violently, but his murder would not put the purity of society under Ibn Sa‘ad included the biography of question and the leaders of Jamal made Imam ‘Ali in the first level in his book, a mistake but as they repented, they i.e. Ashab Badr (companions of Badr) a should not be blamed. Traditions form a branch of Bani Hashim. The number of collection which can be regarded as a traditions mentioned in this biography is ٨۵ mostly about the appearance sample of “ traditional histography”. about and physical characteristics of Imam In an article “ Ashab Hadith and the first ‘Ali and a few traditions about political half of first century” this difference has life and his virtues. In this study, some been dealt with. In this essay it has been historical traditions related to the life of

Downloaded from safinah-al-nejat.ir at 16:44 +0330 on Wednesday September 29th 2021 said due to the opposition of all imam at the life time of Prophet traditionalists with quoting the disputes ٢٨

Ibn Saad , Ahl Hadith’s view point to the history of the beginning of Islam

according to the time and not the order sufficed to gather opposed ideas. The of the book have been reviewed. disagreements on the identity of the first ٢٨ .Muslim is traceable in other sources Islam of Imam ‘Ali Ibn ‘Abdulbarah and ibn Hisham.١ believed that the first (male) Muslim According to ibn ٢٩ .The first part of biography in the book was imam ‘Ali Tabaqat al-Kubra is about Islam of Abdulbarah, quite a few number of first Imam ‘Ali. Ibn Sa‘ad in four continuous and great traditionalists knew ‘Ali (a.s) traditions emphasized on Ali being the as the first Muslim like Zahri, Mujahid, ٢٣ first Muslim. In the fifth opinion, he ‘Abdullah ibn Muhammad ibn ‘Aghil, Muhammad ٣٠ .mentioned his master’s opinion Waqidi Qatadah and Abu Ishaq in this regard which can be counted as Ibn Ka‘ab Qurazi was asked who the his own idea; because after reading the first Muslim was, ‘Ali or Abubakr? He traditions of Tabaqat the same opinion answered, God is praiseworthy! ‘Ali is ca be concluded. According to Waqidi, the first Muslim and people’s “our companions” all are agreed that the disagreement was this that ‘Ali hide his first Muslim was Khadijah but there are Islam from Abutalib but Abubakr ٣١ .disagreement which one was the first revealed it among these three ones: Abu Bakr, ‘Ali, and Zayd ibn Harithah and ‘Ali As in some traditions, the age of Imam years ‘Ali is mentioned at the time of ١١ accepted Islam when he was accepting Islam, this question can be ٢٤ .old raised why there is such an emphasis on The traditions of Tabaqat about the first the age of him. It is feasible that doubts Muslim (man) are different. For of some opponents of Imam ‘Ali on this example in the biography of Khadijah point caused this reaction; ‘Uthmaniyah the well-known story about the hold that his Islam is not comparable to According to ٣٢ .Prophet’s pray accompanied by the Islam of adults ٢٥ Khadijah and imam ‘Ali. This Mas‘udi, a group of fans of Imam Ali, approves Imam ‘Ali being the first in contrast, believed that ‘Ali was an Muslim. Besides, in the biography of adult then. Because when the verse ٢٧ ٢٦ Zayd ibn Harithah and Abubakr. Indhar ‘Ashirah was sent down to There are some traditions concerning Prophet to invite his relatives to Islam, Meanwhile if it ٣٣ .him being the first Muslims. From these first he invited ‘Ali Downloaded from safinah-al-nejat.ir at 16:44 +0330 on Wednesday September 29th 2021 traditions we can conclude that ibn was not supposed his Islam be accepted Sa‘ad did not express his idea and the Prophet did not tell him you are the ٢٩

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first person that accept me. And also he The last two traditions of this part is would not tell Fatimah I marry you off about the role of Imam ‘Ali in the In ٣٩ .battles of the lifetime of Prophet ٣٤ .with the first Muslim another place, it is written about the Brotherhood promise face-to-face fight among Hamzah, ‘Ali.٢ (‘Aqd Ukhuwwat) ibn Abitalib and ‘Ubaydah ibn Harith against three enemies from dualists in was sent ١٩ The second part of this biography is Badr which the verse Haj about the tradition named “‘Aqd down regarding them. There is also Ukhuwwat”. In two traditions, we see another tradition about the place of there is an emphasis on the brotherhood Abubakr and ‘Ali in the battle of Badr promise between Prophet and Imam narrated from Imam ‘Ali who said on ‘Ali. But in the third tradition, which is the day of Badr he and Abubakr were narrated through three channels, we read told one of you are accompanied by ٤٠ .that holy Prophet announced ‘Ali and Gabriel and the other one by Michel Sahl ibn Hanif to be each other’s Though ‘Uthmaniyah used the Regarding the role of Imam ‘Ali in the ٣٥ .brother claim of this brotherhood between Sahl battle of Khaybar there are two and Prophet to reject brotherhood traditions in Tabaqat which pointed out In them ٤١ .but it should to the event of giving flag ٣٦ between ‘Ali and Prophet be noticed that Prophet sometimes set there is no word about Shaykhayn’s this brotherhood promise not only (two shaykh) failure in opening and among Muhajirs and Ansars but also conquering Khaybar. Giving the flag to among Muhajirs themselves. This point Ali in the battle of Khaybar is of the is clearly cited in the tradition of honors specific to ‘Ali. Ibn Sa‘ad Biladhuri. According to him, Prophet regarded this event, doubled with set prophethood between him and ‘Ali Manzilat tradition and Mubahilah event This ٤٢ .and also between ‘Ali and Sahl ibn as the three great honors of Ali According to resources, event of giving flag to ‘Ali mentioned in ٣٧.Hanif Ansari the Prophet announced ‘Ali as his other sources in details. According to brother. It is worth mentioning that this source books, first, Abubakr and ‘Umar was given to him before Hijrah in the with the armies went to fight to conquer Khaybar; when they were unable to ٣٨ .event of Indhar ‘Ashirah open the door of that castle, the Prophet The honors of Imam ‘Ali at the said, I will give my flag to the one.٣ Downloaded from safinah-al-nejat.ir at 16:44 +0330 on Wednesday September 29th 2021 battleship whom God and his Prophet like him and ٣٠

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It is not far ٤٥.God will conquer us by him and he is representative in Medina As Waqidi from truth that the political ٤٣ .not a man of escape included this tradition completely, it is understanding of this tradition by Shias possible that disability of Shaykhayn in to prove ‘Ali’s rulership caused some of conquering Khaybar castle caused this these traditions emphasize on ‘Ali’s part of the event be omitted in Tabaqat succesorship only among his families; and this event cited without any this tradition due to the place of Haroon background. to Moses- specially he was Moses successor among his nation not his Manzilat tradition family and Prophet meant this very.٤ content – can be regarded political word One of the valuable traditions regarding if it refers to ‘Ali’s successorship in the statues of Imam Ali is Manzilat Medina. Though Waqidi, the master of tradition. According to this tradition, ibn Sa‘ad did not record this event in the Ibn ‘Abdulbar ٤٦ .when Prophet delegated his position to report of Tabuk Battle ‘Ali when he was setting off for Tabuk recognized this tradition in the group of battle as his representative in Medina, a the best and most authentic traditions group of hypocrites spread this rumor which are narrated by a group of that Muhammad did not take ‘Ali with Prophet’s companions like Sa‘ad ibn him as he does not like him. When the Abi Waqas, Abusa‘id Khudri, Um ٤٧ .rumor spread everywhere, ‘Ali came to Salmah, Asma bint ‘umays and Jabir Prophet and asked for permission to join Haj al-Wida’ and Ghadir event.٥ them. The Prophet command him to return and said, oh ‘Ali! Aren’t you satisfied that your place to me be similar There is no word about Ghadir event in to the place of Haroon to Moses? Unless Tabaqat, but about the reason of sending down , which is ٣/there is no Prophet after me. In Tabaqat this verse maeda traditions there are discord concerning believed by Shia and a lot of Sunnis the successorship of ‘Ali in Medina or sources which is sent down for Ghadir only among Prophet’s family. In some even, a tradition is cited. According to other places, it is talked about the Sha‘abi, when this verse was sent down the Prophet was in ‘Arafat where ٤٤.successorship of him in Medina Ibrahim was standing and duality was In the opinion of Ibn Sa’ad, the first destroyed, the base of ignorance was Downloaded from safinah-al-nejat.ir at 16:44 +0330 on Wednesday September 29th 2021 tradition is more authentic and Prophet uprooted and no one circled Ka‘ba A group of Sunnit scholars ٤٨.chose Muhammad Ibn Maslamah as his naked ٣١

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took this stand against this verse and by but it was a proof to his successorship. According to resources, imam ‘Ali ٤٩’bolding Ahkam in Haj al-Wida recognized the reason of sending this during the time of choosing the next caliph asked witnesses of Ghadir to ٥٠ .verse to be this speak about it. A large group of people ٥٨ .pages to said it happened ٩ Ibn Sa‘ad, though, allocated and even a ٥١’the event of haj al-Wida tradition about ‘Ali’s eating with Conclusion did not say anything ٥٢ Prophet in Hajj about al-Ghadir event against all present In Tabaqat al-Kubra ibn Sa‘ad pictured documents. As some great people the general life of imam ‘Ali like this: at mentioned in traditions of ibn Sa‘ad are the time of Prophet, because of his among the tradition narrators of Ghadir services he enjoyed a valuable position. we can not accept he did not But in brief, against issuing some ٥٣ tradition access to this tradition, especially when valuable traditions like Manzilat, there some of his contemporaries mentioned is no word about Ghadir event in this this tradition such as Ahmad ibn book. who lived in Baghdad ( the Endnote ٥٤ Hanbal resident of ibn Sa‘ad). Biladhuri, the s student of ibn Sa‘ad, also narrated this

٥٥ -Riyad ‘Abdullah, introduction of al ١ .tradition in the book Ansab al-Ashraf All these points declare that this Tabaqat al-Kubra, ۱/۱۱ tradition existed among tradition Mahdavi, introduction of al-Tabaqat ٢ narrators and historians of that time. But al-Kubra, ۱/four Waqidi, ibn Hisham, and Bukhari did ٣ not speak about it. Even Abubakr ibn Ibn Khalkan, ۴/۳۵۱ ; Sam‘ani,۵/۸ Ibn Sa‘ad, ۷/۱۷۵ ٤ Abi Dawud Sajistani denied the presence of imam ‘Ali in Ghadir. Sam‘ani,۵/۸ ٥ According to him, imam Ali was in ٦ Gulshani, ۳/۶۸۰ ٥٦ .Yemen at that time Ibid, ۳/۶۸۲ ٧ Quoting the tradition of Ghadir is a sign Ibn Sa‘ad, ۷/۱۷۵ ٨ of being Shia, as Tabari was accused of Ibn Nadim, ۱/۱۲۸ ٩ being Shia due to approving this

Fuck, ۳/۹۲۲ ١٠ It was because Ghadir was ٥٧ .Downloaded from safinah-al-nejat.ir at 16:44 +0330 on Wednesday September 29th 2021 tradition not counted as a virtue for imam ‘Ali ٣٢

Ibn Saad , Ahl Hadith’s view point to the history of the beginning of Islam

Jahiz, ۲۹۴ (these two traditions were ٣٤ Rabsun, ۲۴۹ ١١ cited by Abu Ja‘far Askafi in the book Biladhuri, ۱/۴۲۴ ١٢ Naq al-Uthmaniyah which is in refusing Ibn Abi al-‘Iz, ۴۹۳ ‘Uthmaniyah by Jahid. But as this book ١٣ is destroyed, Ihsan ‘Abbas, editor of Shaykh Mufid, ۲۲ ١٤ ‘Uthmaniyah by Jahiz included the Bahramiyan, ۳۳۲ words of ibn Abi Hadid from Haskani ١٥ book at the end of his book. Haji Khalifah, ۲/۱۱۰۴‘ ١٦ Ibn Sa ‘ad, ۳/۱۴ ٣٥ Jones, p. ۲۷۵ ١٧ Jahiz, ۱۶۱ ٣٦ Ibid, ۴۶ ١٨ Biladhuri, ۲/۸۵ -۸۶ ٣٧ Perhaps this emphasis is to pave the ١٩ Jafari, ۳۳ ٣٨ way to say choosing next caliph is based on consultation. Ibn Sa ‘ad, ۳/۱۴ ; for other traditions ٣٩ Maghazi al- Waqidi, ۲/۵۸۰ refer to ۲/۳۸۲ , ۳/۹۳ ٢٠ Ibid, ۳/۹۳ ٤٠ Khatib Baqdadi ۳/۱۳ ٢١ Ibid, ۲/۳۰۵ ٤١ Ibid, ۵/۳۲۱ -۳۲۲ ٢٢ Ibn Hujr, al-Isabah, ۲/۵۰۹ ٤٢ Ibn Sa‘ad, ۳/۱۳ ٢٣ ; Waqidi, ۲/۶۵۳ ; ibn Hisham, ۲/۷۹۸ ٤٣ ibid ٢٤ Tabari, ۳/۱۱ -۱۲ Ibid, ۸/۲۵۱ ٢٥ Ibn Sa ‘ad, ۳/۱۵ ٤٤ Ibid, ۳/۹۱ ٢٦ Ibid, ۲/۳۳۲ ٤٥ Ibid, ۳/۹۱ ٢٧ Waqidi, ۲/۹۹۵ ٤٦ For example Tabari, ۲/۳۰۹ and after ٢٨ Ibn ‘Abdulbar, ۳/۱۰۹۷ ٤٧ him Ibn Sa‘ad, ۲/۳۴۴ ٤٨ Ibn ‘Abdulbar, ۳/۹۲ ; ibn ٢٩ Hisham, ۱/۱۶۷ and after them Ibid, ۲/۳۴۲ ٤٩ Ibn ‘Abdulbarah, ۳/۱۰۹۲ ٣٠ Siyuti in his Tafsir mentioned the ٥٠ -ibid traditions proving this. Refer to: al ٣١ .Durrul Manthur, ۲/۲۵۷ after Jahiz, ۵ ٣٢ ٥١ Ibid, ۲/۳۳۶ ٣٣ Downloaded from safinah-al-nejat.ir at 16:44 +0330 on Wednesday September 29th 2021 Mas‘udi, ۱/۴۹۵ -۴۹۶ Ibid, ۲/۳۳۸ ٥٢

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Such as Abu’amir ‘Aghdi ( Tabari, the ٥٣ ;( book Fazayl ‘Ali ibn Abi Talib, ۸۷٬۹۵ ;( Ubaydullah ibn Musa (ibid, ۸۸٬۹۰٬۹۵‘ Musa ibn Isma‘il (ibid, ۹۲ ); ‘Afan ibn Muslim (Biladhuri, edited by Mahmudi, ,Abi Nu’aym Fadl ibn Dakin(ibid ;(١١٠/٢ (٩٨ ,Ma’an ibn “Isa ( Nisa’i ;(١١٢/٢ Ibn Hanbal, ۱/۸۴ , ۴/۳۶۸ , ۵/۴۱۹ ٥٤ - Bilazuri, edited by Mahmudi, ۲/۱۰۸ ٥٥ ١١٢ Jafariyan, introduction to Fazayl ibn ٥٦ Abi Talib, ۱۷ -۱۸ Ibn Hujr, Lisan al-Mizan, ۵/۱۰۰ ٥٧ Ibn Athir, Usdul-Ghabah, ۴/۲۸ l for ٥٨ more references refer to Amini, ۱/۶۶ Downloaded from safinah-al-nejat.ir at 16:44 +0330 on Wednesday September 29th 2021

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