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Research Article Silver Nanoparticles Obtained by Aqueous Or Ethanolic Aloe Vera Extracts: an Assessment of the Antibacterial Activity and Mercury Removal Capability

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Research Article Silver Nanoparticles Obtained by Aqueous Or Ethanolic Aloe Vera Extracts: an Assessment of the Antibacterial Activity and Mercury Removal Capability Hindawi Journal of Nanomaterials Volume 2018, Article ID 7215210, 7 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/7215210 Research Article Silver Nanoparticles Obtained by Aqueous or Ethanolic Aloe vera Extracts: An Assessment of the Antibacterial Activity and Mercury Removal Capability Ederley Vélez ,1 Gloria Campillo ,1 Gladis Morales,2 César Hincapié,1 Jaime Osorio,3 and Oscar Arnache3 1 Facultad de Ciencias Basicas,´ Grupo de Materiales Nanoestructurados y Biomodelacion´ (MATBIOM), Universidad de Medell´ın, Medell´ın, Colombia 2Facultad de Ingenier´ıas, Grupo de Investigaciones y Mediciones Ambientales (GEMA), Universidad de Medell´ın, Medell´ın, Colombia 3Instituto de F´ısica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70, No. 52-21, A.A. 1226, Medell´ın, Colombia Correspondence should be addressed to Gloria Campillo; [email protected] Received 30 October 2017; Revised 12 January 2018; Accepted 14 February 2018; Published 19 March 2018 Academic Editor: Francesco Rufno Copyright © 2018 Ederley Velez´ et al. Tis is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. + Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized by chemical reduction of Ag ions (from silver nitrate AgNO3), using aqueous or ethanolic Aloe vera extracts as reducing, stabilizing, and size control agent. Te nanoparticles’ sizes were between 2 and 7 nm for ethanolic extract and between 3 and 14 nm for aqueous extract, as measured by High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscope (HRTEM). Te antibacterial activity against a mesophilic microorganism, Kocuria varians,aGram-positivecoccus, was measured by counting bacterial colonies in agar plate for both extracts. We found that 4% efective concentration is the lowest concentration that completely inhibited visible growth. Mercury removal was investigated by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) measurements, where it was shown that it is not necessary to use high concentrations of nanoparticles for efective removal of mercury inasmuch as with a 20% V/V concentration of both extracts; the Hg(II) removal percentage was above 95%. Tese results show that the mercury remaining unremoved from the diferent essays is below the level allowed by World Health Organization (WHO) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 1. Introduction various biological risks. On the other hand, physical methods are expensive and incompatible with sizeable production Te synthesis of nanomaterials is currently one of the most of nanoparticles. Terefore, to avoid toxic and hazardous active areas in nanoscience. Special attention has been dedi- chemicals, the green synthesis methods have been developed, cated to nanomaterials that help improve the human quality attracting signifcant interest because they are environment- life. A remarkable example is the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) friendly, rapid, facile, and energy-efcient [2]. Green syn- which are known by their inhibitory and bactericidal efects. thesis using huge biological molecules derived from plant AgNPs can be produced with various sizes and shapes extracts [3] could facilitate size and morphology control of depending on the fabrication method which can be physical, metal nanoparticles due to the presence of an innumerable chemical, biological, and hybrid. Te chemical methods use quantity of biomolecules possessing bioreduction and biosta- toxic chemicals, which are not friendly to environment, mak- bilization ability [4]. Specifcally, many plants have been used ing them unsuitable for biomedical applications. Specifcally, for silver nanoparticles synthesis [3, 5], such as stem bark thewidelyusedchemicalreductionmethods[1]usually of Callicarpa maingayi [6], Terminalia cuneata [7], Illicium employ toxic and perilous chemicals that are responsible for verum (star anise) [8], and pod extract of Acacia nilotica [9]. 2 Journal of Nanomaterials Aloe vera extracts have been used for the synthesis of 2.2. Aloe vera Extracts Preparation. 15 g of inner leaf juice of ∘ stable AgNPs in several previous articles investigating their Aloe vera leaves was heated at 80 Cfor1hourandthendried. antibacterial, antifungal, and mosquitocidal activity [10– It was used for both aqueous and ethanolic extracts, using a 13]. Aloe vera extractshavesubstancesthatleadtosteric ratio of 0.1 : 3, dry material to solvent. Te resulting extracts repulsion between individuals preventing nanoparticles from were used in all synthesis afer being fltered by gravity. aggregation [14]. Using Aloe vera as surfactant prevents nuclei aggregation by decreasing the total surface energy because 2.3. Preparation of Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs). Te AgNPs it contains a multitude of chemical constituents such as were prepared by chemical reduction of an aqueous solution, aminoacids,enzymes,minerals,vitamins(A,C,andE), 12 mM of AgNO3.50mLofthissolutionisaddedto30mL anthraquinones, lignin, monosaccharide, polysaccharides, of either aqueous or ethanolic Aloe vera extract.Tewhole salicylic acid, saponins, sterols, and minerals (calcium, phos- reaction was carried out in presence of air and constant phorous, potassium, iron, sodium, magnesium, manganese, and neutral pH. Te mixture was vigorously stirred at ∘ ∘ copper, chromium, and zinc) [15]. temperature of 57 Cduring3handthenheated2C/min to ∘ Te antibacterial properties of silver have been known reach 80 C holding for 2 hours until obtaining a translu- since ancient times. It has been used in water and air cent solution with small suspended particles that could be purifcation, biomedical application, catalytic activity, house- removed by simple fltration (0.45 �m). hold products, cosmetics [18–20], food production [21], and clothing [22, 23]. Due to its small size and large surface to 2.4. TEM Measurements. Te particle size and morphology volume ratios, AgNPs might exhibit additional antimicrobial of silver nanoparticles were observed by High-Resolution capabilities not exerted by ionic silver. Compared with their Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM) using a Tecnai bulk counterparts, silver nanoparticles have both chemical F20 Super Twin TMP with feld emission source, with reso- and physical diferences in their properties [24]. lution of 0.1 nm at 200 kV and 1.0 maximum magnifcation AgNPshavealsobeenusedinthecontrolofbloodsugar TEM MX camera GATAN US 1000XP-P. Samples for TEM levels [25], destruction of pesticides [26], and the removal of measurements were suspended in ethanol and ultrasonically heavy metal ions such as Hg(II), Hg(I), Pb(II), and Cd(II) dispersed. from water [27, 28]. Besides, Katok et al. have reported [29] In this study, approximately 483 particles for ethanolic that as the diameter of AgNPs is reduced below 32 nm, mer- extract (or 93 particles for aqueous extract) were measured cury(II) is reduced from water onto AgNPs. Esmaielzadeh from several images using image analysis sofware (ImageJ) Kandjani et al. have proposed ZnO/Ag nanoarrays, another [32]. Te histogram obtained was ftted using a Gauss distri- nanostructured system, to remove Hg (II) due to its high bution function. selectivity because of the unique way in which mercury interacts with Ag nanoparticles [30]. 2.5. Antibacterial Activity of Synthesized AgNPs. Initially, the Because mercury is one of the most toxic heavy metals inoculum was prepared using fresh rumen. Tereafer, the and concerns the threats to environment and human health, nutrient solution was prepared according to Siegert and other nanostructured systems have been proposed. Banks [33], obtaining a solution with a rumen concentration Tis study aims to evaluate the antibacterial activity of 1 g/L. It was cultured with 10 mL of the inoculated solution and the mercury removal capability of AgNPs, which were and stirred for 24 hours. Nutrient broth solution according synthesized by chemical reduction method of silver nitrate to the manufacturer’s recommendation (8 g/L) was prepared ∘ (AgNO3), using aqueous or ethanolic Aloe vera extracts as andspreadontoagarplateandincubatedat37Cfor6h. reducing, stabilizing, and size control agent. In a previous Afer incubation, the content of microorganisms was evalu- 8 work, we reported synthesis of silver nanoparticles using a ated according to the McFarland scale (1.7 × 10 CFU/mL). mixture of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-Aloe vera,asreduc- Te specifc bacteria in this solution were identifed by ing and stabilizing agent, in order to control the particle microbiological analysis: Kocuria varians,aGram-positive size [31]. Te morphology and particle size distribution were coccus. Tis microorganism found in the microbiota skin characterized by Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM); and mucosae of man and some mammals is responsible for the antibacterial activity against mesophilic microorganism, diferent types of human infection [34, 35], brain abscess [36], Kocuria varians, a Gram-positive coccus, was measured by and urinary infections [37]. counting bacterial colonies in agar plate, while mercury To examine the bactericidal activity of AgNPs against removal was investigated by Atomic Absorption Spectro- Kocuria varians,theagardilutionmethodwasused.It scopy (AAS) measurements. involves the incorporation of varying desired concentrations of the antimicrobial agent into an agar medium, habitually 2. Materials and Methods usingserialtwofolddilutions,followedbytheinoculation of a defned microbial inoculum onto the agar plate surface.
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