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THE LONDON TELEVISION SERVICE by T THE LONDON TELEVISION SERVICE By T. C. MACNAMARA and D. C. BIRKINSHAW, M.A. {Paper first received 1st December, 1937, and in final form 26th February, 1938; read before THE INSTITUTION 2lsl April, and before the NORTH-EASTERN CENTRE 11th April, 1938.) SUMMARY TABLE OF CONTENTS—continued This paper describes a television broadcasting station (c) The choice of a site. recently built by the British Broadcasting Corporation in a (d) The beginning of the service, and the adoption of part of the Alexandra Palace, London, N. The development a single standard of definition. of the television service in this country is traced from the early attempts to promote an experimental service of transmissions PART 3. General Design of the Station. on low standards of definition to the establishment of a high- (a) General plan of the accommodation. definition public service. (&) Arrangement of electrical supply. The paper is divided into six parts. (c) Acoustic treatment of studios. Part 1 touches briefly upon the history of television develop- (d) Production lighting. ment in this country, and describes in some detail the trans- (e) Studio ventilation. mission of low-definition pictures from B.B.C. stations during (/) Studio development. the years 1929 to 1935. Part 2 deals with the recommendation of the Television PART 4. Description of Equipment. Committee that a station for transmitting high-definition (a) Marconi-E.M.I. studio equipment. television should be established, and it discusses various factors (b) Marconi-E.M.I. vision transmitter. upon which the subsequently appointed Television Advisory (c) Baird studio equipment. Committee based its decisions regarding the choice of the (d) Baird vision transmitter. Alexandra Palace site, the operating wavelengths, and stan- dards of definition. (e) Marconi sound transmitter. Part 3 describes the arrangement of studios and apparatus (/) Mast and aerial system, and feeding arrange- rooms at the Alexandra Palace station. The problems of ments. studio acoustics, production lighting, and the provision of PART 5. Outside Broadcasts. essential supplies, are also dealt with. (a) Programme requirements. Part 4 describes the layout and arrangement of the control (b) Travelling-studio equipment. room and transmitter equipment installed for the vision and (c) Travelling vision-transmitter and power unit. accompanying sound transmissions. Part 5 is concerned with the plant developed to enable (d) Radio-link receiver at Alexandra Palace. current events and other programme items taking place at (e) Television transmission over cables. some distance from the Alexandra Palace to be televised. PART 6. Performance of the Station. Some account is given of the use of land lines to carry tele- (a) Field-strength measurements. vision signals. (b) Propagation over long distances. Part 6 is a brief consideration of the reception results of (c) Reports of reception, and interference problems. signals from the Alexandra Palace since the beginning of the service, and embodies the result of signal-strength surveys (d) Types of receivers and receiving aerials. made in the vicinity of, and at distances from, the station. Finally, the various types of television receivers and aerials INTRODUCTION are discussed. This paper gives a general description of the London Television Station and touches upon past experience with experimental 30-line transmissions. It discusses the cir- TABLE OF CONTENTS cumstances influencing the Television Advisory Com- PART 1. Early Television and the 30-Line Experi- mittee's recommendations regarding the establishment of mental Service. a high-definition service, and the subsequent factors (a) Brief historical survey of early television governing the choice of operating wavelengths, standards activities. of definition, and the Alexandra Palace site. (b) The first regular transmissions of television of Following upon the recommendations of the Television low definition. The transmission of sound Advisory Committee, the British Broadcasting Corpora- accompanying the vision programme. tion has acquired on lease a portion of the Alexandra (c) The equipment of a television studio at Broad- Palace premises in North London which, with slight casting House. modifications, were arranged to accommodate two com- (d) The cessation of the experimental service. plete television systems of the Marconi-E.M.I. and Baird PART 2. Events leading to the Establishment of the companies respectively, each system having its own Alexandra Palace Station. studio premises and vision radio-transmitter. A third (a) The Television Committee's recommendations. radio transmitter is provided to broadcast at will the (b) The choice of standards of definition and operat- sound accompanying the vision of either system. Two ing wavelengths. aerial systems are provided, the one interchangeable I.E.E. JOURNAL, VOL. 83, No. 504, DECEMBER, 1938. [ "29] 46 730 MACNAMARA AND BIRKINSHAW: THE LONDON TELEVISION SERVICE between the two vision transmitters, and the other and in 1884 the Polish scientist Nipkow invented his permanently connected to the sound transmitter. famous disc, which is still in use in certain systems of In addition to the premises set apart for present tech- television to-day. Meanwhile other discoveries destined nical requirements, the British Broadcasting Corporation to contribute to the success of television were being made. has also leased the Alexandra Palace Theatre, which it is Faraday in 1845, and Kerr in 1877, had demonstrated the anticipated will provide additional studio accommodation effect of magnetic and electrostatic fields on polarized in due course. Certain other areas have been converted light. It was not, however, possible to achieve television, into offices for the technical and production staffs. as no means of amplifying the very small currents avail- In the course of the paper the arrangement of the areas able had yet been found, and therefore a special interest referred to above is described and illustrated by means attaches to a description by A. A. Campbell Swinton in of plans, followed by descriptions of the apparatus Nature in 1908 of a device which was the forerunner of installed. The acoustic treatment of the studios and the the " Emitron " used to-day at the London Television arrangement of production lighting are described, to- Station.. This apparatus fundamentall)'- possesses a gether with a reference to conditions of working during comparatively high sensitivity, owing to an inherent the production of studio scenes. electrical storage effect. An account is given of the equipment developed for During the years 1923 to 1928, experiments carried television outside broadcasts and of the problems asso- out by J. L. Baird finally resulted in the completion of ciated with the transmission of television signals over a television system which gave tolerably faithful repro- land lines. duction of an object transmitted through the medium of The final part of the paper gives an account of the a line connection between transmitter and receiver. general performance of the station, in so far as this has It was realized that the range of frequencies necessary been ascertained since the inception of the service. for the elementary degree of definition then used was only a little greater than was required for the faithful trans- PART 1 mission of sound, and it was considered that it might be possible to transmit such pictures over the normal sound- EARLY TELEVISION AND THE 30-LINE EXPERI- MENTAL SERVICE broadcasting system. (a) Brief Historical Survey of Early Television (b) The First Regular Transmissions of Television Activities of Low Definition Although usually considered to be a modern art which has made accelerated progress in recent years, television In 1929, arrangements were made between the British has its beginnings deeply rooted in the past. In the case Broadcasting Corporation and Baird Television, Ltd., for of other similar achievements it is often found that early the regular broadcasting of television from the B.B.C.'s scientific discoveries have been made for which no imme- London station, which was then a 2-kW transmitter diate practical use could be found, but television differs in situated in Oxford Street. In the system then in use the that, long before it was contemplated, an accidental transformation of the picture into a succession of ele- scientific discovery clearly indicated the possibility of ments, or " scanning," was accomplished by dividing the seeing at a distance. picture into 30 vertical strips, or lines, each line being explored in succession by a square aperture, whose width In 1817 the metal selenium was discovered by Berzelios, and height were each equal to the width of one line. and 56 years later an operator named May, working at the The number of pictures transmitted per second was 12£, terminal of the Atlantic cable at Valencia on the south- this being achieved by repeating the scanning cyclicly at west coast of Ireland, discovered that the behaviour of this frequency. These transmissions, which were unac- some selenium resistances in use at the station varied companied by sound, lasted for \ hour and took place according to the amount of light shining upon them daily except on Saturdays and Sundays, the studio being through the window. It was, of course, realized that, situated at the laboratories of the Baird Co. in Long Acre. just as the transmission of sound to a distance by cable necessitates the creation of an electric current which In October, 1929, these transmissions were transferred faithfully represents it, so, in order to see at a distance, to the B.B.C.'s station at Brookman's Park. As this we must have some means of controlling a current by station is equipped with two separate transmitters, one means of light; and this discovery by May, quickly con- for the National and one for the London Regional pro- firmed by W. Smith and W. G. Adams, created immense gramme, it became possible to transmit the sound asso- interest and may be said to have been the true beginnings ciated with the television programme, and this was of television.
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