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A Study of Harike, Ropar and Nangal Wetlands Doctor Of

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A Study of Harike, Ropar and Nangal Wetlands Doctor Of WETLAND IN SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND GEOGRAPHICAL CONTEXTS: A STUDY OF HARIKE, ROPAR AND NANGAL WETLANDS A thesis submitted to the Central University of Punjab For the award of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In Geography and Geology BY Gaurav Kumar Supervisor Dr. Kiran Kumari Singh (Assistant Professor) Centre for Geography and Geology School of Environment and Earth Sciences Central University of Punjab, Bathinda August, 2019 DECLARATION I declare that the thesis entitled “WETLAND IN SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND GEOGRAPHICAL CONTEXTS: A STUDY OF HARIKE, ROPAR AND NANGAL WETLANDS” has been prepared by me under the guidance of Dr. Kiran Kumai Singh, Assistant Professor, Centre for Geography and Geology, School of Environment and Earth Sciences, Central University of Punjab. No part of this thesis has formed the basis for the award of any degree or fellowship previously. (Gaurav Kumar) Centre for Geography and Geology School of Environment and Earth Sciences Central University of Punjab Bathinda-151001 Punjab, India. Date: CERTIFICATE I certify that Gaurav Kumar has prepared his thesis entitled “WETLAND IN SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND GEOGRAPHICAL CONTEXTS: A STUDY OF HARIKE, ROPAR AND NANGAL WETLANDS” for the award of Ph.D. Degree of the Central University of Punjab, under my supervision. He has carried out this work at the Centre for Geography and Geology, School of Environment and Earth Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda. (Dr. Kiran Kumari Singh) Assistant Professor Centre for Geography and Geology School of Environment and Earth Sciences Central University of Punjab, Bathinda-151001 Date: ii ABSTRACT WETLAND IN SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND GEOGRAPHICAL CONTEXTS: A STUDY OF HARIKE, ROPAR AND NANGAL WETLANDS Name of the student: Gaurav Kumar Registration Number: 12phdgeg02 Degree for which submitted: Doctorate of Philosophy Name of Supervisor: Dr. Kiran K. Singh Name of Centre: Geography and Geology Name of School: School of Environment and Earth Sciences Keywords: Wetland, Land-use, Socio-economic, Threats, Conservation, Harike, Ropar and Nangal Wetland ecosystem is regarded as one of most productive system of the earth surface due to its inclusive nature to supports a variety of flora and fauna. There are a number of functions and services provided by the wetland ecosystem which includes purification of water, protection from floods, groundwater replenishment, woods for fuel and commercial uses, fish resources, recreational and social services. Therefore, the study is an attempt to evaluate the socio-economic significance of wetland area and their relation with the livelihood activities of local people in Harike, Ropar and Nangal wetlands of Punjab. The economic value of the wetland products and services have been calculated from direct use value which employed different methods. The study also focused on the threat perceptions related to impact of human developmental activities inside the wetland boundaries. The people participation for the conservation and management of the wetland area has also been studied through their willingness to pay for such actions. The data desirable for the present study are collected from both secondary and primary sources. The secondary data for the study has been collected from published and unpublished resources such as from Department of Forest and Wildlife Preservation (Punjab), Department of Forest and Wildlife preservation (Firozpur), Department of Forest and Wildlife Preservation (Ropar), Harike Sanctuary Office, Punjab State for Science and Technology (PSCST), ENVIS, articles, research papers, newspapers, books and other internet resources. The Primary data has been collected through interview schedule of the iii people of selected villages/towns falling within one kilometre buffer zone around the Harike, Ropar and Nangal wetlands. The collected data are analysed by using statistical methods like descriptive statistics, regression and probit model. The study came up with suitable recommendations for conservation of wetland. (Gaurav Kumar) (Dr. Kiran Kumari Singh) iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my gratitude to all, those who supported and helped me through this thesis work and made it very precious memorable experience. First of all, I would like to thank Almighty and my Parents who gave me this opportunity and faith. First and foremost I wish to express my deep gratitude to my Ph.D. supervisor and teacher Dr. Kiran K. Singh, Assistant Professor, Centre for Geography and Geology, Central University of Punjab who consistently supported me for the research work and guide me at every stage during the research work. This thesis would not have been possible without her unwavering supportive, encouragement, patience, advice and guidance. I am very happy to express my sincere thanks to her. I am immensely gratified to Dr. J. K. Parida, Assistant Professor in Centre for Economic Studies, Central University of Punjab for his unconditional guidance. I am highly obliged to Dr. L.T. Sasang Guite, Dr. Jitendra Kumar Pattnaik, Dr. K. Milankumar Sharma, Dr. Archana Bohra, Dr. Savita Ahlawat and Dr, Sunil Mittal (Dean of School) who assisted me in successful completion of this thesis. My most sincere thanks to Prof. R.K Kohli, Vice Chancellor, Central University of Punjab for providing me research facilities to carry out my work. I am also extremely thankful to Prof. P. Rama Rao (Dean Academic Affair), Prof. V.K. Garg (DSW), Prof. Jagdeep Singh (Registrar) and Mr. Kanwal Pal Singh (Controller of Examination). It’s my pleasure to acknowledge Assistant Librarian Dr. Bhupinder Singh Brar and whole Library staff, Mr. Puneet Kumar (Lab. Attendant) and staff members of Computer Centre and Administrative Block who provided necessary help during my work. I am grateful to the contribution of my friend Amandeep Kaur who always scaled me in the high esteem and boosted my morale. I am extremely thankful to all respondents of this study, Department of Forest and Wildlife Preservation, Punjab, and my friends Mohidin Naiko, Halder Kumar, Deepak Chaudhary, Mandeep Singh, Khushmeet Singh, Amandeep Singh, Abhimanyu Jamwal, v Satinder Singh, Shiba, Prem Chand Kisku, Amrita and Ravi Krishan who never failed in cheering and providing moral support throughout my work. On this occasion, I special thanks to my elder brothers and my sister Shinu Bansal for their aspirations for my success which always encouraged me to take tough decision of life. Lastly, I am thankful to University Grants Commission for providing me financial assistance to doing this research. (Gaurav Kumar) vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Sr. Contents Page No. No. Chapter 1: Introduction 1-22 1 1.1 Introduction 1-4 2 1.2 Historical Background of defining areas as Wetlands 4-7 3 1.3 Classification of Wetlands 7-9 4 1.4 Wetlands in India 9-13 5 1.5 Wetlands in Punjab 13-20 6 1.6 Knowledge Gap 20-21 7 1.7 Statement of Problem 21 8 1.8 Research Questions 21 9 1.9 Objectives 21-22 10 1.10 Chapter Organization 22 Chapter 2: Review of Literature 23-65 11 2.1 Services related to wetlands 25-29 12 2.1.1 Socio-economic significance 26-29 13 2.2 Threats to wetlands 29-31 14 2.2.1 Decreasing Area 30-31 15 2.2.2 Impact on Bio-diversity 31 16 2.2.3 Degradation by Human Activities 32-33 17 2.3 Impacts of Wetland 33-34 18 2.4 Modes of wetland conservation 35-38 19 2.5 Policy Framework of Indian Wetlands conservation 38-64 20 2.5.1 Nodal agencies that deal with the management and 40-41 conservation of wetland 21 2.5.2 Wetland Management and Conservation in India 41-64 22 2.6 Local participation and their role in the management of 64-65 wetlands Chapter 3: Material, Method and Area of Study 66-96 23 3.1 Selection of Study Area 66-74 24 3.1.1 Harike Wetland 66-70 25 3.1.2 Ropar Wetland 70-72 26 3.1.3 Nangal wetland 72-74 27 3.2 Steps for selection of sample size and surveyed areas 74-78 around the wetlands 28 3.2.1 Sample of Harike Wetland 75-76 29 3.2.2 Sample of Ropar Wetland 76-77 30 3.2.3 Sample of Nangal Wetland 77-78 31 3.3 Preparation of Interview Schedule: 79 32 3.4 Data Sources and Methodology 79-82 vii 33 3.4.1 Secondary Sources 79-80 34 3.4.2 Remote Sensing & GIS 80-82 35 3.4.3 Primary Sources 82 36 3.4.4 Field Observation 82 37 3.5 Data Analysis and Interpretation 82-91 38 3.6 Objective wise detailed research methodology 91-96 Chapter IV Result and Discussion 97-191 Section I Spatial Extent and Study the Change 97-105 39 4.1 Land use and NDWI: Harike, Ropar and Nangal Wetlands 97-105 Section II Socio-economic Significance of Wetland Area 106-137 40 4.2 Demographic profile 106-112 41 4.2.1 Religion 106 42 4.2.2 Social Groups 106-107 43 4.2.3 Age 107 44 4.2.4 Family size 107-108 45 4.2.5 Education 108 46 4.2.6 Income Group 108-109 47 4.2.7 Occupation 109-112 48 4.2.8 House Structure 112 49 4.3 Socio-Economic activities around Wetlands 112-137 50 4.3.1 In-direct Use Value and Non-Use Value 113-122 51 4.3.2 Economic Activities 122-130 52 4.3.3 Non-Use Value 130-131 53 4.3.4 Direct Use Value and Expenditure 131-138 Section III: Impact of Human Activities on Wetland 138-167 54 4.4 Impact of Human Activities on wetland areas 139-144 55 4.4.1 Encroachment of wetland areas 139 56 4.4.2 Urbanization 139-140 57 4.4.3 Agricultural activities 140-141 58 4.4.4 Degradation of water quality in wetland areas 141-142 59 4.4.5 Dumping of Household solid/liquid 142-144 60 4.5 Household Liquid and Solid Waste Management by 145-146 surrounding areas 61 4.5.1 Solid waste 145 62 4.5.2 Liquid Waste 145-146 63 4.6 Perception of respondents about the major threats in 146-156 wetland areas 64 4.7 Impact of wetland areas over crop production 157-159 65 4.8 Flood 159 66 4.9 Water Quality analysis of Harike, Ropar and Nangal 159-166 Wetland 67 4.10 Diseases 167 viii Section IV Management and Conservation Policies 167-192 68 4.11 Awareness 168-169 69 4.12 Awareness camp related to use and management of 169-171 wetland areas 70 4.13 Status of demarcation of wetland areas 171-172 71 4.14 NGO 172-173 72 4.15 Three Dimensional matrix analysis of Management 173-179 73 4.16 Perception of people 180 74 4.17 Willingness to Pay 180-192 Chapter V Conclusion and Discussion 193-208 74 Conclusion 193-202 75 Recommendations 202-208 References 209-226 ix LIST OF TABLES Table Table Description Page No.
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