DOCSLIB.ORG

Monitoring Population Size of Endangered Hawaiian Duck and Prevalence of Mallard/Hawaiian Duck Hybrids on Hanalei and Hulē‘Ia Nwrs Kaua‘I, Hawai‘I Final Report

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Monitoring Population Size of Endangered Hawaiian Duck and Prevalence of Mallard/Hawaiian Duck Hybrids on Hanalei and Hulē‘Ia Nwrs Kaua‘I, Hawai‘I Final Report Monitoring population size of endangered Hawaiian duck and prevalence of Mallard/Hawaiian duck hybrids on Hanalei and Hulē‘ia NWRs Kaua‘i, Hawai‘i Final Report Koloa maoli female (Photo M. Couffer/USFWS) Submitted 1 September 2018: Inventory and Monitoring Program Initiative, Region 1, USFWS Submitted by: Dr. Bruce D. Dugger Christopher P. Malachowski Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Oregon State University Oregon State University 104 Nash Hall 104 Nash Hall Corvallis, OR 97331 Corvallis, OR 97331 Phone: 541-737-2465 Phone: 215-850-1978 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Kimberly J. Uyehara Kaua‘i National Wildlife Refuge Complex U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service PO Box 1128 Kīlauea, HI 96754 Phone: 808-635-9309 E-mail: [email protected] ‘‘The findings and conclusions in this article are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.’’ TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY………………………………………... 1 2. INTRODUCTION………………………………………………….. 3 a. Objectives………………………………………………….. 4 3. STUDY AREA……………………………………………………… 5 4. METHODS………………………………………………………….. 5 5. RESULTS…………………………………………………………… 14 6. DISCUSSION……………………………………………………….. 19 7. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS…………………………………………… 26 8. LITERATURE CITED………………………………………………. 27 * All photos credited C. Malachowski unless otherwise noted ii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Hawaiian duck (hereafter Koloa) was listed as an endangered species in 1967. Key threats to species recovery are the lack of basic demographic information, like population size that can be used to inform recovery decisions, and genetic introgression with feral Mallards. Here we report on the results of a joint research project and conservation action to achieve the following objectives: 1) investigate the value of using banded birds and a mark-resight analysis approach to estimate the population size of Koloa using Hanalei and Hulē‘ia NWRs; 2) Determine the prevalence of Mallard/Koloa hybrids on Hanalei and Hulē‘ia NWRs; 3) Collect data to help refine the Mallard/Koloa hybrid key to improve implementation of hybrid removal activities at both Kaua‘i refuges and James Campbell NWR on O‘ahu; 4) Conduct field surveys at Hanalei and Hulē‘ia to survey for extent and seasonality of intra-island movements; and 5) Develop operational survey to annually detect and remove hybrids from Hanalei and Hulē‘ia NWRs; explore application of these methods to James Campbell NWR on O‘ahu. Between December 2010 and December 2012 we captured and banded 835 unique Koloa, most at Hanalei NWR (97.0%); 78.4% of captured birds were male. The male-bias in the sex ratio was higher than previously reported for any continental dabbling duck, was consistent with other measures of the sex ratio at Hanalei NWR, and is something that should be investigated. We detected no band loss or excessive wear looking at 918 recaptures through November 2015. Persistent banding increased the average number of banded birds detected on surveys from 6.2 in 2011 to 34.5 in 2013. Of those birds that were determined to be banded, we were able to read the alpha numeric code for just over 39% of bands in 2011 and 52% in 2013; however, for most birds it was difficult to read bands during visual surveys. Nine captured males (1.1% of our capture sample) scored as hybrids using a plumage and morphometric key and were subsequently humanely euthanized. Subsequent genetic testing assigned 8 of those 9 birds a probability of 95% being Koloa. We convincingly demonstrated that a large number of Koloa can be safely captured using a traditional trapping technique developed for waterfowl, the baited swim-in trap. However, the considerable survey effort needed to detect and read alpha-numeric color bands in the field indicated that a band-resighting will not work for the surveyor who needs to efficiently cover many sites in a single day or for busy refuge biologists who do not have the time available for band searching with considerable intensity. Thus, we recommend future efforts to estimate population size or survival using banded birds adopt a capture-recapture methodology. The 1 occurrence of Mallard-Koloa hybrids at Hanalei NWR is very low, a conclusion supported by subsequent genetic testing of a large sample of our captured birds. Previous estimates for the prevalence of hybrids on the island have been based on observations of “hybrid-looking” birds seen during periodic surveys. Our work on the plumages and molts in conjunction with collaborators at the University of California Davis has revealed significantly more variation in male plumages than previously described for Koloa. This variation is known to occur in birds that are genetically confirmed to be Koloa; thus, any estimate of hybrid prevalence based solely on visual sightings will likely be biased high for males. Continued application of the existing plumage/morphometric key would result in false positives for 1% of birds (i.e., they score as hybrids when genetically they score as Koloa). Given examples of variation in culmen measurements among measurers and among attempts for a single measurer on a single bird, a more risk adverse method (e.g., minimize false positives) of using the morphometric key would involve building in measurement error to the decision making threshold criteria values. Despite banding more than 1,000 Koloa on Kaua‘i since 2010, and extensive survey activities on Oʻahu during summer 2015, no birds banded on Kaua‘i have been observed on O‘ahu. We conclude the report by describing a protocol that could be used to implement a capture-recapture program at Hanalei NWR to estimate Koloa population size and possibly survival. 2 INTRODUCTION The Hawaiian duck or Koloa maoli (Anas wyvilliana, hereafter Koloa) is endemic to Hawai‘i and one of three extant waterfowl species occurring on the Hawaiian Islands (Olson and James 1982, Engilis et al. 2002). Relatively common during the early 1900s, the Koloa has since experienced a significant statewide population decline because of factors that include wetland loss, over harvest by hunters, and introduced mammalian predators. More recently, the genetic integrity of the species has been threatened by hybridization with feral Mallards (Engilis et al. 2002). Consequently, Koloa was listed as a Federally-endangered species in 1967 and has the highest recovery priority for the four listed wetland birds that occur on the main Hawaiian Islands (USFWS 2011). Kaua‘i is the only island that likely supports a population of non-hybridized Koloa (Wells et al. 2016), and Hanalei and Hulē‘ia National Wildlife Refuges (NWRs) are the number one and two most important sites for Koloa in the state. There is currently no credible estimate of Koloa population size at any spatial scale (Engilis et al. 2002). Although state biannual counts may provide an index for wetlands, counts do not include streams where many Koloa are believed to reside on Kaua‘i (Schwartz and Schwartz 1953, Swedberg 1967). The state biannual count peaked at 524 for the all-island survey and 459 for Kaua‘i in January 2004 (Hawai‘i DLNR unpublished data 1986-2006). However, during banding activities from December 2010 to March 2011 on Hanalei NWR we banded 291 individual Koloa and resighting activities indicated that greater than 75% of birds on the refuge were not banded (C. Malachowski unpubl. data), which indicated the count data were likely biased low. Additionally, limited radio telemetry data from Hanalei NWR (C. Malachowski unpubl. data) indicate there are common movements of Koloa between Hanalei NWR and surrounding areas indicating that mid-day counts on the refuge likely are not adequately characterizing the role that Hanalei NWR plays in meeting the daily habitat needs for Koloa in the Hanalei region. These facts point to a need to investigate other methods for estimating Koloa population size. Beginning in December of 2010, we initiated a joint conservation action and research project to begin identifying and removing hybrids from Hanalei and Hulē‘ia and investigate basic aspects 3 of Koloa ecology that could aid in species recovery including movements, survival, nest success and habitat use. Our initial success with trapping and banding Koloa (mentioned above) suggested that capture-recapture or mark-resighting methodologies might provide a means of estimating annual survival and regional population size as well as helping understand movements of Koloa around Kaua‘i and between islands. However, capturing and marking a sample of birds is only one step to make such calculations possible. Additional fieldwork to determine band retention rate, encounter rate with banded birds, and determine our ability to read bands in the field was also needed. Using funds from USFWS (Region 1 Refuges, Migratory Birds and Inventory and Monitoring and Oregon State University and in-kind contributions from the Kaua‘i NWRC) we continued our conservation effort to identify and remove hybrids and expanded our effort to survey for banded birds on Kaua‘i. Our objectives would help meet multiple monitoring and research objectives listed in the draft Hanalei and Hulē‘ia NWR Comprehensive Conservation Plan (CCP) and Hawaiian Waterbird Recovery Plan. The protocol for our survey also allowed us to move forward with key conservation and research activities that supported implementation and assessment of refuge management plans and inform refuge staff about the value of habitat management programs on both refuges. Objectives: 1. Investigate the value of using banded birds and a mark-resight analysis approach to estimate the population size of Koloa using Hanalei and Hulē‘ia NWRs. 2. Determine the prevalence of Mallard/Koloa hybrids on Hanalei and Hulē‘ia NWRs. 3. Collect data to help refine the Mallard/Koloa hybrid key to improve implementation of hybrid removal activities at both Kaua‘i refuges and James Campbell NWR on O‘ahu. 4. Conduct field surveys at Hanalei and Hulē‘ia to survey for extent and seasonality of intra- island movements.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Castle Green Bird List
    GREEN CASTLE ESTATE Bird List Birds seen on recent tours during November – April | In one week we can expect around 120 species. E=Endemic | ES=Endemic Subspecies | I=Introduced Some of the species below are very unusual however they have been included for completeness. Jamaica has recorded over 300 species and the birds below are the most frequently encountered, however we cannot guarantee what we will or will not see, that’s birding! West Indian Whistling-Duck Lesser Yellowlegs Greater Antillean Elaenia (ES) Blue-winged Teal Whimbrel Jamaican Pewee (E) Northern Shoveler Ruddy Turnstone Sad Flycatcher (E) Ring-necked Duck Red Knot Rufous-tailed Flycatcher (E) Lesser Scaup Sanderling Stolid Flycatcher (ES) Masked Duck Semipalmated Sandpiper Gray Kingbird Ruddy Duck Western Sandpiper Loggerhead Kingbird (ES) Least Grebe Least Sandpiper Jamaican Becard (E) Pied-billed Grebe White-rumped Sandpiper Jamaican Vireo (E) White-tailed Tropicbird Baird's Sandpiper Blue Mountain Vireo (E) Magnificent Frigatebird Stilt Sandpiper Black-whiskered Vireo Brown Booby Short-billed Dowitcher Jamaican Crow (E) Brown Pelican Laughing Gull Caribbean Martin American Bittern Least Tern Tree Swallow Least Bittern Gull-billed Tern Northern Rough-winged Swallow Great Blue Heron Caspian Tern Cave Swallow (ES) Great Egret Royal Tern Barn Swallow Snowy Egret Sandwich Tern Rufous-throated Solitaire (ES) Little Blue Heron Rock Pigeon (I) White-eyed Thrush (E) Tricolored Heron White-crowned Pigeon White-chinned Thrush (E) Reddish Egret Plain Pigeon (ES) Gray Catbird Cattle
    [Show full text]
  • Pu'u Wa'awa'a Biological Assessment
    PU‘U WA‘AWA‘A BIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT PU‘U WA‘AWA‘A, NORTH KONA, HAWAII Prepared by: Jon G. Giffin Forestry & Wildlife Manager August 2003 STATE OF HAWAII DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES DIVISION OF FORESTRY AND WILDLIFE TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE ................................................................................................................................. i TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................. ii GENERAL SETTING...................................................................................................................1 Introduction..........................................................................................................................1 Land Use Practices...............................................................................................................1 Geology..................................................................................................................................3 Lava Flows............................................................................................................................5 Lava Tubes ...........................................................................................................................5 Cinder Cones ........................................................................................................................7 Soils .......................................................................................................................................9
    [Show full text]
  • 25 Using Community Group Monitoring Data to Measure The
    25 Using Community Group Monitoring Data To Measure The Effectiveness Of Restoration Actions For Australia's Woodland Birds Michelle Gibson1, Jessica Walsh1,2, Nicki Taws5, Martine Maron1 1Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, 4072, Queensland, Australia, 2School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, 3800, Victoria, Australia, 3Greening Australia, Aranda, Canberra, 2614 Australian Capital Territory, Australia, 4BirdLife Australia, Carlton, Melbourne, 3053, Victoria, Australia, 5Greening Australia, PO Box 538 Jamison Centre, Macquarie, Australian Capital Territory 2614, Australia Before conservation actions are implemented, they should be evaluated for their effectiveness to ensure the best possible outcomes. However, many conservation actions are not implemented under an experimental framework, making it difficult to measure their effectiveness. Ecological monitoring datasets provide useful opportunities for measuring the effect of conservation actions and a baseline upon which adaptive management can be built. We measure the effect of conservation actions on Australian woodland ecosystems using two community group-led bird monitoring datasets. Australia’s temperate woodlands have been largely cleared for agricultural production and their bird communities are in decline. To reverse these declines, a suite of conservation actions has been implemented by government and non- government agencies, and private landholders. We analysed the response of total woodland bird abundance, species richness, and community condition, to two widely-used actions — grazing exclusion and replanting. We recorded 139 species from 134 sites and 1,389 surveys over a 20-year period. Grazing exclusion and replanting combined had strong positive effects on all three bird community metrics over time relative to control sites, where no actions had occurred.
    [Show full text]
  • News from the Conservation Council for Hawai`I Special Issue! Volume 66, Issue 4 - Fall 2016 Volume 67, Issue 1 & 2 - Winter & Spring 2017
    News from the Conservation Council for Hawai`i Special Issue! Volume 66, Issue 4 - Fall 2016 Volume 67, Issue 1 & 2 - Winter & Spring 2017 Sheila Sarhangi View of the western pali (cliff) of Nihoa from Hikianalia. Photo by Brad Ka‘aleleo Leatherback turtles the size of a Obama expanded the boundaries of was established by President George W. Volkswagen Beetle. Laysan ducks, once Papahānaumokuākea to 200 nautical Bush in 2006. For example, 24 species of widespread around the Hawaiian miles around the existing monument, whales and dolphins occur outside of the Archipelago. Black coral 4000 years old, with the exception of the southeast original protection area. Three of these the world’s oldest organism. These are boundary, for a total of 583,000 square species are listed under the Endangered just some of the 7,000 remarkable species miles, an area more than twice the size Species Act as threatened or endangered: found in Papahānaumokuākea Marine of Texas. sperm whales, fin whales, and sei whales. National Monument. Why was additional protection needed? Moreover, the expanded monument In August 2016, in response to a Recent scientific studies show that now safeguards more than 75 seamounts, movement led by Hawai‘i stakeholders species found within Papahānaumokuākea known as underwater volcanoes or – from kūpuna to conservationists, local have geographic ranges that go beyond mountains. These features form biological fishers, and scientists – then-President the 50 nautical-mile protection, which hotspots that provide habitat for a wide continued on page 4 U.S. Hosts IUCN World Conservation Congress for the First Time! Lorraine Garnier The International Union for and successful international gathering was Conservation of Nature (IUCN) held based at the beautiful Hawai‘i Convention its first-ever World Conservation Center in Honolulu 10 days last September, Sylvia Earle and Lorraine Garnier.
    [Show full text]
  • AOS Classification Committee – North and Middle America Proposal Set 2018-B 17 January 2018
    AOS Classification Committee – North and Middle America Proposal Set 2018-B 17 January 2018 No. Page Title 01 02 Split Fork-tailed Swift Apus pacificus into four species 02 05 Restore Canada Jay as the English name of Perisoreus canadensis 03 13 Recognize two genera in Stercorariidae 04 15 Split Red-eyed Vireo (Vireo olivaceus) into two species 05 19 Split Pseudobulweria from Pterodroma 06 25 Add Tadorna tadorna (Common Shelduck) to the Checklist 07 27 Add three species to the U.S. list 08 29 Change the English names of the two species of Gallinula that occur in our area 09 32 Change the English name of Leistes militaris to Red-breasted Meadowlark 10 35 Revise generic assignments of woodpeckers of the genus Picoides 11 39 Split the storm-petrels (Hydrobatidae) into two families 1 2018-B-1 N&MA Classification Committee p. 280 Split Fork-tailed Swift Apus pacificus into four species Effect on NACC: This proposal would change the species circumscription of Fork-tailed Swift Apus pacificus by splitting it into four species. The form that occurs in the NACC area is nominate pacificus, so the current species account would remain unchanged except for the distributional statement and notes. Background: The Fork-tailed Swift Apus pacificus was until recently (e.g., Chantler 1999, 2000) considered to consist of four subspecies: pacificus, kanoi, cooki, and leuconyx. Nominate pacificus is highly migratory, breeding from Siberia south to northern China and Japan, and wintering in Australia, Indonesia, and Malaysia. The other subspecies are either residents or short distance migrants: kanoi, which breeds from Taiwan west to SE Tibet and appears to winter as far south as southeast Asia.
    [Show full text]
  • Predicted Effects of Landscape Change, Sea Level Rise, and Habitat
    Predicted effects of landscape change, sea level rise, and habitat management on the extirpation risk of the Hawaiian common gallinule (Gallinula galeata sandvicensis) on the island of O`ahu Charles B. van Rees and J. Michael Reed Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States of America ABSTRACT We conducted a spatially explicit, stochastic, individually based population viability analysis for the Hawaiian common gallinule (Gallinula galeata sandvicensis), an endan- gered subspecies of waterbird endemic to fragmented coastal wetlands in Hawai`i. This subspecies persists on two islands, with no apparent movement between them. We assessed extirpation risk for birds on O`ahu, where the resident gallinule population is made up of several fragmented subpopulations. Data on genetic differentiation were used to delineate subpopulations and estimate dispersal rates between them. We used sensitivity analyses to gauge the impact of current uncertainty of vital rate parameters on population projections, to ascertain the relative importance of gallinule vital rates to population persistence, and to compare the efficacy of potential management strategies. We used available sea level rise projections to examine the relative vulnerability of O`ahu's gallinule population to habitat loss arising from this threat. Our model predicted persistence of the island's gallinule population at 160 years (∼40 generations), but with high probabilities of extirpation for small subpopulations. Sensitivity analyses highlighted the importance of juvenile and adult mortality to population persistence in Submitted 6 March 2018 Hawaiian gallinules, justifying current predator control efforts and suggesting the need Accepted 27 May 2018 for additional research on chick and fledgling survival. Subpopulation connectivity Published 22 June 2018 from dispersal had little effect on the persistence of the island-wide population, but Corresponding author strong effects on the persistence of smaller subpopulations.
    [Show full text]
  • Hawaiian Birds 1972*
    HAWAIIAN BIRDS 1972* ANDREW J. BERGER More kinds (species and subspecies) of birds have become extinct in Hawaii than on all continents’ of the world combined. These endemic Hawaiian birds have become ex- tinct since 1844l, and most of them have succumbed since the 1890s. Table 1 lists the endemic Hawaiian birds which are presumed to be extinct. Moreover, Hawaiian birds account for nearly one-half of the birds in the U. S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlifes’ Red Book of rare and endangered species. The follow- ing list contains 16 of the rare and endangered Hawaiian birds: Newells’ Manx Shear- water (Puffinus puffinus newel&), Hawaiian Dark-rumped Petrel (Pterodroma phaeo- pygia sandwichensis), Harcourt s’ Storm Petrel (Oceanodroma Castro cryptoleucura), Nene or Hawaiian Goose (Branta sandvicensis), Koloa or Hawaiian Duck (Anas wyvilliana) , Laysan Duck (Anus laysanensis) , Hawaiian Hawk (Buteo solitarius) , Hawaiian Gallinule (Gallinula chloropus sandvicensis) , Hawaiian Coot (Fulica ameri- cana alai), Hawaiian Black-necked Stilt (Himantopus himantopus knudseni), Hawaiian Crow (Corvus tropicus), Large Kauai Thrush (Phaeornis obscurus myadestina), Molo- kai Thrush (Phaeornis o. rutha), Small Kauai Thrush (Phaeornis palmeri), Nihoa Millerbird (Acrocephalus familiaris kingi), and the Kauai 00 (Moho braccetus). TO this list may be added the non-migratory Hawaiian population of the Black-crowned Night Heron (Nycticorax n. hoactli). But, there are even more endangered Hawaiian birds! Because of their special interest to ornithologists,
    [Show full text]
  • The First Accurate Census of the Endangered Hawaiian Moorhen (Gallinula Chloropus Sandvicensis) David Desrochers Biology Department, AS&E, Tufts University
    The first accurate census of the endangered Hawaiian Moorhen (Gallinula chloropus sandvicensis) David DesRochers Biology Department, AS&E, Tufts University As an ornithologist, I am very interested in education and the conservation of wetland birds. My long-term career goals are to teach conservation, ecology and ornithology at the collegiate level and study poorly known waterbirds, especially those of conservation concern. As part of my doctoral program here at Tufts University, I am interested in further contributing to this type of work by studying the endangered Hawaiian Moorhen, a cryptic waterbird in the rail family. Appropriate species and habitat management to ensure the persistence of the six endangered waterbirds endemic to Hawaii’s is hindered by a lack of life-history information, particularly for cryptic species such as rails. My goal is to do the first accurate census of this species, and to acquire sufficient information on demography and habitat use to understand the species’ extinction risk and to help develop a protocol to better manage for the persistence of this endangered bird and potentially apply it to other endangered waterbirds. Here I will only discuss the census portion of the project. Background: The Hawaiian Moorhen is an endangered cryptic rail endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. Moorhen are found on Oahu and Kauai, and formerly on Maui, Molokai, and the Big Island. Wetland habitat, necessary for the persistence of this bird, has declined in area by 31% during the last 200 years (USFWS 2003). Historic and current population sizes of Hawaiian waterbirds have depended on habitat availability, which is determined largely by habitat conversion for housing and business, and on agricultural (e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • Bird List E = Endemic EC = Endemic to Caribbean ELA= Endemic to Lesser Antilles ES = Endemic Subspecies NE = Near Endemic NES = Near Endemic Subspecies
    Lesser Antilles Prospective Bird List E = Endemic EC = Endemic to Caribbean ELA= Endemic to Lesser Antilles ES = Endemic Subspecies NE = Near Endemic NES = Near Endemic Subspecies West Indian Whistling Duck Dendrocygna arborea EC Black-bellied Whistling Duck Dendrocygna autumnalis Masked Duck Nomonyx dominicus Ring-necked Duck Aythya collaris Greater Scaup Aythya marila Lesser Scaup Aythya affinis Northern Shoveler Spatula clypeata Blue-winged Teal Spatula discors Green-winged Teal Spatula crecca American Wigeon Mareca americana White-cheeked Pintail Spatula bahamensis Northern Pintail Spatula acuta Pied-billed Grebe Podilymbus podiceps Least Grebe Tachybaptus dominicus Feral Rock Pigeon Columba livia Eurasian Collared Dove Streptopelia decaocto Scaly-naped Pigeon Patagioenas squamosa EC White-crowned Pigeon Patagioenas leucocephala Grenada Dove Leptotila wellsi E Bridled Quail-Dove Geotrygon mystacea EC Ruddy Quail-Dove Geotrygon montana Zenaida Dove Zenaida aurita EC Eared Dove Zenaida auriculata Common Ground Dove Columbina passerina Red-billed Tropicbird Phaethon aethereus mesonauta White-tailed Tropicbird Phaethon lepturus White-tailed Nightjar Hydropsalis cayennensis manati St.Lucia Nightjar Antrostomus (rufus) otiosus E Antillean Nighthawk Chordeiles gundlachii ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ WINGS ● 1643 N. Alvernon Way Ste. 109 ● Tucson ● AZ ● 85712 ● www.wingsbirds.com (866) 547 9868 Toll free US + Canada ● Tel (520) 320-9868 ● Fax (520) 320 9373 Lesser
    [Show full text]
  • Hōkūala Habitat Conservation Plan Annual Report: July 1, 2018 – June 30, 2019
    Hōkūala Habitat Conservation Plan Annual Report: July 1, 2018 – June 30, 2019 Prepared by: Prepared for: Reginald E. David Tower Kauai Lagoons, LLC Rana Biological Consulting. P.O. Box 1371 Kailua-Kona, Hawai‘i 96745 & Britney Inanod Groomes Alan Silva Timbers Hokuala HCP Department July 31, 2019 – Revised December 13, 2019 1 Table of Contents Outline of the Document ...................................................................................................................... 4 Section 1 .............................................................................................................................................. 4 Introduction and Background ............................................................................................................... 4 HCP Sections and Specific Obligations .................................................................................................. 4 One-Time Obligations ........................................................................................................................... 4 Nēnē Mitigation Payment (HCP Section 4.4.1.6) ................................................................................................................................. 4 Ongoing Obligations ............................................................................................................................. 4 Financial Assurances (Section 6.4) ...........................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Kahuku Wind Power Habitat Conservation Plan
    Kahuku Wind Power Habitat Conservation Plan Applicant Kahuku Wind Power LLC. c/o First Wind 33 Lono Avenue Suite 380 Kahului, HI 96732 Tel: (808) 873-0111 Prepared by SWCA Environmental Consultants 201 Merchant Street, Suite 2310 Honolulu, HI 96813 Tel: (808) 548-7922 March 2010 Kahuku Wind Power Habitat Conservation Plan Applicant Kahuku Wind Power LLC. c/o First Wind 33 Lono Avenue Suite 380 Kahului, HI 96732 Tel: (808) 873-0111 Prepared by SWCA Environmental Consultants 201 Merchant Street, Suite 2310 Honolulu, HI 96813 Tel: (808) 548-7922 March 2010 KAHUKU WIND POWER HABITAT CONSERVATION PLAN ii KAHUKU WIND POWER HABITAT CONSERVATION PLAN TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION AND PROJECT OVERVIEW ............................................................................. 1 1.1 Summary ...................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Applicant Background ...................................................................................................... 4 1.3 Regulatory Context ......................................................................................................... 4 1.3.1 Endangered Species Act (16 U.S.C. 1531-1544) ........................................................... 4 1.3.2 National Environmental Policy Act (42 U.S.C. 4371 et seq.) ........................................... 4 1.3.3 Chapter 195D, Hawai‗i Revised Statutes ...................................................................... 4 1.3.4 Chapter 343, Hawai‗i Revised Statutes
    [Show full text]
  • Notes on the Nesting of the Common Moorhen and Purple Gallinule in Southwestern Louisiana
    J. Field Ornithol., 58(1):55-61 NOTES ON THE NESTING OF THE COMMON MOORHEN AND PURPLE GALLINULE IN SOUTHWESTERN LOUISIANA ROBERT N. HELM • LouisianaCooperative Fish and WildlifeResearch Unit LouisianaState University Baton Rouge,Louisiana 70803 USA D^vio N. P^SHLE¾ Schoolof Forestry,Wildlife, and Fisheries LouisianaState University Baton Rouge,Louisiana 70803 USA PHILLIP J. ZW^•K LouisianaCooperative Fish and WildlifeResearch Unit LouisianaState University Baton Rouge,Louisiana 70803 USA Abstract.--Selected aspectsof the breedinL biology of the Common Moorhen and Purple Gallinule were comparedin coastalmarshes and rice fieldsof Louisianaduring two breed- ing seasons.Both speciesconstructed trial-nests, egg-nests, and elevatedplatforms in marsh and rice fields.Nests were constructedover water out of plant parts availablenear the nest site. The interiors of Common Moorhen nestswere significantlylarger, but external di- mensionswere similar for both species.The mean height above water level of Purple Gallinule nestswas significantlygreater than for nestsof the Common Moorhen. Purple Gallinules had a 78.6% nestingsuccess rate, while 63.3% of CommonMoorhen nestswere successful.Success for both specieswas distributeduniformly overthe rangeof nestheights. Averageclutch sizesfor Common Moorhen were 6.7 in the marsh and 8.6 in rice fields. CommonMoorhen and Purple Gallinule both producedsignificantly larger clutchesin rice fields than in marshes. NOTAS SOBRE EL ANIDAMIENTO DE GALLINULA CHLOROPUS Y PORPHYRULA MARTINICA EN EL SUROESTE DE LUISIANA, E.U.A. Sinopsis.--Durantc dos pcriodosrcproductivos, aspcctos particularcs dc la biologlarcpro- ductira dc G. chloropusy P. martinica,fucron comparadoscn cicnagasy scmbradosdc arroz de Luisiana.Sc cncontr6 quc ambascspccics construycn nidos dc prSctica,nidos para poncr, nidospara rcsguardarsus pichoncs durante la nochcy plataformasclcvadas tanto cn cicna- gascomo cn camposdc arroz.
    [Show full text]