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Notes on the Nesting of the Common Moorhen and Purple Gallinule in Southwestern Louisiana

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Notes on the Nesting of the Common Moorhen and Purple Gallinule in Southwestern Louisiana J. Field Ornithol., 58(1):55-61 NOTES ON THE NESTING OF THE COMMON MOORHEN AND PURPLE GALLINULE IN SOUTHWESTERN LOUISIANA ROBERT N. HELM • LouisianaCooperative Fish and WildlifeResearch Unit LouisianaState University Baton Rouge,Louisiana 70803 USA D^vio N. P^SHLE¾ Schoolof Forestry,Wildlife, and Fisheries LouisianaState University Baton Rouge,Louisiana 70803 USA PHILLIP J. ZW^•K LouisianaCooperative Fish and WildlifeResearch Unit LouisianaState University Baton Rouge,Louisiana 70803 USA Abstract.--Selected aspectsof the breedinL biology of the Common Moorhen and Purple Gallinule were comparedin coastalmarshes and rice fieldsof Louisianaduring two breed- ing seasons.Both speciesconstructed trial-nests, egg-nests, and elevatedplatforms in marsh and rice fields.Nests were constructedover water out of plant parts availablenear the nest site. The interiors of Common Moorhen nestswere significantlylarger, but external di- mensionswere similar for both species.The mean height above water level of Purple Gallinule nestswas significantlygreater than for nestsof the Common Moorhen. Purple Gallinules had a 78.6% nestingsuccess rate, while 63.3% of CommonMoorhen nestswere successful.Success for both specieswas distributeduniformly overthe rangeof nestheights. Averageclutch sizesfor Common Moorhen were 6.7 in the marsh and 8.6 in rice fields. CommonMoorhen and Purple Gallinule both producedsignificantly larger clutchesin rice fields than in marshes. NOTAS SOBRE EL ANIDAMIENTO DE GALLINULA CHLOROPUS Y PORPHYRULA MARTINICA EN EL SUROESTE DE LUISIANA, E.U.A. Sinopsis.--Durantc dos pcriodosrcproductivos, aspcctos particularcs dc la biologlarcpro- ductira dc G. chloropusy P. martinica,fucron comparadoscn cicnagasy scmbradosdc arroz de Luisiana.Sc cncontr6 quc ambascspccics construycn nidos dc prSctica,nidos para poncr, nidospara rcsguardarsus pichoncs durante la nochcy plataformasclcvadas tanto cn cicna- gascomo cn camposdc arroz. Los nidossc construycron, sobrc cl agua, dc partesdc plantas disponiblcscerca dcl lugar dc anidamicnto.Las dimcnsioncscxtcrnas dc los nidosrcsultaron ser similarescn ambascspccics, aunquc el interior result6 scr significativamcntcmayor cn P. martinica.La altura de los nidossobrc cl nivcl dcl agua result6 scr significativamcntc mayor cn P. martinicaquccn G. chloropus.Sc cncontr6un •xito dc anidamicntodc 78.6% y dc 63.3% cn P. martinicay •. chloropus,rcspcctivamcntc; cstc fuc uniformc para ambas cspccicsa difcrcntcsalturas dc los nidos. La camadapromcdio para G. chloropusresult6 scr dc 6.7 cn cicnagasy 8.8 cn arrozalcs.P. martinicaprodujo un promcdiodc 5.8 hucvos cn las cicnagasy 8.6 cn arrozalcs.Las camadasdc ambascspccics rcsultaron scr signifi- cativamcntcmayor cn arrozalcsquccn cicnagas. The Common Moorhen (Gallinula chloropus)and Purple Gallinulc (Porphyrulamartinica) nest sympatricallyin coastalmarshes and rice fields along the Gulf of Mexico. Information relating to the breeding 55 56] R. N. Helmet al. j. FieldOrnithol. Winter 1987 biologyof thesebirds in sympatryis restrictedto unpublishedM.S. theses (Bell 1976, Helm 1982, Reagan 1977) and a referenceto late nestingin southTexas (Cottam and Glazener 1959). We presentresults of a study of nestcharacteristics, clutch size, and hatchingsuccess of thesebirds in coastal marshes and rice fields in southwestern Louisiana. STUDY AREA AND METHODS Nesting observationswere made on three Louisiana sitesduring the 1977 and 1978 breedingseasons. Two siteswere locatedon or near the RockefellerWildlife Refuge, Cameron Parish, in "coastaldeep fresh marsh" (Shaw and Fredine 1956). The third site was in rice fields on the Louisiana State University Rice Experiment Stationin Acadia Par- ish, approximately70 km northeastof the Rockefellermarsh sites. Rice field nestswere found each year in thorough searchesconducted in early June and mid-July. There was no evidencethat any nestinghad been completedbefore the first search.Nests in the marsh siteswere locatedinitially in roadsidecanals during weekly searchesfrom April throughAugust. The composition,size and placementof all nestswere recorded.Active nestswere checkedat five-day intervalsand the number of eggsnoted until clutcheswere completed(i.e., when a nest with an adult bird in attendancedid not containadditional eggs on two successive visits). Date of initiation of laying of incomplete clutcheswas derived by subtractingone day for each egg presenton the day of discovery.For clutchescompleted before discovery, date of initiation was estimatedby subtracting26 d from hatching date. These estimateswere based on observations(Krauth 1972) that the birds lay one egg per day, begin incubationon the fifth day, and incubatefor approximately21 d before hatching begins. Nests were considered successful if there was evidence that at least one egg hatched.When eggsdisappeared, either the presenceof numerous small eggshell fragmentsamid the nestingmaterial (Oney 1954) or ready separationof the vitellinemembrane from the shell (Rearden1951) pro- videdevidence that eggshad hatchedand had not beenlost to predation. RESULTS Both Purple Gallinule and CommonMoorhen constructedtrial-nests, egg-nests(often with associatedramps), brood-nests,and elevatedplat- forms in marsh and rice fields. Both sexesparticipated in construction and maintenance of these structures. The interiors of Common Moorhen egg-nestswere larger than those of Purple Gallinule, in terms of both mean bowl depth (4.5 cm vs. 3.6 cm, t = 3.6, df = 13, P (0.05) and bowl diameter (12.1 cm rs. 10.8 cm, t = 3.4, df = 13, P (0.05). External nest diameter (• = 24.1 cm, Common Moorhen; • = 21.7 cm, Purple Gallinule) and external nest height(• -- 12.0 cm, CommonMoorhen; • = 10.9 cm, Purple Gallinule) did not differ betweenspecies (t = 1.07, P ) 0.05; t = 0.63, P ) 0.05). Vol.58, No. • NestingofCommon Moorhen and Purple Gallinule [5 7 All nestsexcept for 3 Common Moorhen nestswere built over water. There were no differences(t = 0.19, P > 0.05) in the depth of water over which nests were built (• = 61.2, Common Moorhen; • = 62.9, Purple Gallinule). However, Purple Gallinule nestswere locatedunder significantlydenser cover than were Common Moorhen nests (Mann- Whitney U-test, Z -- -4.29, P < 0.05). Heights of nestsabove water were groupedinto 10 cm intervalsfor analysis.The meanheight category for Purple Gallinule nests(40-50 cm) was greater (x2= 76.6, df = 9, P < 0.05) than for that of the Common Moorhen (20-30 cm). Egg nestsof both specieswere constructedeither on floating or in emergent vegetation.Floating nests, found only in marsh sites, were constructedon water hyacinth (Eichhorniacrassipes), alligator weed (Al- ternantheraphiloxeroides), and pennywort (Hydrocotylespp.). Stems of bulltongue(Sagittaria lancifolia) and southernbulrush (Scirpuscaliforni- cus) were incorporatedinto their bases.These nestswere often located near the centers of canals with little overhead cover. On three occasions, floatingnests drifted approximately75 m during strongwinds and were then abandoned.The disappearanceof six otherswas accompaniedby a wide swath through the vegetationindicative of alligator (Alligatormis- sissippiensis)predation. Nestsin emergentmarsh vegetationwere typically anchoredin south- ern bulrush, bulltongue or giant cutgrass(Zizaniopsis miliacea). Leaf bladeswere bent over in a criss-crosspattern to form the base, and leaf portionswere molded to form the nest cup. Growing leaveswere bent over nestsduring incubation,thereby increasingoverhead cover. Exten- sive ramps were commonlyassociated with higher marsh and maturing rice field nests.Nests in lower emergentstended to be susceptibleto flooding. Nests were built out of readily available plant material. In rice fields, nests were built out of rice foliage. In the marsh, 78% of Common Moorhen nests (n = 97) and 93% of Purple Gallinule nests (n = 28) were built from plants found within 1 m of the nest site. In only one instance,a floatingCommon Moorhen nestbuilt on water hyacinth,was a nest constructedentirely of plant parts not found within 1 m. One unusual Common Moorhen nest was built in a black willow (Salix nigra) overhanginga roadsidecanal, and two others were con- structedatop abandonedBoat-tailed Grackle (Quiscalusmajor) nests. Three casesof egg-dumpingby other speciesinto Common Moorhen nestsincluded one by a Least Bittern (Ixobrychusexilis) into a marsh nestsubsequently lost to predation,and two by FulvousWhistling-Ducks (Dendrocygnabicolor) into neststhat were abandonedshortly thereafter. In the marsh, Common Moorhen initiated clutch productionfrom the first week of April until early August, a total of 122 d in 1977 and 131 d in 1978. Marsh-nestingPurple Gallinules began laying in May and ceasedclutch-initiation in early August, a total of 95 d in 1977 and 72 d in 1978. Neither speciescould begin nestingin rice fields until mid- May, when the rice had grown to a height of 80-90 cm. Harvest began 58] R. N. Helmet al. J.Field WinterOrnithol. 1987 TABLE1. Nestingsuccess of CommonMoorhen and Purple Gallinule in coastalmarsh and rice fields of southwestern Louisiana, 1977 and 1978 combined. Marsh Rice fields Unsuccessful Successful Unsuccessful Successful Common Moorhen 48 (45%) 59 (55%) 10 (20%) 41 (80%) PurpleGallinule 15 (32%) 32 (68%) 10 (14%) 60 (86%) on 3 August 1977 and 31 July 1978 and limited nestingin rice fieldsto approximately70 d. Clutch sizewas determinedfor 100 CommonMoorhen and 92 Purple Gallinule nests.Egg numberswere determinedfor completedclutches only.No differenceswere notedbetween marsh sites in 1977 (Common
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