DOCSLIB.ORG

The Removal of Barium, Strontium, Calcium and Magnesium from Hydraulic Fracturing

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Removal of Barium, Strontium, Calcium and Magnesium from Hydraulic Fracturing The Removal of Barium, Strontium, Calcium and Magnesium from Hydraulic Fracturing Produced Water Using Precipitation with Traditional and Alternative Reactant Feedstocks A thesis presented to the faculty of the Voinovich School of Leadership & Public Affairs In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science Jess D. Cogan April 2016 © 2016 Jess D. Cogan. All Rights Reserved. 2 This thesis titled The Removal of Barium, Strontium, Calcium and Magnesium from Hydraulic Fracturing Produced Water Using Precipitation with Traditional and Alternative Reactant Feedstocks by JESS D. COGAN has been approved for the Program of Environmental Studies and the Voinovich School of Leadership & Public Affairs by Natalie A. Kruse Daniels Associate Professor of Environmental Studies Mark Weinberg Director, Voinovich School of Leadership & Public Affairs 3 ABSTRACT COGAN, JESS D., M.S., April 2016, Environmental Studies The Removal of Barium, Strontium, Calcium and Magnesium from Hydraulic Fracturing Produced Water Using Precipitation with Traditional and Alternative Reactant Feedstocks Director of Thesis: Natalie A. Kruse Daniels Marcellus and Utica shale gas exploration is an industry that expands from southeastern New York, West Virginia, Pennsylvania and Ohio. The recovery of natural gas from the Marcellus and Utica shale beds is done through hydraulic fracturing. Hydraulic fracturing is a process that pumps large amounts of water into the shale formation causing fractures, allowing the gas to flow to the surface. As the water returns to the surface it is contaminated with inorganic compound found within the shale formation. This water is characterized as produced and flowback water. This study tested the removal rates of Ba+2, Sr+2, Ca+2 and Mg+2 from four synthetic produced water solutions undergoing treatment. The treatments were sulfation to remove Ba+2, softening to remove Ca+2, and hydrolysis to remove Mg+2. Sr+2 was also removed from the synthetic produced water solutions, but was not treated for specifically. Strontium removal occurred through co-precipitation during barium, calcium and magnesium treatments. The treatment order was found to impact the removal efficiency of these constituents. The optimized treatment of sulfation - hydrolysis- softening resulted in a 97-100% removal of barium, 97-100% removal of magnesium, 84-100% removal of calcium, and 64-100% removal of strontium. Acid mine drainage treatment showed 4 efficient removal of barium from all four synthetic solutions ranging from 63-99% removal, but strontium removals were low ranging from 1-16% removal. 5 DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my family, who instilled and supported my love for the outdoors and the beauty it provides. 6 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS A big thank you goes out to my advisor, Dr. Natalie Kruse for her utmost support and help through the research, writing, and completion of this project. I would like to thank my committee members Dr. Dina Lopez and Dr. Jason Trembly for their support and advisement. I would also like to thank the staff at the Institute for Sustainable Energy and the Environment, Shyler Switzer, David Ogden, Mira Cooper and Dr. Wen Fan for their cooperativeness and troubleshooting of the project hurdles, I would also like to thank Dr. Ben Stuart and Dr. Anirudh Ruhil for their help and advisement. I would like to thank my family for their support and the opportunity for this project provided to me by Voinovich School of Leadership and Public Affairs. 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abstract ............................................................................................................................... 3 Dedication ........................................................................................................................... 5 Acknowledgments............................................................................................................... 6 List of Tables ...................................................................................................................... 9 List of Figures ................................................................................................................... 10 Chapter 1: Introduction ..................................................................................................... 12 1.1 Objectives, Deliverables, Hypothesis ..................................................................... 14 Chapter 2: Literature Synthesis ......................................................................................... 16 2.1 Produced Water Composition ................................................................................. 16 2.2 Environmental Health and Effects .......................................................................... 18 2.3 Naturally Occurring Radioactive material (NORM) .............................................. 20 2.4 Treatment and Disposal Methods ........................................................................... 21 2.5 Precipitation Treatment ........................................................................................... 24 2.6 Acid Mine Drainage as a Possible Treatment Strategy .......................................... 24 Chapter 3: Methods ........................................................................................................... 27 3.1 Stock Solution Composition ................................................................................... 27 3.2 Equilibrium Studies ................................................................................................ 28 3.2.1 Sulfation ........................................................................................................... 28 3.2.3 Hydrolysis ........................................................................................................ 30 3.2.3 Softening .......................................................................................................... 33 3.3 Kinetics ................................................................................................................... 35 3.4 Acid Mine Drainage Treatment .............................................................................. 36 Chapter 4: Results and Discussion .................................................................................... 39 4.1 Batch Experiments .................................................................................................. 39 4.2 Kinetics ................................................................................................................... 49 4.3 Acid Mine Drainage Treatment .............................................................................. 60 Chapter 5: Conclusions ..................................................................................................... 68 5.1 Batch Experiments .................................................................................................. 68 5.2 Kinetics ................................................................................................................... 69 8 5.3 Acid Mine Drainage Treatment .............................................................................. 69 References ......................................................................................................................... 71 Appendix 1 – Batch Experiment Results and Summary Statistics ................................... 76 Appendix 2 – Kinetics Results and Summary Statistics ................................................... 79 Appendix 3 – Acid Mine Drainage Treatment Results and Summary Statistics .............. 83 9 LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1: Produced Water Quality for Pennsylvania, Ohio and West Virginia ................. 17 Table 2: Alternative Treatment Method Costs . ................................................................ 23 Table 3: Targeted mg/L of Constituents In Stock Solutions............................................. 28 Table 4: Amount of Constituents Added to Stock Solutions. ........................................... 28 Table 5: Solution pH During Precipitation Treatments .................................................... 49 Table 6: Solution pH During AMD Treatments ............................................................... 65 10 LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1. Flow Chart Followed for Sulfation Testing....................................................... 30 Figure 2. Flow Chart Followed for Hydrolysis Testing. ................................................... 32 Figure 3. Flow Chart Followed for Softening Testing. ..................................................... 35 Figure 4. Flow Chart Followed for Acid Mine Drainage Testing. ................................... 38 Figure 5a and 5b. Low IC (0.5) Removal Results with Hydrolysis Stage 3 and Softening Stage 3.. ............................................................................................................................. 41 Figure 6a and 6b. Medium IC (0.5) Removal Results with Hydrolysis Stage 3 and Softening Stage 3.. ............................................................................................................ 43 Figure 7a and 7b. High IC (2) Removal Results with Hydrolysis Stage 3 and Softening Stage 3.. ............................................................................................................................. 45 Figure 8a and 8b. High IC (4) Removal Results with Hydrolysis Stage 3 and Softening Stage 3.. ............................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Strontium-90
    EPA Facts about Strontium-90 What is strontium-90? The most common isotope of strontium is strontium-90. Radioactive strontium-90 is produced when uranium and plutonium undergo fission. Fission The time required for a radioactive substance to is the process in which the nucleus of a lose 50 percent of its radioactivity by decay is radionuclide breaks into smaller parts. Large known as the half-life. Strontium-90 has a half- amounts of radioactive strontium-90 were life of 29 years and emits beta particles of produced during atmospheric nuclear weapons relatively low energy as it decays. Yttrium-90, its tests conducted in the 1950s and 1960s. As a decay product, has a shorter half-life (64 hours) result of atmospheric testing and radioactive than strontium-90, but it emits beta particles of fallout, this strontium was dispersed and higher energy. deposited on the earth. How are people exposed to strontium- 90? What are the uses of strontium-90? Although external exposure to strontium-90 Strontium-90 is used in medical and agricultural from nuclear testing is of minor concern because studies. It is also used in thermoelectric devices environmental concentrations are low, that are built into small power supplies for use strontium in the environment can become part of the food chain. This pathway of exposure in remote locations, such as navigational beacons, remote weather stations, and space became a concern in the 1950s with the advent vehicles. Additionally, strontium-90 is used in of atmospheric testing of nuclear explosives. electron tubes, radioluminescent markers, as a With the suspension of atmospheric testing of radiation source in industrial thickness gauges, nuclear weapons, dietary intake has steadily and for treatment of eye diseases.
    [Show full text]
  • Preparation of Barium Strontium Titanate Powder from Citrate
    APPLIED ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY Appl. Organometal. Chem. 13, 383–397 (1999) Preparation of Barium Strontium Titanate Powder from Citrate Precursor Chen-Feng Kao* and Wein-Duo Yang Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan TiCl4 or titanium isopropoxide reacted with INTRODUCTION citric acid to form a titanyl citrate precipitate. Barium strontium citrate solutions were then BaTiO3 is ferroelectric and piezoelectric and has added to the titanyl citrate reaction to form gels. extensive applications as an electronic material. It These gels were dried and calcined to (Ba,Sr)- can be used as a capacitor, thermistor, transducer, TiO3 powders. The gels and powders were accelerometer or degausser of colour television. characterized by DSC/TGA, IR, SEM and BaTiO3 doped with strontium retains its original XRD analyses. These results showed that, at characteristics but has a lower Curie temperature 500 °C, the gels decomposed to Ba,Sr carbonate for positive temperature coefficient devices under and TiO2, followed by the formation of (Ba,Sr)- various conditions. TiO3. The onset of perovskite formation oc- Besides solid-state reactions, chemical reactions curred at 600 °C, and was nearly complete at have also been used to prepare BaTiO3 powder. 1 1000 °C. Traces of SrCO3 were still present. Among them the hydrolysis of metal alkoxide , The cation ratios of the titanate powder oxalate precipitation in ethanol2, and alcoholic prepared in the pH range 5–6 were closest to dehydration of citrate solution3 are among the more the original stoichiometry. Only 0.1 mol% of the attractive methods. In 1956 Clabaugh et al.4 free cations remained in solution.
    [Show full text]
  • PUBLIC HEALTH STATEMENT Cesium CAS#: 7440-46-2
    PUBLIC HEALTH STATEMENT Cesium CAS#: 7440-46-2 Division of Toxicology April 2004 This Public Health Statement is the summary exposed to a substance when you come in contact chapter from the Toxicological Profile for cesium. It with it. You may be exposed by breathing, eating, is one in a series of Public Health Statements about or drinking the substance, or by skin contact. If the hazardous substances and their health effects. A substance is radioactive, you may also be exposed shorter version, the ToxFAQs™, is also available. to radiation if you are near it. This information is important because this substance may harm you. The effects of exposure to External exposure to radiation may occur from any hazardous substance depend on the dose, the natural or man-made sources. Naturally occurring duration, how you are exposed, personal traits and sources of radiation are cosmic radiation from space habits, and whether other chemicals are present. For or radioactive materials in soil or building materials. more information, call the ATSDR Information Man-made sources of radioactive materials are Center at 1-888-422-8737. found in consumer products, industrial equipment, _____________________________________ atom bomb fallout, and to a smaller extent from This public health statement tells you about cesium hospital waste, medical devices, and nuclear and the effects of exposure. reactors. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) If you are exposed to cesium, many factors identifies the most serious hazardous waste sites in determine whether you’ll be harmed. These factors the nation. These sites make up the National include the dose (how much), the duration (how Priorities List (NPL) and are the sites targeted for long), and how you come in contact with it.
    [Show full text]
  • Summary of Produced Water Management Practices
    Potential for Beneficial Use of Oil and Gas Produced Water David B. Burnett1 Abstract Technology advancements and the increasing need for fresh water resources have created the potential for desalination of oil field brine to be a cost-effective fresh water resource for the citizens of Texas. In our state and in other mature oil and gas production areas, the majority of wells produce brine water along with gas and oil. Many of these wells produce less than 10 barrels of oil a day (bbl/day) along with substantial amounts of water. Transporting water from these stripper wells is expensive, so much so that in many cases the produced water can be treated on site, including desalination, for less cost than hauling it away. One key that makes desalination affordable is that the contaminants removed from the brine can be injected back into the oil and gas producing formation without having to have an EPA Class I hazardous injection permit. The salts removed from the brine originally came from the formation into which it is being re-injected and environmental regulations permit a Class II well to contain the salt “concentrate”. This chapter discusses key issues driving this new technology. Primary are the costs (economic and environmental) of current produced water management and the potential for desalination in Texas. In addition the cost effectiveness of new water treatment technology and the changes in environmental and institutional conditions are encouraging innovative new technology to address potential future water shortages in Texas. Introduction Who in their right mind would ever try to purify and re-use oil field brine? The very nature of the material produced along with oil and gas would seem to make such practices uneconomical.
    [Show full text]
  • Of the Periodic Table
    of the Periodic Table teacher notes Give your students a visual introduction to the families of the periodic table! This product includes eight mini- posters, one for each of the element families on the main group of the periodic table: Alkali Metals, Alkaline Earth Metals, Boron/Aluminum Group (Icosagens), Carbon Group (Crystallogens), Nitrogen Group (Pnictogens), Oxygen Group (Chalcogens), Halogens, and Noble Gases. The mini-posters give overview information about the family as well as a visual of where on the periodic table the family is located and a diagram of an atom of that family highlighting the number of valence electrons. Also included is the student packet, which is broken into the eight families and asks for specific information that students will find on the mini-posters. The students are also directed to color each family with a specific color on the blank graphic organizer at the end of their packet and they go to the fantastic interactive table at www.periodictable.com to learn even more about the elements in each family. Furthermore, there is a section for students to conduct their own research on the element of hydrogen, which does not belong to a family. When I use this activity, I print two of each mini-poster in color (pages 8 through 15 of this file), laminate them, and lay them on a big table. I have students work in partners to read about each family, one at a time, and complete that section of the student packet (pages 16 through 21 of this file). When they finish, they bring the mini-poster back to the table for another group to use.
    [Show full text]
  • The Chemistry of Strontium and Barium Scales
    Association of Water Technologies October 20 -23, 2010 Reno, NV, USA The Chemistry of Strontium and Barium Scales Robert J. Ferguson and Baron R. Ferguson French Creek Software, Inc. Kimberton, PA 19442 (610) 935-8337 (610) 935-1008 FAX [email protected] [email protected] Abstract New ‘mystery scales’ are being encountered as cooling tower operators increase cycles to new highs, add ‘reuse’ water to the make-up, and utilize new make-up water sources as part of an overall water conservation strategy. Scales rarely, if ever, encountered in the past are emerging as potential problems. This threat of unexpected scale is compounded because most water treatment service companies do not include barium and strontium in their make-up water analyses. Water sources with even as little 0.01 mg/L of Ba (as Ba) can become very scale-forming with respect to barite (BaSO4) when tower concentration ratios are increased and sulfuric acid used for pH control. Make-up waters incorporating reverse osmosis concentrate can also provide a strontium and barium source. In some cases, produced waters are also being used in an effort for greener water use. This paper discusses the chemistry of the barium and strontium based scales barite (BaSO4), celestite (SrSO4), witherite (BaCO3) and strontianite (SrCO3). Conditions for formation and control from a water treater’s perspective are emphasized. Indices for prediction are discussed. Scale Prediction and the Concept of Saturation A majority of the indices used routinely by water treatment chemists are derived from the basic concept of saturation. A water is said to be saturated with a compound (e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • Barite (Barium)
    Barite (Barium) Chapter D of Critical Mineral Resources of the United States—Economic and Environmental Geology and Prospects for Future Supply Professional Paper 1802–D U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Periodic Table of Elements 1A 8A 1 2 hydrogen helium 1.008 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 4.003 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 lithium beryllium boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon 6.94 9.012 10.81 12.01 14.01 16.00 19.00 20.18 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 sodium magnesium aluminum silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon 22.99 24.31 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 8B 11B 12B 26.98 28.09 30.97 32.06 35.45 39.95 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 potassium calcium scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese iron cobalt nickel copper zinc gallium germanium arsenic selenium bromine krypton 39.10 40.08 44.96 47.88 50.94 52.00 54.94 55.85 58.93 58.69 63.55 65.39 69.72 72.64 74.92 78.96 79.90 83.79 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon 85.47 87.62 88.91 91.22 92.91 95.96 (98) 101.1 102.9 106.4 107.9 112.4 114.8 118.7 121.8 127.6 126.9 131.3 55 56 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 cesium barium hafnium tantalum tungsten rhenium osmium iridium platinum gold mercury thallium lead bismuth polonium astatine radon 132.9 137.3 178.5 180.9 183.9 186.2 190.2 192.2 195.1 197.0 200.5 204.4 207.2 209.0 (209) (210)(222) 87 88 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116
    [Show full text]
  • Paediatric Barium Swallow/Meal Information for Parents and Carers Your Doctor Has Referred Your Child for a Barium Swallow/Meal to Look at Their Food Pipe and Stomach
    Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust Paediatric Barium Swallow/Meal Information for parents and carers Your doctor has referred your child for a barium swallow/meal to look at their food pipe and stomach. We have written this information leaflet to help you and your child to understand this test. We hope it answers some of the questions you both may have and helps you and your child to feel more prepared and relaxed. page 2 What is a barium swallow/meal? A barium swallow/meal uses a special liquid to allow the X-ray doctor (radiologist) to see your child’s oesophagus (food pipe or gullet), stomach and the first part of their intestines using an X-ray camera. What does this test involve? Your child will be asked to drink a special drink called barium. This is a white liquid with a chalky texture. It is not radioactive but is used as it shows up well on X-ray images. Your child will need to drink the barium whilst lying on a couch with the X-ray camera over their tummy (about 75cm away). They may need to change position, so you will be asked to stay close to them at all times to make sure they are safe. If your child is able to, they will usually be asked to drink using a straw so that they can stay lying down. If they are not able to use a straw they can drink the barium from a bottle or beaker. If they are currently being fed through a nasogastric (NG) tube, we will use that to give them the barium.
    [Show full text]
  • I Subsurface Waste Disposal by Means of Wells a Selective Annotated Bibliography
    I Subsurface Waste Disposal By Means of Wells A Selective Annotated Bibliography By DONALD R. RIMA, EDITH B. CHASE, and BEVERLY M. MYERS GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 2020 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON: 1971 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR ROGERS G. B. MORTON, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY W. A. Radlinski, Acting Director Library of Congress catalog-card No. 77-179486 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $1.50 (paper cover) Stock Number 2401-1229 FOREWORD Subsurface waste disposal or injection is looked upon by many waste managers as an economically attractive alternative to providing the sometimes costly surface treatment that would otherwise be required by modern pollution-control law. The impetus for subsurface injection is the apparent success of the petroleum industry over the past several decades in the use of injection wells to dispose of large quantities of oil-field brines. This experience coupled with the oversimplification and glowing generalities with which the injection capabilities of the subsurface have been described in the technical and commercial literature have led to a growing acceptance of deep wells as a means of "getting rid of" the ever-increasing quantities of wastes. As the volume and diversity of wastes entering the subsurface continues to grow, the risk of serious damage to the environment is certain to increase. Admittedly, injecting liquid wastes deep beneath the land surface is a potential means for alleviating some forms of surface pollution. But in view of the wide range in the character and concentrations of wastes from our industrialized society and the equally diverse geologic and hydrologic con­ ditions to be found in the subsurface, injection cannot be accepted as a universal panacea to resolve all variants of the waste-disposal problem.
    [Show full text]
  • Strontium Chromate from Austria and France
    Strontium Chromate from Austria and France Investigation Nos. 731-TA-1422-1423 (Preliminary) Publication 4836 October 2018 U.S. International Trade Commission Washington, DC 20436 U.S. International Trade Commission COMMISSIONERS David S. Johanson, Chairman Irving A. Williamson Meredith M. Broadbent Rhonda K. Schmidtlein Jason E. Kearns Catherine DeFilippo Director of Operations Staff assigned Kristina Lara, Investigator Samantha DeCarlo, Industry Analyst Tana von Kessler Economist Jennifer Brinckhaus, Accountant KaDeadra McNealy, Statistician David Goldfine, Attorney Douglas Corkran, Supervisory Investigator Address all communications to Secretary to the Commission United States International Trade Commission Washington, DC 20436 U.S. International Trade Commission Washington, DC 20436 www.usitc.gov Strontium Chromate from Austria and France Investigation Nos. 731-TA-1422-1423 (Preliminary) Publication 4836 October 2018 CONTENTS Page ....................................................................................................................... 1 ........................................................................................................ 3 Introduction ................................................................................................................ I‐1 Background ................................................................................................................................ I‐1 Statutory criteria and organization of the report ....................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • 4. CHEMICAL, PHYSICAL, and RADIOLOGICAL INFORMATION
    STRONTIUM 189 4. CHEMICAL, PHYSICAL, and RADIOLOGICAL INFORMATION 4.1 CHEMICAL IDENTITY Strontium is an alkaline earth element in Group IIA of the periodic table. Because of its high reactivity, elemental (or metallic) strontium is not found in nature; it exists only as molecular compounds with other elements. The chemical information for elemental strontium and some of its compounds is listed in Table 4-1. Radioactive isotopes of strontium (e.g., 89Sr and 90Sr, see Section 4.2) are the primary cause of concern with regard to human health (see Chapter 3). 4.2 PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL, AND RADIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES The physical properties of strontium metal and selected strontium compounds are listed in Table 4-2. The percent occurrence of strontium isotopes and the radiologic properties of strontium isotopes are listed in Table 4-3. Strontium can exist in two oxidation states: 0 and +2. Under normal environmental conditions, only the +2 oxidation state is stable enough to be of practical importance since it readily reacts with both water and oxygen (Cotton and Wilkenson 1980; Hibbins 1997). There are 26 isotopes of strontium, 4 of which occur naturally. The four stable isotopes, 84Sr, 86Sr, 87Sr, and 88Sr, are sometimes referred to as stable strontium. The most important radioactive isotopes, 89Sr and 90Sr, are formed during nuclear reactor operations and during nuclear explosions by the nuclear fission of 235U, 238U, or 239Pu. For example, 235U is split into smaller atomic mass fragments such as 90Sr by a nuclear chain reaction initiated by high energy neutrons of approximately 1 million electron volts (or 1 MeV).
    [Show full text]
  • Strontium Sulfate Scale Prevention
    Tech Manual Excerpt Water Chemistry and Pretreatment Strontium Sulfate Scale Prevention Strontium Calculation /8/ Sulfate Scale Prediction of SrSO scaling potential is performed in the same way as the previously Prevention 4 described procedure for CaSO4: 1. Calculate the ionic strength of the concentrate stream (Ic) following the procedure described in Scaling Calculations (Form No. 45-D01551-en): Eq. 1 2. Calculate the ion product (IPc) for SrSO4 in the concentrate stream: Eq. 2 where: m 2+ 2+ ( Sr )f = M Sr in feed, mol/L m 2– 2– ( SO4 )f = M SO4 in feed, mol/L 3. Compare IPc for SrSO4 with the solubility product (Ksp) of SrSO4 at the ionic strength of the concentrate stream, Figure 1 in Calcium Fluoride Scale Prevention (Form No. 45-D01556-en). If IPc ≥ 0.8 Ksp, SrSO4 scaling can occur, and adjustment is required. Adjustments for SrSO4 Scale Control The adjustments discussed in Calcium Sulfate Scale Prevention (Form No. 45-D01553-en) for CaSO4 scale control apply for SrSO4 scale control as well. Page 1 of 2 Form No. 45-D01555-en, Rev. 4 April 2020 Excerpt from FilmTec™ Reverse Osmosis Membranes Technical Manual (Form No. 45-D01504-en), Chapter 2, "Water Chemistry and Pretreatment." Have a question? Contact us at: All information set forth herein is for informational purposes only. This information is general information and may differ from that based on actual conditions. Customer is responsible for determining whether products and the information in this document are www.dupont.com/water/contact-us appropriate for Customer's use and for ensuring that Customer's workplace and disposal practices are in compliance with applicable laws and other government enactments.
    [Show full text]