POWER AND RENEWABLE ENERGY Energy capability within the Faculty of Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences .edu.au TABLE OF CONTENTS

Foreword 1 Sustainable Energy Systems Design 24 Preface 2 Collaborations and Successes 25 Context Now 25 Introduction 5 Background 6 Energy Cybersecurity and Platforms 26 Electricity Market 6 Collaborations and Successes 27 Energy Vectors Generation and Utilisation 6 Context Now 27 South Australian Government 6 Appendix 1 – Domain Expertise 28 Non-renewable Resources 7 Electrical Power Engineering 29 ECMS as an Energy Systems Leader 9 Energy Supply 30 Energy Vectors Generation and Utilisation 32 Electrical Power Engineering 12 Energy Storage Solutions 33 Collaborations and Successes 12 Modelling, Optimisation and Machine Learning Context Now 13 for Energy Systems 35 Energy Supply 14 Sustainable Energy Systems Design 36 Collaborations and Successes 14 Energy Cybersecurity and Platforms 38 Context Now 15 Appendix 2 – Australian Non Renewable Energy Resources 40 Energy Vectors Generation and Utilisation 16 Australian School of Petroleum and Energy Resources 41 Collaborations and Successes 17 Appendix 3 – Key Institutes and Centres 42 Context Now 17 The Institute for Mineral and Energy Resources 43 Energy Storage Solutions 18 The Centre for Energy Technology 43 Centre for Materials in Energy and Catalysis 43 Collaborations and Successes 18 The South Australian Centre for Geothermal Context Now 20 Energy Research 43 Modelling, Optimisation and Machine Learning for Energy Systems 22 Appendix 4 – Energy Capability 44 University-Wide Capability 45 Collaborations and Successes 22 Context Now 23 FOREWORD

TODAY’S ENERGY MARKET IS EVOLVING AT A RAPID PACE AND FOCUSED RESEARCH IS CRITICALLY NEEDED TO MODERNIZE THE WAYS WE GENERATE, DISTRIBUTE, AND MANAGE TODAY’S ENERGY—BOTH ON THE ELECTRICITY GRID AND AS WELL AS IN GAS PIPELINES.

Electrification is a pervasive phenomenon that is driving change — Professor Derek Abbott was with the this occurs in everything from end-user products, advanced power electronics switching and smart control systems on the grid, to General Electric Company (GEC), London, renewable sources of energy with marginal operating costs. These UK, from 1978 to 1986 and has since factors have transformed the grid into a dynamic place. been with University of Adelaide. Whilst this presents engineering challenges, it also creates exciting opportunities for Australia. An energy policy vision for Australia His interests are in multidisciplinary applications is the intentional over-installation of renewables that will not of electrical and electronic engineering, complex only reduce the need for storage but will create excess electricity systems, and energy policy. at marginal operating cost. This oversupply can then open up opportunities for economic generation of alternative energy vectors He is an Honorary Fellow of Engineers Australia, such as hydrogen for both local industry and mass export. Fellow of the Institute of Physics (IoP), UK, and a This document consolidates the considerable engineering expertise Fellow of the IEEE, USA. He has won a number we have in the energy sector for both meeting such vision and also of awards, including the South Australian Tall assisting with needed transitional solutions as Australia presses Poppy Award for Science (2004), the David towards its energy future. Dewhurst Medal (2015), the Barry Inglis Medal (2018), and the M. A. Sargent Medal (2019) for Professor Derek Abbott, Convener eminence in engineering.

Energy capability within the Faculty of Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences 1 PREFACE

I am delighted to have this opportunity The University of Adelaide outline ’s role in our nation’s is an important contributor energy future, as it is well-aligned to the University’s expertise. to the scientific process Our State is committed to deliver affordable, reliable, secure and clean electricity supplies of identifying solutions to in a transitioning national energy market. Without a doubt, South Australia is leading deliver forward thinking the clean energy transition—even in a world- technical, economic, social, wide context. Given the challenges we have faced, the world and environmental outcomes is paying close attention to our remarkably fast transition. They are also paying particular for Australia and on the attention to how we are responding to and addressing those challenges. Our technological international stage. advancements, coupled with our abundant wind and sun, provide us with huge opportunities both locally and globally.

2 Power and Renewable Energy Australia is well on the way to achieving storage, demand management, and supply net 100% renewables by the early 2030s. integration initiatives. Our $50 million Grid Our renewable assets will not only provide Scale Storage Fund aims to bring forward us with affordable clean energy—they will investment in new storage technologies capable also provide new opportunities trade and of addressing the intermittency of our State’s economic growth, including in the growing increasing renewable electricity supply. field of renewable hydrogen production. ’s expansion of its Hornsdale Power While there is plenty of upside, some of the Reserve is the first project to be supported changes occurring in South Australia also from this fund with $15 million awarded for present significant challenges to SA and to the delivery of additional services to improve the existing management of the national network security. With the first 100 MW or energy market. 129 MWh of storage capacity, developed by Neoen and Tesla under the previous state The so-called duck curve in our energy government, we will now support the 50% generation is created by the extremely expansion of The Big Battery near Jamestown, high penetration of rooftop solar in South which will be another Australian-first. Australia. This curve represents high levels of solar PV generation leading to low demand I expect this expansion to lead to significant from the grid during the day, followed savings for consumers by allowing South by lower PV generation and a pick-up in Australia to integrate even more renewable consumption during the evening. Keeping energy into our energy system. It will pace with the increasing number of solar also be a world-leading demonstration of panel owners connecting to the grid has also how battery storage can provide inertia, created challenges for network operators— protecting the security of the grid by keeping both at a transmission and distribution frequency consistent. This is inertia that used level—in trying to manage customers’ needs. to be provided by power stations such as Northern and Playford. South Australia is working to address these issues, as well as increasing our connection The 50 MW or 65 MWh expansion will with the rest of the grid so we can both enable a much faster response time to system improve reliability locally and create disturbances such as network faults and export opportunities. trips. Within milliseconds, the can stabilise the grid, avoid In partnership with industry and market price volatility in the market and reduce the bodies, our plan includes: risks of blackouts. This expansion will also • Support for a $1.5 billion interconnector help develop markets for these other services, to NSW; helping to get more batteries into the system • A $50 million Grid Scale Storage Fund; more quickly. The State Government is currently engaged in negotiations with the • The largest planned per capita rollout of other shortlisted applicants for the Grid home batteries in the world through the Scale Storage Fund and I look forward to $200 million Home Battery Scheme and making more announcements about these the Tesla VPP; projects very soon. • New approaches to managing demand; Increasing storage at a household level is • Accelerating gas exploration to improve also being rolled out. South Australian supply; and households have already made a significant • Seizing the huge opportunities created by investment in rooftop solar, with one third of Today, South Australia generates more than the emerging global market for hydrogen. homes now generating their own solar power. half of its electricity from renewable sources, Firstly, to improve reliability and increase The $100 million Home Battery Scheme compared to the turn of the century when our capacity to export requires improved is an Australian-first, designed to optimise wind and solar contributed less than one per connection to the National Electricity these investments by encouraging the uptake cent to our energy mix. Market. Project EnergyConnect—otherwise of household storage technologies. This scheme known as the SA-NSW interconnector—is gives all grid-connected South Australians South Australia now has a remarkable an opportunity to access subsidies of up to portfolio of renewable generation assets the most advanced project in the Australian Energy Market Operator’s Integrated System $6,000 towards the cost of a home battery and storage assets that are emerging quickly. that can reduce their power bills, together We have 21 large-scale wind farms as well Plan. The South Australian Government has underwritten $14 million of early work with $100 million in low-interest loans. As as two large-scale solar farms in operation of November 2019, more than 4,600 South across the State. by ElectraNet and TransGrid to expedite delivery of Project EnergyConnect as soon Australian homes have had new batteries In terms of large-scale storage, we have Neoen’s as possible. installed or are awaiting installation. Hornsdale Power Reserve and ElectraNet’s Another success story is the South Australian battery at Dalrymple on the Yorke Peninsula. Renewable energy developers are already lining up to take advantage of new renewable Virtual Power Plant. The South Australian We also have Infigen’s battery at Lake Government and retailer Energy Locals both Bonney in the SE and Nexif’s battery at energy zones along the interconnector route. If regulatory and development approvals support the Tesla Virtual Power Plant (VPP). Lincoln Gap near being built The VPP comprises a network of home solar and soon to come online. line up, we can expect the first stage of the project to be up and running as early as 2022. photovoltaic and Tesla Powerwall battery With more than another 40 wind, solar, systems across the state working collectively and energy storage projects currently Other steps are being progressed to address to generate electricity at the same rate as under development or construction, South our supply and demand issues with a mix of a power station. We have installed more

Energy capability within the Faculty of Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences 3 than 900 systems so far, with participants The Plan for Accelerating Exploration Gas more reliable and cleaner energy? The achieving a 29% saving on their energy bills, grant program—or PACE Gas—has brought Essential Services Commission of South compared to standing market contracts. The forward investment in the Cooper Basin and Australia recently reported South Australian project continues to break new ground, as supported the renaissance of the onshore consumers are already beginning to benefit the first VPP registered to participate in the Otway Basin. from some of these energy initiatives. The report showed that average annual Australian Energy Market Operator’s VPP Together, the new supply brought forward residential electricity market offer prices fell Demonstrations. This programme shows the by PACE Gas grants is helping to keep by 3% in the 12 months to 30 June 2019. capacity for consumers’ rooftop solar and downward pressure on gas prices and This is equivalent to an average annual bill battery storage systems to provide scalable provide new competitive sources of supply reduction of $62 for a customer on a market energy to deliver network services. for local users such as power plant operators. offer. Moreover, the Australian Energy And it is already earning its stripes. In South Australia is also in prime position to Regulator (AER) confirmed that South October this year, the Kogan Creek coal be the hydrogen export centre of Australia. Australia’s 2019 electricity costs are lower power station in Queensland tripped off In September, Adelaide hosted the 8th than they were in 2018. unexpectedly, causing the power system International Conference on Hydrogen frequency to drop below acceptable Safety, the ideal venue to have launched our As a government, we have set an ambitious operational levels. South Australia’s VPP Hydrogen Action Plan for South Australia. target of accelerating annual Gross State Product growth to three per cent by focusing detected the frequency drop and responded The Hydrogen Plan sets out a vision for on nine key sectors of the economy. There immediately to inject power into the grid and to leveraging our wind, sun, land, infrastructure is much more to do. Investment in low cost assist in the return to normal system frequency. and skills to become a world-class renewable and affordable energy will be a key factor in This is another example of the leading-edge hydrogen supplier of choice. We already have generating the jobs, infrastructure, skills and innovation that puts South Australia at the a suite of renewable hydrogen production innovation needed to achieve our economic forefront of energy transformation. The projects under development in South Australia, growth objectives. Notwithstanding the first two phases of the VPP, totalling 1,100 including a plan to blend hydrogen into the fact that significant challenges exist, South connected homes, is drawing to a close. Work domestic gas distribution network. The first Australia’s energy future is bright. Our is underway to design a phase three that of these breakthrough hydrogen projects is emergence as a clean energy transition leader on involves connecting at total of 50,000 homes on track to begin operation next year. the global stage is creating new opportunities to the VPP, harnessing a generating capacity Our focus will be on supporting existing and for investment, growth and jobs. equivalent to a 250 MW power station. new renewable hydrogen projects in South I hope I have provided some insight into Storage is only part of the solution—we also Australia to build on the domestic use of our vision, our successes, and the many need to address when and how we use our renewable hydrogen as a stepping-stone to opportunities we are seeking to grasp as a energy and better match our demand and exports. Hydrogen exports are modelled State as we continue on the path to becoming a supply. South Australia is now routinely to provide $4 billion in economic benefits world leader in the clean energy transformation. setting new records for low grid demand and 7,000 jobs to Australia by 2040. We are I am delighted that the foregoing document due to the penetration of solar PV. Our determined that South Australia will become outlines tremendous expertise, vision, and $11 million Demand Management Trials a very prominent part of this emerging and capability that exists at the University of program is designed to demonstrate how very real opportunity. Adelaide, which is in perfect alignment with new technologies can play an important We will export renewable hydrogen to our the State’s strategic direction. role in making the grid more efficient, while trading partners in Asia, who are already rewarding consumers for managing their looking towards hydrogen consumption as own demand. a key part of their own energy transitions— Several projects have already been funded but they cannot make green hydrogen under the program, including: themselves. As part of the action plan, we have committed to a landmark study • A trial looking at how existing air of existing and potential infrastructure conditioners can be optimised to better required for an international-scale renewable manage peak demand; hydrogen export value chain. The resulting • Looking at how small commercial energy tool and prospectus will provide interested users can maximise their investment in parties with a solid base of information they backup generators while helping to make need to develop hydrogen production and energy more secure and reliable for all export infrastructure in South Australia. consumers; and South Australia is a large state with remote • Investigating how permanent automated communities, prospective mineral regions, demand response can save customers and long transport routes, and so hydrogen money on their power bill by having a large is also an exciting flexible fuel for our future appliance in their home turn up, down, on domestic use. At the 2019 COAG Energy or off, based on real time wholesale prices. Council meeting in Perth, Australia’s While half of our generation is from National Hydrogen Strategy, written by renewable energy, South Australia still relies Chief Scientist Dr Alan Finkel, was adopted on natural gas to play a vital role in our by all states and the Commonwealth. South energy transition. Gas prices continue to Australia will become a producer, consumer challenge electricity affordability. The State and exporter of green hydrogen and green Hon Dan van Holst Pellekaan MP Government’s response to tight demand for ammonia in the not too distant future. Minister for Energy and Mining natural gas has been to accelerate investment So what progress is there so far on our main in new supplies that producers must offer objectives in this area of more affordable, first to local customers.

4 Power and Renewable Energy INTRODUCTION

At the national level, we find an interplay and complexity of the energy network, between (i) the politics of National Energy which in turn has led to challenges around Concerns about Policy, (ii) changes in market dynamics robustness and network predictability. driven by short-term supply demand While the Government seeks to address anthropogenic climate imbalances, and (iii) shifts in net baseload the rising cost of electricity and energy change have driven versus distributed and intermittent electrical generators and distributors look to manage energy supply. an increasingly complex energy mix, a increased focus on Against this backdrop there exists an increase variety of new companies are looking to the technologies for in wind and solar energy utilisation, the use South Australia for the manufacture and of batteries and pumped . deployment of greener and more sustainable generating, distributing Moreover, there is an increasing interest energy generation and storage solutions and utilising energy and technological progression in future (such as Tesla, Sonnen, GFG Alliance). energy and fuel sources such as hydrogen, toward a greener and more It is likely within the next few years that concentrated solar thermal and biomass. South Australia will inflect to a position resilient future. There is an increasing awareness across where the majority of its electrical supply is industry, government and the general public generated from distributed sources—such as that energy systems require “big picture” photovoltaic (PV) panels and wind generated analysis and strategic thinking in order to power—with attendant risks created by the ensure network reliability, affordability, and physical network moving beyond the known lower emissions. The focus on environmentally sustainable parameters of current network modelling. sources of energy and fuels is driving global Locally, South Australia’s adoption of The Faculty of Engineering, Computer energy agendas and underpinning major renewable energy generation and storage and Mathematical Sciences (ECMS) can industrial, technological and infrastructure technologies over the past decade, has position the University of Adelaide as a decision-making around our energy future. created opportunities to take world-leading leader in the transitioning energy landscape. initiatives in renewable energy solutions. This has necessarily increased the heterogeneity

Energy capability within the Faculty of Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences 5 BACKGROUND

Over the last decade, South Australia has positioned itself as a global leader in the adoption of renewable electricity through a strong domestic uptake of rooftop and commercial scale photovoltaics, the deployment of wind turbine farms across the state and, more recently, the diversification of utility-scale solar thermal and energy storage projects.

This progressive stance on renewable energy Energy Vectors Generation has attracted a number of global energy and Utilisation companies to the State to develop, test and operationalise their technologies, as well The move to close the cycles of energy as creating a wider commercial ecosystem resources requires us to think of means to supporting the establishment and growth of generate energy vectors such as hydrogen, South Australian Government renewable energy SMEs. ammonia, syngas, liquefied natural gas The South Australian Government has shown (LNG) and bio-fuels that can store, transfer commitment to the energy sector strategically, Electricity Market and release energy in an efficient and cost socially and economically, as more companies competitive manner. This rapid evolution of the renewable look to work with the State in deploying energy market has raised a number of new Closing the cycle requires future energy renewable technologies from the domestic challenges to address in order to ensure a vectors to be carbon neutral when generated through to utility scale solutions. The clear pathway to stable, integrated, efficient and utilized. This can potentially be achieved Government leads and coordinates a broad and affordable , through capturing of emitted carbon from range of cross-portfolio renewable energy and distribution and storage. fossil based fuels, either before it is used energy storage projects. Areas of focus include: or capturing the carbon from large industrial The National Electricity Market (NEM) has • Large scale renewable energy generation systems, sequester it or converted back and storage, such as wind, solar PV, changed significantly as coal-fired generation to fuel. plants have been retired and replaced with bioenergy, battery, pumped hydro, solar wind and PV generation, while the use of An alternative approach is the direct thermal and thermal storage; battery storage is growing rapidly. utilization of renewable energy sources for • Integrated electricity management through all sectors especially when they coincide a Virtual Power Plant model; Recent reviews of the NEM have determined with the geographical location where they that Australia needs to increase system are being generated. This is particularly • Behind-the-meter energy production such security and stability to ensure future pertinent for concentrating solar energy, as rooftop solar, bioenergy, distributed reliability to all customers and stakeholders. where thermal energy can potentially replace storage, energy efficiency and demand The power system underpinning the NEM the use of fuels as the source of heat for management; now needs to respond to a more dynamic, industrial processes or power generation. • Hydrogen production, domestic use and intermittent and technologically diverse for export; electricity generation landscape. There is There are major opportunities for Australia a critical need for adequate energy storage to develop technologies and approaches that • Uptake of zero carbon emission vehicles solutions, such as batteries and pumped allow the cost effective generation of energy and investment in charging and refuelling hydroelectricity, to be integrated in to the vectors, such as hydrogen and its derivatives infrastructure; current electricity network. that can be transported and utilized in • Supply chain development of low carbon different parts of the country or as an export technologies; and, The Australian Energy Market Operator commodity in the future. (AEMO) acknowledge the NEM needs • Research and industry partnerships in low to be more actively managed, and there Australia’s abundance of renewable energy carbon technologies. is increased need for fast-start and rapid- is a major advantage that can only be fully utilized when effective energy vectors are Major projects currently underway in South response technologies to accommodate Australia include: changes in renewable energy output and used to transport this energy to markets improve power system security. where they are most needed and that generate • The Riverland Solar Storage project led by the maximum return for the country. the Lyon Group to build Australia’s largest solar farm in South Australia’s Riverland;

6 Power and Renewable Energy THE ELECTRICAL ENERGY CHALLENGE

The fundamental challenge for power generators and distributors in moving to a greener, more sustainable energy future is ensuring the reliability, affordability and security of electricity to all end users. This sector/ industry scale transformation needs to be driven by informed decisions that optimise resources and infrastructure, utilise the most effective and efficient technologies and minimise disruption and uncertainty. Recent reviews of the national electricity market have determined that Australia needs to increase system security and ensure future reliability in this market. The security and reliability of the national electricity grid has been compromised by poorly integrated variable renewable electricity generators coinciding with the withdrawal of older coal and gas-fired generators. Though seemingly immense, this challenge gives rise to a multitude of opportunities including energy storage and utilisation; advanced energy conversion technologies; a move from centralised to decentralised scenarios; use of smart and micro grids; peer to peer energy trading; future fuels and biomimetic approaches and new materials for energy generation, conversion and storage.

• Comprising a new 330 MW solar At the utility-scale, the South Australian National Energy Resources Australia generation plant (two phases) and 100 Government launched the $50 million (NERA), one of the Federal Government’s MW battery storage system (Development Grid Scale Storage Fund (GSSF) on 19 six Industry Growth Centres, was Application approved, planned November 2018, aiming to accelerate established to maximise the value of the construction Q1 2019); the roll-out of grid-scale energy storage energy resources industry to the Australian • The Port Augusta Renewable Energy Park infrastructure across the state. economy. Challenges include predicting led by DP Energy will be one of the largest Tesla and the South Australian Government market volatility, addressing high capital and hybrid renewable energy projects in the have partnered to establish the SA Virtual operational expenditures of exploration and southern hemisphere, consisting of 59 Power Plant (SA VPP), a network of up to production and emissions management. wind turbines and almost 400 hectares of 50,000 homes across South Australia to form NERA has identified opportunities for the solar photovoltaic (PV) panels amounting the world’s largest virtual power plant. energy sector that require a combination to a combined generation capacity of 375 The first phase of the project is now of business development, adoption of new MW (Development Application approved; complete with 100 home energy systems technologies and industry-focused research. Approaching financial close); and installed around the State. Phase Two, These include: • SA Water $300 million investment in the currently underway, will trial the systems • Increasing collaboration amongst operators installation of 154 MW of solar PV and working as a virtual power plant and their to maximise asset productivity; 34 MWh of energy storage across more ability to generate the additional energy for • Improving collaboration between than 70 of the utility’s sites. Adelaide-based an extra 320 Housing Trust households. operators and technology and engineering Enerven, a wholly-owned subsidiary of SA service providers to increase innovation Power Networks, will deliver the project. Petroleum Resources and productivity; The South Australian Government is also Realising the full potential of the local non- • Leveraging the critical mass emerging in incentivising the energy storage market renewable sector, such as gas reserves from Australian operations to develop an export- by offering funding schemes that support the Cooper/Eromanga Basin in the northeast oriented and competitive service and investment in both domestic and utility-scale and the Otway Basin in the southeast, technology sector; and, storage systems. is also a critical component of South • Developing shale and tight gas basins to The Home Battery Scheme (HBS) is a $100 Australia’s energy future. The identification, support domestic demand, and potentially million State Government investment that management and optimised recovery of for export. will subsidise up to 40,000 domestic energy non-renewable resources are key factors storage systems with the aim of alleviating in the State’s economic prosperity and in The Australian School of Petroleum and rising energy prices and providing increased Australia’s energy security and in our global Energy Resources and Energy Resources stability and security for the local energy market. competitiveness. within the faculty houses a wide ranging capability and expertise that services both Through the HBS, households are able to Fundamental and applied knowledge in current and future petroleum-related research. choose whether or not their home battery conventional and unconventional energy system is part of a broader virtual power plant resources, reservoir characterisation and A capability summary of the petroleum to help address electricity network instability production optimisation will be critical in research domain is provided in Appendix 2. issues and balance out peak power demands. generating a solution to secure efficient, reliable and affordable power.

Energy capability within the Faculty of Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences 7 THE HYDROGEN ECONOMY

Hydrogen gas has long been recognised as a versatile energy carrier vector that can revolutionise the energy industry.

In recent years, interest in hydrogen has risen The South Australian Government has also dramatically as nations, corporations and research examined the economic viability of the hydrogen organisations acknowledge hydrogen as a critical economy from a state perspective through its own component in the decarbonisation of power Roadmap, identifying a number of advantages generation, transport, and thermal energy. Hydrogen such as established renewable sector and abundant can be utilised in a range of ways including: solar resources, market proximity and transport infrastructure. Currently, South Australia has four key • Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs) such as buses, hydrogen projects in various stages of development: trucks, agricultural equipment and cars; • Hydrogen Super Hub. Located at Crystal Brook, • Electricity Grid Firming such as grid connected Neoen Australia’s 50 megawatt (MW) Hydrogen electrolysers that can be ramped up and down to Super hub is planned to be the world’s largest co- help manage grid stability and produce hydrogen located wind, solar, battery and hydrogen facility. for energy storage; • Hydrogen Park SA. Australian Gas Infrastructure • Remote Area Power Systems (RAPS) utilising Group’s (AGIG) Hydrogen Park located at Tonsley hydrogen produced via dedicated renewable will deliver a 1.25 MW electrolyser plant that will energy inputs, produce hydrogen from renewable electricity. This • Industrial Feedstock including the incorporation hydrogen which then be injected into the local gas of clean hydrogen in industrial processes (replacing distribution network. hydrogen derived from hydrocarbons); and, • The Hydrogen Utility™ (H2U) is set to construct • As a source of industrial heat to replace fossil fuels a hydrogen and green ammonia production facility to produce materials such as steel. near Port Lincoln, consisting of a 30 MW water The CSIRO recently published the National electrolysis plant, as well as a facility for sustainable Hydrogen Roadmap that outlines the pathways ammonia production. to creating an economically sustainable hydrogen • The University of South Australia’s demonstration industry in Australia. The roadmap outlines key project includes hydrogen production, a hydrogen elements of the hydrogen value chain that, if fuel cell, a flow battery, chilled water storage, and appropriately supported through commercial, social, ground and roof-mounted solar photovoltaic (PV) regulatory and R&D initiatives, may have a significant cells. The project will cut campus emissions by 35 impact in the decarbonisation of the energy and per cent and reduce peak demand on the grid. industrial sectors. Most recently, the Council of Australian Governments (COAG) Energy Council has released the National Hydrogen Discussion Paper for consultation (March 2019).

8 Power and Renewable Energy ECMS AS AN ENERGY SYSTEMS LEADER

The University of Adelaide has invested in intellectual capital displaying the motivation, networks and capabilities (direct and translational) to collaboratively address the challenges faced by the energy sector.

Within the Faculty of Engineering, More specifically, ECMS has the opportunity • Industry Transformation: Renewable Computer and Mathematical Sciences to fill critical gaps in the current energy Energy Generation; decarbonisation of (ECMS), energy capabilities can be grouped landscape through the delivery of long term Industrial Processes; Techno-Economic into seven primary domains: solutions that address challenges such as: Evaluation; Industrial Transformation; Energy Efficiency; • Electrical Power Engineering; • Grid Reliability: Stability, Resilience and Security; System Monitoring and Control; • Industrial Process Heat: (Solar) Hybrid • Energy Supply; • Grid Planning Tools: Storage Planning; Technologies; Gasification Technologies; • Energy Vectors Generation and Utilisation; Storage Control; Infrastructure; • Power-to-X: Power-2-Chemicals; Power-2- • Energy Storage Solutions; • Energy Storage: Planning and Fuels; Power-2-Food; Power-2-People; • Modelling, Optimisation and Machine Management (including capacity and • Future Fuels: Renewable Fuels (including Learning for Energy Systems; location); Materials Innovation; Storage Hydrogen and its derivatives); and, Optimisation; Pumped Hydroelectricity; • Sustainable Systems Design; and, Water Systems Modelling; Water Pumping; • Energy Security: System Security; • Energy Cybersecurity and Platforms. Network Modelling and Management; • Market Modelling: Market Analysis; Infrastructure Security. These primary energy capability domains Scenario Modelling; Predictive/Responsive can be directly mapped to the challenges Systems; In addressing these challenges, the Faculty of Engineering, Computer and Mathematical faced by the local and national energy • Demand Management: Climate and Sciences has the opportunity to consolidate markets and have great impact in areas of Weather; Market Modelling; energy generation, distribution and storage; and grow itself as an international leader in • Infrastructure Management: decarbonisation of industrial processes; and energy transformation and to become a vital Optimisation, Risk/Hazard Mitigation; the optimisation and security of national contributor to the State’s energy reliability markets and infrastructure. • Petroleum Exploration and Production: and security. Well Productivity and Enhanced Recovery; Porous Media; Petroleum Geoscience; Carbon Sequestration;

Energy capability within the Faculty of Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences 9 10 Power and Renewable Energy PRIMARY DOMAINS

1. Electrical Power Engineering

2. Energy Supply

3. Energy Vectors Generation and Utilisation

4. Energy Storage Solutions

5. Modelling, Optimisation and Machine Learning for Energy Systems

6. Sustainable Energy Systems Design

7. Energy Cybersecurity and Platforms

Energy capability within the Faculty of Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences 11 1. ELECTRICAL POWER ENGINEERING

As the world moves to a more sustainable future by harnessing increasing amounts of renewable energy sources such as wind and solar, the complexity of power generation, distribution and storage increases.

Electricity is being generated, distributed, Collaborations and Successes stored and traded on a range of scales, from individual households, community The Power Systems Dynamics Group level, industrial plants and grid scale. This (PSDG) within the School of Electrical and complexity is highlighted by a range of Electronic Engineering has been working in challenges including maximising the use of partnership with the industry for over two renewable energy sources while ensuring decades, undertaking technically challenging stability and security of the power system projects to help ensure power system security and seeking to minimise overall costs. and reliability. The future electricity network requires Research and development contracts have electricity generation, distribution and supported the operations of companies and storage infrastructure to be connected and organisations such as the Australian Energy responsive, possessing the ability to rapidly Market Operator (AEMO), Powerlink interpret a wide range of data and respond to Queensland, TransGrid, VENCorp, Transend issues accordingly. Networks, Hydro and ElectraNet. The next generation of management Their commercial power system software software modelling and optimisation tools MUDPACK (MUltimachine Dynamics can utilise (i) machine learning and artificial PACKage) is a comprehensive set of intelligence to develop predictive models and interactive tools used to analyse system demand scenarios, and (ii) rapidly identify dynamics and control system design. failures and deliver responses to minimise This software is currently used by all eastern customer disruption and protect network state Transmission Network Service Providers infrastructure. These tools will also maximise (TNSPs) and AEMO as well as a range of the benefits of sharing electricity between all Australian and overseas consulting companies. customers and at all scales, creating a more resilient electricity network.

12 Power and Renewable Energy The increasing penetration of renewable energy, the reduction of conventional electricity generation and the increasing integration of energy storage facilities are driving the future management of electric power systems. Electrical Power Engineering is focused on the tools, systems and processes that will help ensure the reliable and cost- effective supply of electrical energy for all customers.

Domain Lead Associate Professor Wen Soong Domain Experts Professor Cheng-Chew Lim; Professor Peng Shi; Professor Derek Abbott; Assoc. Professor Nesimi Ertugrul; Assoc. Professor Mike J. Gibbard; Assoc. Professor Cornelis (Keith) Kikkert; Mr David Vowles; Mr Qi Ming Zhang; Dr Ali Pourmousavi Kani; Dr Said Al-Sarawi; Dr Aaron T. Pereira; Dr Andrew Allison

The PSDG has also led the development of that will have the capability of growing gallium Within this changing landscape, the sophisticated software tools for ElectraNet arsenide (GaAs) materials with applications modelling of short-term dynamics of large SA for the purpose of calculating power for high efficiency triple junction solar cells grids with high levels of intermittent and transfer limits within and between regions of and power converters in the lower power range. variable (asynchronous) generation are not a power system under any set of operating These new materials are game changers in well understood. The data and management conditions. These planning tools are used by the area of power electronics, both with the tools currently being utilised were designed ElectraNet on a daily basis to determine the potential for transforming the characteristics to cater for a power system with significant secure operational limits of the system. of the grid and as an enabling technology for base-load (synchronous) capability. In 2017, the University of Adelaide initiated integration of renewables. Both Government and electricity providers a strategic partnership with Silanna (generators and distributors) are looking Semiconductor P/L to establish the Silanna Context Now for the most effective way to predict picoFAB, a multimillion dollar research electricity usage, manage peak demands facility for growing advanced, wide band gap The South Australian Government is actively and optimise energy storage to ensure a semiconductor (WBS) materials. supporting renewable energy projects within stable supply. The recent examples of the the State that will have significant impact on Hornsdale Power Reserve in responding to Silanna’s commercial focus is in the area the way electricity is generated, distributed, fluctuations in the energy grid offer insights of silicon carbide (SiC) and gallium nitride stored and traded. These projects range into how new technologies can be effectively (GaN) wide bandgap semiconductor devices. from localised and community-level projects integrated into the network to ensure stable Currently, both SiC and GaN devices are such as the South Australian Virtual Power power delivery. disruptive technologies for power electronics Plant (VPP) to grid-scale projects such on today’s grid and transformation towards as the Hornsdale and Power As indicated earlier, Tesla and the South electrification, providing efficient power Reserve. This drive to increase renewable Australian Government have partnered to switches and inverters. energy power generation and energy storage establish the SA Virtual Power Plant (SA VPP), a network of up to 50,000 homes In a further joint initiative between DST, coincides with the proposed mothballing across South Australia to form the world’s Silanna and the University of Adelaide of the Torrens Island A Power Station (by largest virtual power plant. (IPAS, ECMS, Department of Physics), a 2021) and the deployment of diesel back- new microFAB facility is being established up generators at Lonsdale and Elizabeth to manage peak summer demand.

Energy capability within the Faculty of Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences 13 2. ENERGY SUPPLY

While significant effort is being directed to incorporate renewable energy into the national electricity market, there is also a need to decarbonise transportation and energy- intensive industrial processes.

In 2016–17, transport, manufacturing and Technologies such as the use of concentrated application in the heavy industrial sector. mining represented 65% of total energy solar thermal energy for process heat, The value of this technology is particularly consumption in Australia (27.5%, 27.5% thermal storage, and the production of green high in high temperature industries and 10.0%, respectively) in contrast to a hydrogen are fundamental to the future of that require all three of these chemicals. combined residential and commercial usage low and zero carbon metals. The program is co-developing patented of 13.1%. New power generating technologies, such technologies from the partners, while also better understanding their value proposition. New technologies are needed to decarbonise as ocean power, also have the opportunity the energy-intensive processes, such as those to continue to the lower cost of secure, The inaugural High Temperature Mineral used in the manufacture of iron/steel and affordable and sustainable electricity. Processing (HiTeMP) Forum held in cement, since current processes rely almost September 2018 and saw members of exclusively on fossil fuels. However, new Collaborations and Successes industry, research and government agencies markets for those few metals for which green convene to discuss the drivers, barriers, processes are available, such as aluminium, The Centre for Energy Technologies is enablers and opportunities in moving are driving investment to develop other green working closely with a range of research towards the production of zero carbon metals. For this reason, the University of and industry partners, Alcoa, Hatch, ITP, products from mineral resources. Adelaide is directing much of its research CSIRO and UNSW) on the incorporation of concentrated solar thermal technologies The forum sought to identify pathways effort to supporting the transformation of to transform the energy-intensive high these ‘difficult to abate’ industries, for which (CST) into the commercial Bayer alumina process. This $15.1 million project is on temperature processes (particularly targeting the dominant energy requirement is typically the iron/steel, alumina and cement/lime high temperature heat, rather than electricity. track to meet its investment targets to justify installation or upscaling of three technology industries) and to better understand how The transportation sector is also in platforms to supply half of the energy such a transformation might play out. The transition. The emergence of electric vehicles requirements for the process with CST. Second HiTeMP forum, which is scheduled is continuing to grow for domestic and light- for March 2020, will build on these duty commercial vehicles, while hydrogen is Researchers are also partnering with the outcomes to also include copper production. expected to play a growing role for heavier German Aerospace (DLR) and CSIRO to vehicles and long-haul transport owing to its develop a novel technology for co-producing greater energy density. hydrogen, oxygen and sulphuric acid for

14 Power and Renewable Energy The pathway to a low or zero-carbon energy future requires the development and commercialisation of new power generating heat, and fuel technologies that capitalise on renewable resources such as solar, wind and wave energy. This is supported by the application of hybrid technologies in our power- intensive industries to reduce the use of non-renewable resources.

Domain Lead Professor Graham (Gus) Nathan Domain Experts Professor Bassam Dally; Professor Benjamin Cazzolato; Professor Eric Hu; Professor Peter Ashman; Professor David Lewis; Assoc. Professor Maziar Arjomandi; Assoc. Professor Zeyad Alwahabi; Assoc. Professor Paul Medwell; Assoc. Professor Boyin Ding; Dr Zhao Tian; Dr Woei Saw; Dr Philip Kwong; Dr Philip van Eyk; Dr Mehdi Jafarian; Dr Alfonso Chinnici; Dr Rey Chin

In 2019, a $2M Joint Research Centre that Context Now The new technologies, including those under seeks to combine wave ad wind energy was development by the CET, have the potential announced. The Centre, funded by the A diverse range of commercial, societal to make significant environmental and Australia-China Science Research Fund and environmental drivers are emerging to economic impact for companies as well as sees the University of Adelaide working fundamentally transform our energy sources help foster their social licence to operate with in partnership with three other Australian for the new low-carbon economy. These communities, councils and government. universities, CSIRO, industry partner drivers are already emerging in the mining sector, which is increasingly incorporating The HiTEMP Forum identified hydrogen Carnegie Clean Energy, and Chinese and concentrated solar thermal energy as partners led by Shanghai Jiao Tong University. more renewable energy, and technologies are now also under development for the high being particularly prospective technology The centre aims to combine wave energy with temperature industrial processes. While platforms to support the transformation wind energy, thereby optimising the levelized somewhat behind the electricity sector, the of the high temperature process, while cost of energy (LCOE) for both technologies. transformation of this sector is expected to increased electrification will continue to become more important, particularly for the It will do this by looking to share common ramp up now that major corporations, such low temperature processes. grid connection, power converters, moorings as BHP, have committed to carbon-zero targets. and even using the turbine towers as wave Global and national companies in SA, and Partnerships between industry, research and energy converters. In addition to this funding elsewhere in Australia, are increasingly government are vital to enable this transformation success, the group’s academic outputs have incorporating low-carbon technologies be undertaken most cost effectively. also been recently recognised. into current operations both in response to University of Adelaide contributors include investor demand and to access new markets the Acoustics Vibration and Control research that emerging for low-carbon products. group and Optimisation and Logistics group.

Energy capability within the Faculty of Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences 15 3. ENERGY VECTORS GENERATION AND UTILISATION

A greener and more The safe and efficient transportation, storage and conversion of renewable and non-renewable sustainable energy future fuels is fundamental in our transition to a greener and more sustainable energy future. relies not only on the adoption Innovations in the emerging renewable fuels of renewable energy sources value chain as well as the efficient management and optimisation of our non-renewable resources for electricity generation and help ensure a stable transition to a new, low carbon energy future. storing electricity for later consumption, but also on the Domain Lead Professor Bassam Dally development of new energy Domain Experts sources to fuel industry Professor Shizhang Qiao; Professor Graham and society. Nathan; Professor Peter Ashman; Professor Volker Hessel; Assoc. Prof Paul Medwell; Dr Mehdi Jafarian; Dr Alireza Salmachi; Dr Neil Smith

16 Power and Renewable Energy • A source of thermal energy to replace Context Now fossil based heat generators, such as in the production of steel and aluminium. The movement to develop carbon neutral fuels is a global pursuit. In particular, Fuels can also be derived from waste organic investigations into the use of hydrogen and material through a range of processes ammonia alternative energy vectors, has including torrefaction where the biomass significant momentum as it is seen as a is converted to a higher energy coal-like significant export opportunity to countries material and Solar Gasification where such as Japan and South Korea if Australia can biomass is treated with steam to form Syngas strategically develop capabilities in producing, using solar energy sources. transporting, storing and using hydrogen. Bio-crude oil can also be produced from the CSIRO has published the National bio-solids found in wastewater treatment and Hydrogen Roadmap outlining the pathways waste biomass. Hydrothermal Liquefaction to creating a hydrogen industry in Australia. (HTL) is one of the leading methods used to It defines the key elements of the hydrogen convert this material into valuable products value chain that, if appropriately supported such as transport fuels and their precursors. through commercial, social, regulatory The use of thermal energy is also a critical and R&D initiatives, will have a significant vector when examining industries that require impact in the decarbonisation of the energy high temperatures, such as mineral processing, and industrial sectors. oil refining and metal processing. In this The report also highlighted the need for case, the storage of thermal energy can help a reduction in hydrogen production cost increase the renewable energy share and through technology development and which can be utilized for power generation, alternative routes that allows the capture, process heat, and renewable fuels generation. storage or utilization of the carbon. At An essential step in the success of this approach least three different technologies are being is the development of novel thermal storage considered by researchers at the University technologies, spanning sensible, latent and of Adelaide, which show premise and competitive edge over existing technology. Energy vectors, such as hydrogen, syngas, chemical energy. This work is being supported liquefied natural gas (LNG) and bio-fuels by projects including the Australian Solar The South Australian government has also carry energy that can be used to generate Thermal Research Institute and the ARENA examined the economic viability of the electricity, drive engines and produce heat. Bayer project. hydrogen economy from a state perspective, identifying a number of advantages such as These fuels can be produced through a Collaborations and Successes established renewable sector and abundant number of processes that range in efficiency, Muradel Pty Ltd, developers of Australia’s solar resources, market proximity and energy consumption and amount of carbon transport infrastructure. emitted during the process. New methods first integrated demonstration hydrothermal are being developed to help reduce the liquefaction plant, was founded in December Most recently, the COAG Energy Council amount of carbon needed to create these 2010 through a partnership between the has released the National Hydrogen new fuels and advanced materials such as University of Adelaide, Murdoch University Discussion for consultation Paper (March catalysts are being developed to maximise and SQC Pty Ltd. 2019) and the Australian Chief Scientist the efficiency of fuel production as well The plant is designed to investigate the use is working on a comprehensive national as remove the need for energy-intensive of microalgae to treat waste water, ready hydrogen strategy that will be released before reactions and processes. for reuse or environmental discharge. The the end of 2019. Looking at hydrogen, it can be produced remaining biosolids are used to develop When considering non-renewable fuel through a number of processes and when it is and commercialise bio-products such as sources, the demand for LNG for local used as a fuel, it produces only water vapour. agricultural soil ameliorants, fish feed and baseload power generation (and industrial Hydrogen has a variety of uses including: bio-crude oil. processes) and its importance to Australian exports is also critical in transitioning to a • Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs) such The Future Fuels CRC, which was established in 2018, is an industry focussed greener and more sustainable energy future. as bus fleets, trucks, agricultural equipment The need to maximise current wellfield and personal vehicles; RD&D partnership supporting Australia’s transition to a low carbon energy future. The productivity and deliver LNG to the market • Electricity Grid Firming such as grid seven year, $81 million program involves efficiently and reliably will be important in connected electrolysers that can be ramped over 60 companies, six universities, the reducing the cost of LNG and strengthening up and down to help manage grid stability energy market operator and two regulators Australia’s energy future. and produce hydrogen for energy storage; and aims to develop solutions that will The use of concentrated solar heat as • Remote Area Power Systems (RAPS) prepare the industry infrastructure, pipelines an energy source is also being actively utilising hydrogen produced via dedicated and utilities for future carbon neutral fuels. investigated by energy-intensive industries. renewable energy inputs; The University of Adelaide is involved in The use of these technologies to drive both the techno-economics of fuel generation energy-intensive processes such as refining, • Industrial Feedstock including the and in the technology development needed reduces and/or bypasses the demand for incorporation of green hydrogen in for utilization and adoption. electricity and grid connection. This industrial processes (replacing hydrogen technology can be coupled with thermal derived from hydrocarbons); and, storage solutions to optimise processes and reduce costs.

Energy capability within the Faculty of Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences 17 4. ENERGY STORAGE SOLUTIONS

The growing penetration of renewable energy into all aspects of the energy systems, spanning electrical networks, gas pipelines, transportation and industrial processes, requires the development of new storage technologies to manage the variability of these resources.

Energy storage technologies, together with The use of pumped hydroelectric power is to other chemicals including ammonia, or the analysis and control systems needed to also being examined within the State’s water via other routes such as metal halides. These optimise them, are among the technologies network. Photovoltaic and battery systems need further development. needed to manage this variability. are being deployed in catchment areas to aid The use of energy storage systems presents in the pumping of water upstream. This water At the household level, the availability of an opportunity to add an extra level of can then be released through hydropower energy storage solutions such as a home stability both to the national electricity plants at times of peak demand. In addition, battery system integrated with roof top solar, grid and to the gas pipelines of the future, on a national level, the proposed Snowy has been on the rise over the past five years. which are being considered be transformed 2.0 pumped hydroelectric project and three to transport hydrogen. Through the These systems have been designed to deliver projects in Tasmania will add to the reliability deployment of such energy storage systems added behind the meter energy security for of the grid. Thermal energy is also well and their associated control systems, the households and businesses looking to protect suited to the storage of gigajoules of energy market has the capability to respond more themselves from power fluctuations and cost effectively through a range of media quickly to peak load conditions and outages. It is also giving customers additional including molten salts. minimise supply disruptions. energy flexibility, allowing them to decide Other technologies include compressed when the battery charges and discharges and air and flywheels, all of which have their how it interacts with the electricity grid. Collaborations and Successes complementary niche. At the regional and grid scale, recent large In this section we showcase key project At the international scale, hydrogen is battery projects such as the Hornsdale successes within the Faculty of Engineering, being considered for transporting stored Power Reserve have highlighted the role that Computer and Mathematical Sciences renewable energy from nation-states with grid-scale storage can play in responding exemplifying our energy storage research. large renewable energy resources, such to fluctuations in the energy grid and offer It also highlights the groups and expertise as Australia, to those with more limited insights into how new infrastructure and that will help develop and assess storage resources, such as Japan. There exist a range management systems can be integrated into technologies at all scales as well as provide the of alternative hydrogen transport methods, the national electricity. training required to service future industry. spanning liquefied hydrogen to its conversion

18 Power and Renewable Energy The use of energy storage – at residential, commercial, industrial and utility level – is growing exponentially. This storage includes a range of battery storage technologies and techniques such as pumped hydroelectric and thermal energy storage. The storage of intermittent renewable energy is also needed for systems that bypass the electrical grid can also be stored, notably for process heat and fuels production.

Domain Lead Professor Angus Simpson Domain Experts Professor Shizhang Qiao; Professor Shaobin Wang; Professor Gus Nathan; Professor Dusan Losic; Professor Peter Ashman; Professor Bassam Dally; Professor Martin Lambert; Assoc. Professor Nesimi Ertugrul; Assoc. Professor Maziar Arjomandi; Dr Yan Jiao; Dr Yao Zheng; Dr Mehdi Jafarian; Dr Woei Saw; Dr Phil van Eyk; Dr Zhao Tian; Dr Mohsen Sarafraz

The Australian Energy Storage Knowledge In the fields of hydroelectric power and on developing cost-effective, industry- Bank (AESKB) is a mobile test facility storage, The Intelligent Water Decisions relevant materials and catalysts for enhanced designed for connection to new electrical Research Group has significant expertise energy generation, storage and conversion. energy storage technologies. The facility and experience with the detailed simulation Research streams include the design and is designed to collect and communicate and optimisation of the planning, design and synthesis of new materials to generate real-time performance operation and data operation of energy-related water distribution renewable energy, materials for high- of the electrical network or device it is systems. This includes experience in performance batteries and supercapacitors connected to. the planning, design and operation of and low-cost catalysts for fuel-cells and infrastructure systems that support hydrogen production. The AESKB is a resource for the training of hydroelectricity and pumped hydroelectricity a future workforce specialised in microgrid The Centre for Energy Technology is operations (including infrastructure location, operation, battery storage solutions and the leading a $15 million ARENA-funded pumping schedules and rates, life-cycle associated health and safety procedures. program to develop technologies using planning and connections to the grid). concentrated solar thermal energy system The University of Adelaide-led AESKB Currently the University of Adelaide with strong potential to displace 50% of proposal was successfully funded by is collaborating with the University of the energy presently supplied with natural ARENA, capturing $1.4 million of funding Melbourne to develop mathematical gas. The integration of thermal energy to build the facility. In addition, SA Power optimisation tools for SA Water to optimise storage is an essential element of achieving Networks, Energy Networks Association the buying and selling of electrical energy a high penetration of renewable energy into and the South Australian Government have from and to the AEMO one-half hour spot the system. This project is assessing a range collectively contributed $650,000 towards market to minimise pumping costs and of thermal energy storage systems, spanning the project. Currently, the mobile unit is maximise hydropower generation benefits. commercially-available molten-salt systems currently deployed on the power network through to storage of hot particle and storage in Cape Jervis, South Australia monitoring The Centre for Materials in Energy and of heat in bricks, which can be used to both the steady-state and dynamic system Catalysis is also advancing the way we heat air. This project is on-track to exceed performance of the battery through all seasons. generate, transfer and store energy through the targets and is now also assessing its development of new catalysts and technologies with potential to achieve 100% materials. The Centre’s research is focused renewable energy.

Energy capability within the Faculty of Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences 19 The Centre for Energy Technology is also In addressing the broader energy value thermal and battery storage are some leading a wide range of programs in the chain and in an effort to help address the examples of applicable technologies. There storage of renewable energy in chemicals, intermittency of South Australia’s electricity are two categories of projects eligible for such as hydrogen, methanol, ammonia and supplies, the South Australian Government Grid Scale Storage Fund grants. metals. Chemical energy storage can be is incentivising both the domestic and utility • Distributed storage (Stream 1) - targeting highly desirable because its energy density market place by offering opportunities behind-the-meter projects in commercial can be one or two orders of magnitude for home owners with solar systems and and industrial facilities (including mining greater than is possible with batteries, which companies looking to address utility-scale operations) or in the distribution network, reduces cost. Chemicals can also be traded energy storage solutions. which will commence full commercial as a commodity, to be used as a fuel, as an The Home Battery Scheme (HBS) is a $100 operations within two years of receiving end product or as a feedstock into other million State Government investment that support from the Fund; and, industrial processes such as the production will subsidise up to 40,000 domestic energy of plastics. • Centralised (bulk) storage (Stream 2) - storage systems with the aim of alleviating targeting projects located upstream in the The Centre is leading several projects within rising power prices and providing increased electricity network that will commence full the Future Fuels CRC to produce hydrogen stability and security for the local energy commercial operations within four years of from solar energy via thermo-chemical market and balance out peak power demands. receiving support from the Fund. routes and to evaluate the benefits of storing At the grid scale, the South Australian Similar approaches are also being developed hydrogen in pipelines. Within the Australian Government launched the $50 million Solar Thermal Energy Research Institute, the for the transformation of our gas networks. Grid Scale Storage Fund (GSSF) on 19 The State Government is supporting a range Centre is evaluating how chemical energy November 2018. The GSSF is technology storage can be used within a solar thermal of hydrogen production demonstration neutral. Pumped hydro energy storage, projects to provide storage in hydrogen of the power plant to generate electricity. hydrogen and natural gas storage, solar Context Now Future energy systems are becoming increasingly coupled. Hydrogen can be produced from electricity and converted back again or can be produced independently from electrical networks from solar thermal routes. Some elements of the transportation systems will become increasingly electrified, reducing fuel usage, while others may be converted to operate on hydrogen owing to its greater energy density. Liquid fuels will also continue to be required, particularly for air transportation, to become another form of bottled renewable energy, which can also be produced via electricity or from biomass and/or concentrated solar thermal energy. As the electricity generation facilities move from predominantly climate-independent coal and gas fired based generation to climate dependent intermittent generation sources of wind, solar and hydropower, a combination of energy storage methods and interconnectors (batteries, pumped hydroelectricity, solar thermal and cross-country electricity grid network interconnection power lines) will be essential to ensure a reliable, lowest cost and sustainable electricity supply to the residential, commercial, industrial and mining sectors. A similar transformation is occurring more quietly of our gas networks. Our distribution systems are already being transformed to be compatible with hydrogen. A key element of the work of the Future Fuels CRC is to evaluate the most economic pathways for this transformation to occur and also to de- risk the conversion of systems from natural gas to hydrogen or its various blends, by assessing the impact of such a transformation on the wide range of appliances spanning domestic to commercial and industrial.

20 Power and Renewable Energy already-high penetration of renewable energy renewable electricity and increase stability into our electrical networks. These include: of the network; • Grid-scale storage of energy in a green • A 2 MW hydrogen production facility hydrogen production facility in Port is being installed in Tonsley Innovation Lincoln with support from the State District to demonstrate the use of government, to provide a range of high hydrogen in domestic applications. Plans value products, including adding a variable are underway to demonstrate the use load to the grid to strengthen it during of hydrogen for mobility and for use in periods of low demand, the production of domestic appliances spanning domestic high value ammonia as a product and the heating through to barbeques. supply of electricity back to the grid during The State Government has also signed periods of high demand. In the future such a Memorandum of Understanding with systems may also provide hydrogen to ARENA to help identify and fast track industrial processes; projects that may be eligible for joint funding • A 50 MW hydrogen production facility under ARENA’s Advancing Renewables is also being developed at Crystal Brook Program (ARP). by Neoen with support from the SA This MoU further underscores the government to store electricity from a Government’s commitment to the industry, wind farm during periods of high wind ensuring companies moving into the State availability and low demand in the grid. have every opportunity to leverage further This will demonstrate the type of solutions funding for their project. that are needed to avoid the curtailment of

Energy capability within the Faculty of Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences 21 5. MODELLING, OPTIMISATION AND MACHINE LEARNING FOR ENERGY SYSTEMS

Mathematical modelling is all about building abstract representations of real-world systems in order to better understand them, and often with a view to optimising their design and operation.

Working in tandem, machine learning Data analytics and machine learning have a comprises a broad suite of statistical and special role to play, because as new energy The future of energy technology will be computing techniques that can extract technologies and systems are operationalised, data-driven. The transition to new models hidden or complex patterns in large data sets. they begin capturing critical data and of generation, storage and distribution Once identified, patterns can be exploited for information relating to their operations, will be informed by mathematical prediction and decision-making. performance and interactions. There will be modelling, optimisation and machine a wealth of information contained in this Suppose we want to build and pro-actively data. Modelling, optimisation and machine learning know-how. manage a new pumped hydroelectrical learning hold the key to unlocking benefits facility; mathematics, statistics and data This research seeks to derive engineering at every step of the value chain, from power analytics have a key role to play at every insights and business value from existing generation to end consumers. and emergent data sources across the stage, from hydraulic modelling and entire energy sector. optimisation of pumping operations through to optimal scheduling for connectivity to Collaborations and Successes electricity markets, accounting for dynamic The Teletraffic Research Centre (TRC) Domain Lead price conditions, peak/off-peak tariffs, have worked with SA Power Networks weather patterns and customer behaviour. Dr Andre Costa (SAPN) since 2014, developing a data In all cases, by measuring and modelling analytics platform for analysis, visualisation Domain Experts an energy system, we reveal opportunities and optimisation of supply restoration workload and resourcing. The project Professor Nigel Bean; Professor Joshua for optimising engineering control systems, improving operational efficiency and perhaps originated with SAPN’s need to improve Ross; Professor Holger Maier; Professor visibility and understanding of historical Angus Simpson; Professor Seth even informing the design of world-leading regulatory policies. trends and patterns. The project evolved to Westra; Professor Pavel Bedrikovetski; include event-based simulation modelling of Assoc. Professor Javen Shi; Assoc. The end goal is to direct energy systems workforce in response to significant events Professor Manouchehr Haghighi; Dr towards improved efficiency, or to meet such as storms and heatwaves. Ali Pourmousavi Kani; Dr Markus desired targets—such as the percentage of Wagner; Dr Paul Dalby; Dr Mohammas renewable sources—in an optimised manner, Most-recently, TRC have deployed real-time Sayyafzadeh; Dr Abbas Zeinijahromi; making the best use of resources. machine learning algorithms for workload Mrs Maria Elena Gonzalez-Perdomo

22 Power and Renewable Energy prediction based on state-wide weather observations, forecasts and other network data. The TRC has worked with clients across a range of industries including defence, telecommunications and utilities. The TRC specialises in end-to-end commercial application of mathematics and statistics for industry, from model development through to end-user web application deployment. Civil Engineering from the University of Adelaide and the University of Melbourne are working with SA Water Corporation on a joint research project focused on the simulation and optimisation of pumping and hydroelectric energy generation and their work integration with the trading of electricity on the AEMO one-half hour spot price market. Pumping costs constitute a significant proportion of the operation of SA Water’s water distribution networks (WDNs), and are projected to increase in the future. This partnership has resulted in the development of an extended period hydraulic simulation model of the complex water resources for the MAPL transfers from the River Murray to Adelaide. In addition, mathematical optimisation techniques are being employed to address issues such as the pump scheduling optimisation problem (PSOP) and the hydroelectricity scheduling optimisation problem (HSOP). This work is attempting to find an optimal pumping schedules that help minimise operational costs, satisfy the physical and hydraulic constraints of the network and maximise benefits of energy trading. A team from the School of Mathematical The State Government is focused on the Initiatives such as the Home Battery Sciences were recently engaged by AEMO future of energy in South Australia, and is Scheme, Grid Scale Storage Fund and South to provide expert advice on the metrics active in attracting global energy companies Australian Virtual Power Plant Project are used to assess forecast accuracy that to keep building the local renewable all examples of initiatives that will benefit underpin their annual electricity energy industry. The challenge we face as significantly from modelling, optimisation, consumption and of minimum/maximum a state is the integration of the generators, data analytics and machine learning to half-hourly demand forecasts. distributors, storage assets and markets to ensure their successful integration into the create an affordable, reliable and resilient local and national energy grids and markets. Context Now electricity market. The Faculty of Engineering, Computer South Australia is recognised globally as a As energy generation becomes increasingly and Mathematical Sciences is well-placed leader in wind, solar and other renewable distributed, domestic households become to provide the data science expertise which energy generation. It is also a world- energy traders, primary industry looks holds the key to unlocking benefits at all leader in grid-scale and household-level for localised energy solutions, and remote stages along the energy value chain, from battery storage. This global recognition communities look to secure self-sufficiency. power generation to end consumers. has established the State as an investment In this context, management of the energy destination for the development, testing and grid requires complex systems modelling; operationalisation of new renewable energy optimisation and data-driven evidence technologies and systems. to assist with the formation of policy and regulation.

Energy capability within the Faculty of Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences 23 6. SUSTAINABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS DESIGN

Sustainable energy is defined as a balanced As climatic patterns change, populations move composition between energy security and the and expand and new technologies replace old, four components of sustainability: the need to assess, predict and plan future scenarios is critical for ensuring energy. • Political acceptability; Questions such as where to grow • Economic development; infrastructure, when are disruptive events • Social equity; and, most likely to occur and how can we • Environmental protection. design a system that can compensate for a catastrophic event are all critical The pathway to a sustainable energy future considerations in ensuring a sustainable and is broader than the adoption of renewable resilient future energy network. resources and green technologies, rather it is a combination of reduced energy The advances in machine learning and consumption from non-renewable resources, artificial intelligence coupled with a new era increased energy consumption from renewable in data generation and connectivity, society resources, and increased energy efficiency on is now in the position to develop more one side and creating positive economic and accurate models and reliable future scenarios non-economic effects on the other. that can inform the future energy outlook globally. This research will help provide It also includes the prediction of future sustainable and resilient energy solutions factors that control the generation of for communities, cities and countries across this energy, possible events that disrupt around the world that have been developed availability and security, and its changing to match local conditions, respond to demand over space and time. disruptive events and support sustainable Relevant strategies that will help provide growth into the future. a sustainable energy future include the Sustainable design also implies deployment analysing, planning, directing, implementing, of energy efficient solutions. Energy and control of sustainable energy generation, efficiency and conservation is a key part distribution and management. of our energy future roadmap and has an enormous impact on sustainability. Global

24 Power and Renewable Energy Energy systems are susceptible to a range of environmental and climatic events that can dramatically affect their output, operation and efficiency. Predicting these events, as well as modelling potential system responses and developing mitigating strategies are critical to minimising supply disruption, effectively responding to events and preserving infrastructure.

Domain Lead Professor Volker Hessel Domain Experts Professor Holger Maier; Professor Seth Westra; Professor Mark Thyer; Professor Peter McCabe; Professor Dmitri Kavetski; Professor Veronica Soebarto; Professor Jian Zuo; Dr Tim Lau; Dr Lei Chen

efficiency gains, since 2000, mitigated a To improve understanding of system well as the energy market that governs 12% increase energy use in 2017 (IEA dynamics and mitigate against unforseen supply and cost. system failures, the group have also Energy Efficiency report, 2018) and this is As a new generation of infrastructure developed an open-source software tool equivalent to saving the need to install well emerges with the deployment of grid-scale called foreSIGHT for “stress testing” over 1000 new large power stations. Many of energy generation (such as solar and wind) complex systems to a broad range of these savings were achieved in the building and storage systems (batteries and pumped weather and climate scenarios, and using the and industry sectors. hydroelectricity), the need to understand outcomes of these tests to identify options to current and future climatic conditions, improve overall system resilience. Collaborations and Successes assess various disruptive events and develop Within the ECMS and the School of Civil, The group also maintains a long-term responses to secure energy generation and Environmental and Mining Engineering, the research partnership with the Bureau delivery is critical to informing planning, Intelligent Water Decisions Research Group of Meteorology where the Bureau has technology and policy decisions. operationalised University of Adelaide (IWDRG) has considerable experience At the domestic level, the integration of research tools to provide reliable and precise in assessing risk of complex systems to a virtual networks through household solar probabilistic seasonal forecasts at 400 sites broad range of natural hazards, including and battery systems, population growth and Australia-wide. This forecasting enhances storms and floods, coastal inundation, fire, geographical distribution of communities risk-based decision making for water supply, earthquake and heatwaves. also requires decisions to be made around irrigation systems and ecological systems the most suitable technologies, climatic As part of the Bushfire and Natural Hazards with additional application to forecasting conditions, current and future infrastructure CRC, the group has developed an integrated renewable energy generation (solar and requirements and population growth. model and decision support system called wind resources), and periods of higher UNHaRMED for Greater Adelaide, Greater infrastructure danger for response planning. We are now positioned with the opportunity and Peri-urban Melbourne, Tasmania and to work with government agencies, energy Greater Perth. Context Now generators and distributors, local councils This technology can support the exploration and other research institutions to develop of the impact of changes in population, the The ability to predict energy demands future energy scenarios that will help define economy and the climate on the spatial and at times of peak (and off-peak) usage is the energy systems of the future. Utilising temporal distribution of future energy needs a critical component to the provision of a range of environmental, technological, and production capacity. electricity locally and nationally. This has economic and social factors and drawing significant implications for the management on a wealth historical and current data of State and National electricity grids as and information.

Energy capability within the Faculty of Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences 25 7. ENERGY CYBERSECURITY AND PLATFORMS

The rapid adoption of renewable energy over the last decade has seen a fundamental transformation in the way electricity is generated, distributed and stored.

The transition to a digitally integrated energy future requires the development of robust and trusted systems that are capable of integration through residential, local and national scales and resilient to disruptive events and breaches of security. Energy Cybersecurity and Platforms research examines, assesses and designs systems will help deliver efficient and reliable energy management and ensure infrastructure security at the domestic, industry and grid scale.

Domain Lead Professor Ali Babar Domain Experts Professor Hong Shen; Professor Cheng- Chew Lim; Professor Peng Shi; Professor Matthew Roughan; Professor Derek Abbott; Dr Matthew Sorell; Dr Yuval Yarom; Dr Hung Nguyen; Dr Mingyu Guo; Dr Chitchanok Chuengsatiansup; Dr Jason Xue; Dr Nguyen Khoi

26 Power and Renewable Energy This transformation has allowed allow consumers the ability optimise making for addressing cyber security threats, consumers—from the domestic users their electricity generation and storage vulnerabilities, and attacks. capability and feed electricity into the grid through to industry and at grid-scale—to In the energy sector, outcomes of the for savings/profit. become energy generators in their own right CCOP project include new knowledge and has given them more choice and control This software and its connection with other and platforms that enabling the reporting in the way they can consume power. parts of the grid represent a significant step of cybersecurity status and capabilities This transformation has also led to a more forward in management efficiency but it also according to the World standards like Cyber distributed electricity network, that is, a requires secure and reliable communication Capabilities Maturity Model (C2M2). networks to ensure their resilience. system comprised of multiple generators Project partners include electricity, gas and consumers, at a range of scales and a and solar retailer ACTewAGL and energy geographical locations—for example, the use Collaborations and Successes infrastructure company Jemena, as well as of roof top solar power systems. The University of Adelaide is the project lead National Australia Bank, Trusted Security Successfully managing this distributed for the recently announced Cyber Security Services (TSS), and CSIRO/Data61. network relies heavily on the integration CRC project Cyber Common Operating of each individual component within the Picture (CCOP), A platform for Gather, Context Now system, ensuring communication networks Analyse, and Visualise Cyber Security Data. are secure and the management systems are The first key outcome of the 2017 reliable and responsive. For example, South This project aims to build and rigorously Independent Review into the Future Security Australia has been investigating the use of evaluate new and novel approaches, of the National Electricity Market was the software systems to link a number individual metrics, and technological infrastructure need for increased security of the National energy generating and storage resources that provides companies with a highly Electricity Market. This encompasses the to create a Virtual Power Plant (VPP) to configurable and customisable platform for reliability of the network, responsiveness help manage demand peaks or sudden their cybersecurity operation. to human and environmental events and fluctuations in network capacity. The CCOP will work to improve company the cyber security preparedness of all participants in the energy market. A new market has also risen around smart executives’ and managers’ understanding technologies and software solutions that of their cyber security platforms and aid In 2018 and in response to the review, the technical and socio-technical decision AEMO in conjunction with industry and government partners has developed a cybersecurity framework for the Australian energy sector—the Australian Energy Sector Cyber Security Framework (AESCSF). The AESCSF leverages globally recognised cyber security frameworks to provide a foundation on which the sector can be consistently assessed with the resultant information helping uplift cyber security capabilities, and ultimately strengthen its cyber resilience. On 11 July 2018, the Security of Critical Infrastructure Act 2018 also commenced, seeking to manage the complex and evolving national security risks of posed by foreign involvement in Australia’s critical infrastructure. The Act applies to approximately 165 assets in the electricity, gas, water and ports sectors. The Critical Infrastructure Centre will assist in administering the Act, conducting risk assessments that examine: • A company’s security policies, i.e. data security and physical security; • Security audits undertaken by a company; • Emergency management plans and redundancies; and, • Offshoring and outsourcing of operations. The secure systems, cybersecurity and complex network expertise within the University has an opportunity to work with industry in meeting this new level of infrastructure safeguarding.

Energy capability within the Faculty of Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences 27 APPENDIX 1 – DOMAIN EXPERTISE

1. Electrical Power Engineering

2. Energy Supply

3. Energy Vectors Generation and Utilisation

4. Energy Storage Solutions

5. Modelling, Optimisation and Machine Learning for Energy Systems

6. Sustainable Energy Systems Design

7. Energy Cybersecurity and Platforms

28 Power and Renewable Energy ELECTRICAL POWER ENGINEERING

Assoc. Prof Mike Gibbard Canizares, C., Fernandes, T., Geraldi, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering E., Gerin-Lajoie, L., Gibbard, M. J., Power systems dynamics and control Hiskens, I., J. Kersulis, J., Kuiava, R., Lima, L., DeMarco, F., Martins, N., Pal Assoc. Prof Nesimi Ertugrul B. C., Piardi, A., Ramos, R., dos Santos, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering J., Silva, D., Singh, A. K., Tamimi, B., and Power and energy systems engineering, Vowles, D. (2016). Benchmark models autonomous electric vehicles for the analysis and control of small-signal oscillatory dynamics in power systems. IEEE Assoc. Prof Cornelius (Keith) Kikkert Transactions on Power Systems, 32(1), pp. School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering 715–722. Power systems communications, smart grid Ertugrul, N., McDonald, C. E., and communications, powerline monitoring Makestas, J. (2017, December). Home Mr David Vowles energy management system for demand- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering based tariff towards smart appliances in smart grids. Proc. 2017 IEEE 12th Large interconnected power systems and International Conference on Power Electronics determination of power system limits and Drive Systems (PEDS), DOI: 10.1109/ Mr Qi Ming Zhang PEDS.2017.8289156 School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Pickard, W. F., and Abbott, D. (2012). Associate Prof Wen Soong Small and large signal stability, power Addressing the intermittency challenge: systems dynamics Massive energy storage in a sustainable Associate Professor Soong has been working future. Proceedings of the IEEE, 100(2), pp. in the field of electrical power engineering Dr Ali Pourmousavi 317–321. for nearly 30 years. His research interests School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering include electrical machines and drives, Optimal stationery and mobile battery storage Abbott, D. (2009). Hydrogen without tears: renewable energy generation, energy storage sizing, operation, and aggregation for power Addressing the global energy crisis via a solar and power systems. system applications, and ancillary services through to hydrogen pathway, Proceedings of the IEEE, 97(12), pp. 1931–1934. His research interests include electrical demand response for the future smart grid. machines and drives, renewable energy Dr Said Al-sarawi Li, Q., Chen, F., Chen, M., Guerrero, J. generation, energy storage and power systems. School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering M., and Abbott, D. (2015). Agent-based decentralized control method for islanded He has been an investigator on four ARC Wide bandgap semiconductor (WBS) power devices microgrids. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, Discovery grants and four ARC Linkage 7(2), pp. 637–649. grants with Australian and overseas power Dr Aaron T. Pereira engineering industry partners. He was a co- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Tarca, S., Roughan, M., Ertugrul, N., and investigator on a 2015 ARENA grant for the Wide bandgap semiconductor (WBS) power devices Bean, N. (2017). Dispatchability of wind power with battery energy storage in South Australian Energy Storage Knowledge Bank, Dr Andrew Allison Australia. Energy Procedia, 110, pp. 223–228. which resulted in the development of a 270 School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering kW/270 kWh battery energy storage system. Energy conversion and electrical power, Pourmousavi Kani, S. A., Wild, P., and He is conducting research in the area of the transformers, rotating machines, solar panels, Saha, T. K. (2018). Improving predictability optimisation of household energy systems batteries, and switching electronics. Statistical of renewable generation through optimal consisting of renewable energy generation signal processing, and control. battery sizing. IEEE Transactions on and storage. Sustainable Energy, DOI: 10.1109/ Key Publications TSTE.2018.2883424 Domain Experts Donnellan, B. J., Soong, W. L., and Vowles, Allison, A., and Abbott, D. (2001). Control Prof Cheng-Chew Lim D. J. (2018). Critical capacity analysis for systems with stochastic feedback. Chaos, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering optimal sizing of PV and energy storage 11(3), pp. 715–724. Control, fuel cell energy management for a household. Proc. 2018 IEEE Energy Allison, A., Pearce, C. E., & Abbott, D. Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), (2014). A variational approach to the analysis Prof Peng Shi pp. 5125–5132 of dissipative electromechanical systems, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Gibbard, M. J., Vowles, D. J., and Pourbeik, PLOSONE, 9(2), article number 77190. Control, fuel cell energy management P. (2015). Small-Signal Stability, Control Al-Saadi, H., Zivanovic, R., & Al-Sarawi, Prof Derek Abbott and Dynamic Performance of Power Systems. S. F. (2017). Probabilistic hosting capacity School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering University of Adelaide Press. for active distribution networks. IEEE Energy policy, resource limits, wide bandgap Ertasgin, G., Whaley, D. M., Ertugrul, N., Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 13(5), semiconductor (WBS) power devices, DC microgrids and Soong, W. L. (2019). Analysis of DC pp. 2519–2532. link energy storage for single-phase grid- connected PV inverters. Electronics, 8(6), article number 601.

Energy capability within the Faculty of Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences 29 Pereira, A., Al-Sarawi, S., Weste, N., Xu, D., Xu, A., Yang, C., and Shi, P. Sharma, R., Asghari, B., and Pourmousavi Abbott, D., Carrubba, V., & Quay, R. (2018). (2019). Uniform state-of-charge control Kani, S. A (2015). Method for real-time Performance evaluation of commercial strategy for plug-and-play electric vehicle in power management of a grid-tied microgrid GaN RF HEMTs as hybrid topology power super uninterruptible power system. IEEE to extend storage lifetime and reduce cost of switches. Proc. 2018 IEEE Radar Conference Transactions on Transportation Electrification, energy. U.S. Patent No. 9,020,649. Washington, (RadarConf18), pp. 1095–1100. DOI: 10.1109/TTE.2019.2939930 DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Kikkert, C. J. (2017). Towards a sustainable, Shen, D., Lim, C. C., Shi, P., and Bujlo, economic and reliable power grid for P. (2018). Energy management of fuel cell Australia. Proc. 2017 IEEE Innovative Smart hybrid vehicle based on partially observable Grid Technologies-Asia (ISGT-Asia), DOI: Markov decision process. IEEE Transactions 10.1109/ISGT-Asia.2017.8378357 on Control Systems Technology, DOI: 10.1109/ TCST.2018.2878173. Kikkert, C. J., and Zhu, S. (2015). Measurement of powerlines and devices Pourmousavi Kani, S. A., Nehrir, M. H., using an inductive shunt on-line impedance and Sharma, R. K. (2015). Multi-timescale analyzer. Proc. 2015 IEEE International power management for islanded microgrids Symposium on Power Line Communications and including storage and demand response. Its Applications (ISPLC), pp. 41–46. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 6(3), pp. 1185–1195, 2015.

ENERGY SUPPLY

Prof Graham (Gus) Nathan Domain Experts

Professor Nathan is the founding Director Prof Bassam Dally of The University of Adelaide’s Centre School of Mechanical Engineering for Energy Technology and recipient of a MILD combustion/flameless oxidation, soot Discovery Outstanding Researcher Award evolution in flames, combustion-solar car hybrid from the Australian Research Council. He energy, effect of leading-edge protuberance of specialises in the development of innovative aerofoil performance, utilisation of VIV and technologies for process heat, power and WIV for energy generation, utilisation of bio- fuels in partnership with industry fuels for energy generation, turbulent reacting He leads the Solar Fuels program in the flows, heat transfer, computational fluid $87M Australian Solar Thermal Research dynamics, laser diagnostics Initiative, which aims to lower the cost of solar fuels production by gasification Prof Benjamin Cazzolato of biomass residues and leads the $14M School of Mechanical Engineering ARENA funded project to introduce Wave and tidal energy concentrating solar thermal into the Bayer Alumina process. He has published more Assoc. Prof Eric Hu than 200 papers in leading international School of Mechanical Engineering journals, 250 in peer-review conferences, 12 Efficient combustion, clean combustion, executive patents and 50 commissioned reports. member of the Centre of Energy technology Professor Nathan has worked closely with Prof Peter Ashman industry throughout his career, with a 13- School of Chemical Engineering and year industrial lectureship and undertaking Advanced Materials more than 50 commissioned reports to Biomass utilisation, bioenergy and solar industry. His past technology developments thermal energy include being principal leader of the Chief Design Team for the award-winning fuel Prof David Lewis and combustion system for the Sydney 2000 School of Chemical Engineering and Olympic Relay Torch and joint leadership Advanced Materials of the development of low NOx combustion Hydrothermal liquefaction, sustainable technology in rotary cement kilns. solutions for managing waste streams. Fluid He now specialises in the development of mechanics, thermodynamics, reaction kinetics, concentrating solar thermal hybrid technologies and process control. for applications spanning industrial process heat, solar fuels and power generation, with three platforms of patented technology.

30 Power and Renewable Energy Assoc. Prof Maziar Arjomandi Dr Mehdi Jafarian Chinnici, A., Nathan, G., Dally, B., (2019), School of Mechanical Engineering School of Mechanical Engineering An experimental study of the stability and Ocean wave energy converter design, Fluid mechanics, turbulence, computational fluid performance characteristics of a hybrid optimisation, control and techno-economic dynamics, flow control, blood flow, UAV, rough solar receiver combustor operated in the assessment. Deputy director & executive wall flow, aerospace application MILD combustion regime. Proceedings of the manager within the Australia-China Joint Combustion Institute, 37 (4), pp. 5687–5695. Dr Alfonso Chinnici Research Centre of Offshore Wind & Wave Evans, M., Medwell, P., Tian, Z., Ye, J., School of Mechanical Engineering Energy Harnessing Frassoldati, A., Cuoci, A., (2017), Effects of Carbon free fuels, reuse of residual heat, energy oxidant stream composition on non-premixed Assoc. Prof Zeyad Alwahabi harvesting; laminar flames with heated and diluted coflows. School of Chemical Engineering and Combustion and Flame, 178, pp. 297–310. Advanced Materials Dr Rey Chin Concentrated solar thermal for power generation, School of Mechanical Engineering Foo, K., Sun, Z., Medwell, P., Alwahabi, liquid fuel production and mineral processing, Turbulence, computational fluid dynamics, flow Z., Nathan, G., Dally, B., (2018) Influence biomass gasification, high temperate thermal control, Heat transfer in pipe flows of nozzle diameter on soot evolution in energy storage, process modelling and techno- acoustically forced laminar non-premixed economic assessment, torrefaction and pyrolysis Key Publications flames.Combustion and Flame, 194, pp. 376–386. Chinnici, A., Tian, Z., Lim, J., Nathan, G., Assoc. Prof Paul Medwell Rahman, M., Kwong, C., Davey, K., Qiao, Dally, B., (2017), Comparison of system School of Mechanical Engineering S., (2016) 2D phosphorene as a water splitting photocatalyst: fundamentals to performance in a hybrid solar receiver MILD (moderate or intense low oxygen dilution) combustor operating with MILD and combustion, solar energy applications. Energy & Environmental Science, 9 (3), pp. 709–728. conventional combustion. Part II: Effect of the combustion mode. Solar Energy, 147, Assoc. Prof Boyin Ding Nathan, G., Jafarian, M., Dally, B., Saw, W., pp. 479–488. School of Mechanical Engineering Ashman, P., Hu, E., Steinfeld, A., (2018) Solar hybrid and geothermal systems Solar thermal hybrids for combustion power Xu, Q., Li, Y., Yu, Y. H., Ding, B., Jiang, plant: A growing opportunity. Progress in Z., Lin, Z., and Cazzolato, B. (2019). Dr Zhao Tian Energy and Combustion Science, 64, pp. 4–28. Experimental and numerical investigations School of Mechanical Engineering of a two-body floating-point absorber wave Sustainable energy and waste management Nine, M., Ayub, M., Zander, A., Tran, D., energy converter in regular waves. Journal systems, including biomass combustion, pyrolysis Cazzolato, B., Losic, D., (2017), Graphene of Fluids and Structures, DOI: 10.1016/j. and gasification with expertise in flue gas and oxide-based lamella network for enhanced jfluidstructs.2019.03.006 synthesis gas analysis, biochar characterisation sound absorption. Advanced Functional Materials, 27 (46), article number 1703524. Amin, D., Sommerfeld, D., Lawless, I., and utilisation of biochar for carbon Stanley, R., Ding, B., Costi, J., (2016), Effect sequestration and environmental applications. Sofyan, S.E., Hu, E., Kotousov, A., (2016), of degeneration on the six degree of freedom Air pollution control and building energy A new approach to modelling of a horizontal mechanical properties of human lumbar efficiency. Energy efficient air purification system geo-heat exchanger with an internal source spine segments. Journal of Orthopaedic using catalytic combustion and adsorption for term. Applied Energy, 164, pp. 963–971 Research, 34 (8), pp. 1399–1409. both industrial and domestic applications Lim, J., Nathan, G., Hu, E., Dally, B., Canton, J., Örlü, R., Chin, C., Schlatter, (2016), Analytical assessment of a novel Dr Woei Saw P., (2016), Reynolds number dependence hybrid solar tubular receiver and combustor. of large-scale friction control in turbulent School of Chemical Engineering and Applied Energy, 162, pp. 298–307. Advance Materials channel flow. Physical Review Fluids, 1 (8), 10.1103/PhysRevFluids.1.081501 Utilisation of concentrated solar thermal energy in Kaniyal, A., van Eyk, P., Nathan, G., high temperature processes including gasification (2016), Storage capacity assessment of liquid Hongrapipat, J., Pang, S., Saw, W., (2016), of solid fuels and calcination of minerals fuels production by solar gasification in a Removal of NH₃ and H₂S from producer packed bed reactor using a dynamic process gas in a dual fluidised bed steam gasifier Dr Philip Kwong model. Applied Energy, 173, pp. 578–588. by optimisation of operation conditions School of Chemical Engineering and Jafarian, M., Arjomandi, M., Nathan, and application of bed materials. Biomass Advanced Materials G., (2017), Thermodynamic potential of Conversion and Biorefinery, 6 (1), pp. 105–113. Renewable energy, solar thermal energy, molten copper oxide for high temperature Bolzon, M., Kelso, R., Arjomandi, M., combustion science of fossil and alternative solar energy storage and oxygen production. (2016), Tubercles and Their Applications. fuels, computational fluid dynamic, hybrid solar Applied Energy, 201, pp. 69–83. Journal of Aerospace Engineering, 29 (1), systems, development/demonstration of clean Tang, D., Chen, L., Hu, E., Tian, Z.F., 10.1061/(ASCE)AS.1943-5525.0000491 energy technologies, reactor design, heat/mass (2016), A novel actuator controller: transfer, aerodynamic, and multi-phase flows Chadwick, A., Janocha, T., Herdrich, delivering a practical solution to realization G., Dally, B., Kim, M., (2018), Wall Dr Philip van Eyk of active-truss-based morphing wings. IEEE Temperature Measurements Within a High- School of Chemical Engineering and Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 63(10), Power Inductive Plasma Discharge. IEEE Advance Materials pp. 6226–6237 Transactions on Plasma Science, 46 (4), pp. Solar thermal energy storage; carbon capture and Obeid, R., Lewis, D., Smith, N., van Eyk, 1040–1046. storage; chemical looping technologies; energy P. , (2019), The elucidation of reaction Laratro, A., Arjomandi, M., Cazzolato, B., systems and management; transport phenomena; kinetics for hydrothermal liquefaction of Kelso, R., (2017), Self-noise of NACA 0012 thermos dynamics; multi-phase reactions model macromolecules. Chemical Engineering and NACA 0021 aerofoils at the onset of Journal, 370, pp. 637–645. stall. International Journal of Aeroacoustics, 16 (3), pp.181–195.

Energy capability within the Faculty of Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences 31 ENERGY VECTORS GENERATION AND UTILISATION

Prof Volker Hessel Chao, D., Zhou, W., Ye, C., Zhang, Q., Chen, School of Chemical Engineering and Y., Gu, L., Davey, K., Qiao, S. (2018). Advanced Materials Non-monotonic permeability variation during Ammonia colloidal transport: governing equations and analytical model. Angewandte Chemie Assoc. Prof Paul Medwell International Edition, 58 (23), pp. 7823–7828 School of Mechanical Engineering Al-Sarihi, A., Zeinijahromi, A., Genolet, L., MILD (moderate or intense low oxygen dilution) Behr, A., Kowollik, P., Bedrikovetsky, P. combustion, solar energy (2018). Effects of fines migration on residual Dr Mehdi Jafarian oil during low-salinity waterflooding. Energy School of Mechanical Engineering Fuels, 32 (8), pp. 8296–8309 Fluid mechanics, turbulence, computational fluid Chequer, L., Russell, T., Behr, A., dynamics, flow control, blood flow, UAV, rough Genolet, L., Kowollik, P., Badalyan, A., wall flow, aerospace applications Zeinijahromi, A., Bedrikovetsky, P., Non- monotonic permeability variation during Dr Alireza Salmachi colloidal transport: Governing equations Australian School of Petroleum and and analytical model. (2018), Journal of Energy Resources Hydrology, 557, pp. 547–560 Flow modelling in porous media, drilling and well Sayyafzadeh, M., Keshavarz, A. (2016). Prof Bassam Dally completion engineering, production data analysis Optimisation of gas mixture injection for Professor Dally is the Deputy Director of Dr Neil Smith enhanced coalbed methane recovery using a the Centre for Energy Technology, CET, School of Chemical Engineering and parallel genetic algorithm. Journal of Natural at the University of Adelaide. His research Advanced Materials Gas Science and Engineering, 33, pp 942—953 career and interests span a variety of energy Liquid fuels, energy pipelines Silakhori, M., Jafarian, M., Arjomandi, related topics including, thermal science and M., Nathan, G. (2019). The energetic engineering, renewable energy, renewable Key Publications performance of a liquid chemical looping fuels and applied laser diagnostics. cycle with solar thermal energy storage. His interest in energy victors extends to Jiao, Y., Zheng, Y., Davey, K., Qiao, S. Energy, 170, pp. 93-101 hydrogen and ammonia, energy storage, (2016). Activity origin and catalyst design principles for electrocatalytic hydrogen Jafarian, M., Abdollahi, M., Nathan, G. hybrid energy systems and fuel adaptation (2019). Preliminary evaluation of a novel to industrial processes. He is a co-inventor evolution on heteroatom-doped graphene. Nature Energy, 1(10), article number 16130. solar bubble receiver for heating a gas. Solar of two patents related to energy and has Energy, 182, pp. 264–277 attracted in excess of $20 million in research Guo, C., Ran, J., Vasileff, A., Qiao, S. (2018). grants along with his colleagues. He has Rational design of electrocatalysts and photo Kirch, T., Birzer, C., Medwell, P., Holden, L. contributed to many public fora related (electro) catalysts for nitrogen reduction to (2018). The role of primary and secondary to energy, co-authored three major review ammonia (NH₃) under ambient conditions. air on wood combustion in cookstoves. papers and more than 270 research papers Energy and Environmental Science, 11, pp. 45–56. International Journal of Sustainable Energy, in energy related topics. 37 (3), pp. 268–277 Zheng, Y., Jiao, Y., Zhu, Y., Li, L., Han, Y., Prof Dally has received many awards over Chen, Y., Jaroniec, M., Qiao, S. (2016). Nathan, G., Jafarian, M., Dally, B., Saw, the years, and in 2016 he was named High electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution W. , Ashman, P., Hu, E., Steinfeld, A. Solar “Energy Professional of the Year” by the SA activity of an anomalous ruthenium catalyst. thermal hybrids for combustion power plant: Branch of the Australian Energy Institute. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 13 A growing opportunity. (2018) Progress in (49), pp. 16174–16181. Energy and Combustion Science, 64, pp. 4–28 Domain Experts Liu, X., Jiao, Y., Zheng, Y., Jaroniec, M., Chinnici, A., Nathan, G., Dally, B. Experimental demonstration of the hybrid Prof Shizhang Qiao Qiao, S. (2019). Building up a picture of the electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction activity solar receiver combustor. (2018) Applied School of Chemical Engineering and Energy, 224, pp. 426–437 Advanced Materials of transition metal single-atom catalysts. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 141 Catalysts, nanomaterials and nanoporous materials Ye, J., Medwell, P.R., Dally, B., Evans, (24), pp. 9664–9672. for new energy technologies (electrocatalysis, M.J. The transition of ethanol flames from photocatalysis, batteries, fuel cell, supercapacitors) Ran, J., Gao, G., Li, F., Ma, T., Du, A., Qiao, conventional to MILD combustion. (2016) S. (2017). Ti₃C₂ MXene co-catalyst on metal Combustion and Flame, 171, pp. 173–184 Prof Graham (Gus) Nathan sulfide photo-absorbers for enhanced visible- Lee, A., Lewis, D., Kalaitzidis, T., Ashman, School of Mechanical Engineering light photocatalytic hydrogen production. P. , Technical issues in the large-scale Biofuels, hydrogen Nature Communications, 8, article number 13907 hydrothermal liquefaction of microalgal Zheng, Y., Jiao, Y., Qiao, S., Vasileff, A. biomass to biocrude (2016). Current Opinion Prof Peter Ashman in Biotechnology, 38, pp. 85–89. School of Chemical Engineering and (2018). The hydrogen evolution reaction Advanced Materials in alkaline solution: from theory, single Saha, M., Gitto, G., Chinnici, A., Dally, B., crystal models, to practical electrocatalysts. Biomass utilisation, bioenergy and solar Comparative study of the MILD combustion Angewandte Chemie, 57 (26), pp. 7568–7579 thermal energy characteristics of biomass and brown coal. (2018), Energy Fuels, 32 (4), pp. 4202–4211

32 Power and Renewable Energy Yang, Y., Siqueira, F. D, Vaz, A., Badalyan, A., You, Z., Zeinijahromi, A., Carageorgos T., Bedrikovetsky, P. (2018). Fines migration in aquifers and oilfields: laboratory and mathematical modelling. Flow and Transport in Subsurface Environment, pp. 3–67, DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-8773-8_1 Li, D., Zhang, L., Chen, H., Wang, J., Ding, L., Wang, S., Ashman, P., Wang, H., (2016), Graphene-based nitrogen-doped carbon sandwich nanosheets: a new capacitive process controlled anode material for high-performance sodium-ion batteries. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 4 (22), DOI: 10.1039/c6ta02139e

ENERGY STORAGE SOLUTIONS

over a period of future time in order to Prof Graham (Gus) Nathan minimise the cost of pumping for a multi- School of Mechanical Engineering part peak/off-peak electricity energy tariff. Hydrogen storage More recently his research has involved the Prof Dusan Losic techno-economic evaluation of hydropower School of Chemical Engineering and projects to be installed within existing water Advanced Materials utility infrastructure. Pumped hydroelectricity evaluation and optimisation are also beginning Materials for supercapacitors, synthesis to become a focus of his research. Another of functional materials and surfaces with aspect of consideration of the water-energy anodimensions including graphene and 2d materials nexus in terms of using water storages has Prof Peter Ashman involved the optimisation of operation of School of Mechanical Engineering pumping and hydroelectric energy generation while purchasing or selling electrical energy Energy storage on the AEMO one-half hour spot price Prof Bassam Dally market.This research is being carried out School of Mechanical Engineering jointly with Prof. Erik Weyer of Electrical Hydrogen storage Engineering at the University of Melbourne. Prof Martin Lambert Domain Experts School of Civil, Environmental and Prof Angus Simpson Mining Engineering Prof Shizhang Qiao Modelling of hydroelectric energy generation systems Professor Simpson has been at the University School of Chemical Engineering and of Adelaide for 32 years. His research Advanced Materials Assoc. Prof Nesimi Ertugrul interests include the simulation modelling High performance lithium ion batteries School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering and optimisation of the planning, design and supercapacitors, nanomaterials for new Battery storage, Energy Storage Solutions and operation of water distribution system energy conversion and storage technologies infrastructure (including pumping systems). (electrocatalysis, photocatalysis, batteries, fuel Assoc. Prof Maziar Arjomandi He has written 150 refereed journal articles cell, supercapacitors). School of Mechanical Engineering in leading International Journals and more Thermal and mechanical energy storage systems Prof Shaobin Wang than 160 conference papers. In the energy including pumped-hydro and pressurised School of Chemical Engineering and space, since 1998 he has been involved membranes, thermo-chemical energy storage Advanced Materials in the optimisation of water pumping by systems including hydrogen and syngas production, considering the water-energy nexus. A genetic Nanomaterial synthesis and application for phase-change materials, nano- and micro-fluidic algorithm framework has been developed to adsorption and catalysis, fuel and energy systems, modelling of energy storage solutions optimise both tank water trigger levels for conversion and environmental remediation. pump operations as well as pump scheduling

Energy capability within the Faculty of Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences 33 Dr Yan Jiao Chinnici, A., Nathan, G., Dally, B. (2018). Su, D., McDonagh, A., Qiao, S., Wang, G. School of Chemical Engineering and Experimental demonstration of the hybrid (2017). High-capacity aqueous potassium- Advanced Materials solar receiver combustor. Applied Energy, ion batteries for large-scale energy storage. Catalyst materials for the production and 224, pp. 426-437. Advanced Materials, 29 (1), DOI: 10.1002/ adma.201604007. utilization of clean fuels such as hydrogen, Xie, F., Zhang, L., Ye, C., Jaroniec, M., hydrocarbon, and green ammonia. Molecular/ Qiao, S. (2018). The Application of Hollow Jafarian, M., Arjomandi, M., Nathan, computational modelling of catalyst materials. Structured Anodes for Sodium-Ion Batteries: G. (2017). Thermodynamic potential of From Simple to Complex Systems. Advanced molten copper oxide for high temperature Dr Yao Zheng Materials, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201800492. solar energy storage and oxygen production. School of Chemical Engineering and Applied Energy, 201, DOI: 10.1016/j. Advanced Materials Ishaq, S., Kanwal, F., Atiq, S., Moussa, M., apenergy.2017.05.049. Electrocatalysts for energy conversion processes Azhar, U., Imran, M., Losic, D. (2018). like hydrogen evolution reaction, CO2 reduction Advancing dielectric and ferroelectric Sun, X., Zhang, Y., Losic, D. (2017). reaction, and nitrogen reduction reaction at properties of piezoelectric polymers by Diatom silica, an emerging biomaterial for ambient conditions. combining graphene and ferroelectric energy conversion and storage. Journal of ceramic additives for energy storage Materials Chemistry A, 5 (19), DOI: 10.1039/ Dr Mehdi Jafarian applications. Materials, 11 (9), article c7ta02045g. School of Mechanical Engineering number 1553. Blinco, L., Simpson, AR., Lambert, MF., Solar thermal energy storage, carbon capture and Ye, C., Jiao, Y., Jin, H., Slattery, A., Davey, Marchi, A. (2016). Comparison of pumping storage, chemical looping technologies, energy K., Wang, H., Qiao, S.. (2018). 2D MoN- regimes for water distribution systems to systems and energy management VN heterostructure to regulate polysulfides minimize cost and greenhouse gases. Journal for highly efficient lithium-sulfur batteries. of Water Resources Planning and Management, Dr Woei Saw Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 57 142 (6), DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943- School of Chemical Engineering and (51), pp. 16703–16707 5452.0000633. Advance Materials Sustainable energy and waste management Li, Y-J., Cui, L., Da, P-F., Qiu, K-W., Qin, Stokes, CS., Maier, HR., Simpson, AR. systems, including biomass combustion, pyrolysis W-J., Hu, W-B., Du, X-W., Davey, K., Ling, (2015). Effect of storage tank size on the and gasification with expertise in flue gas and T. , Qiao, S-Z. (2018). Multiscale structural minimization of water distribution system synthesis gas analysis, biochar characterisation engineering of Ni-doped CoO nanosheets cost and greenhouse gas emissions while and utilisation of biochar for carbon for zinc-air batteries with high power density. considering time-dependent emissions sequestration and environmental applications. Advanced Materials, 30 (46), DOI: 10.1002/ factors. Journal of Water Resources Planning adma.201804653. and Management, 142 (2), DOI: 10.1061/ Dr Philip van Eyk (ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0000582. Silakhori, M., Jafarian, M., Arjomandi, School of Chemical Engineering and M., Nathan, G. (2019). Experimental Marchi, A., Simpson, A., Lambert, M. Advance Materials assessment of copper oxide for liquid (2016). Optimization of pump operation Solar thermal energy storage; carbon capture and chemical looping for thermal energy storage. using rule-based controls in EPANET2: new storage; chemical looping technologies; energy Journal of Energy Storage, 21, pp. 216–221 ETTAR toolkit and correction of energy systems and management; transport phenomena; computation. Journal of Water Resources Silakhori, M., Jafarian, M., Arjomandi, thermos dynamics; multi-phase reactions. Planning and Management, 142 (7), DOI: M., Nathan, G. (2019). The energetic 10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0000637. Dr Zhao Tian performance of a liquid chemical looping School of Mechanical Engineering cycle with solar thermal energy storage. Blinco, L, Lambert, M, Simpson, A, Utilisation of concentrated solar thermal energy in Energy, 170, pp. 93–101. Marchi, A. (2017). Framework for the optimization of operation and design of high temperature processes including gasification Bi, R., Liu, G., Zeng, C., Wang, X., Zhang, systems with different alternative water of solid fuels and calcination of minerals L., Qiao, S. (2019). 3D Hollow α-MnO₂ sources. Earth Perspectives, 4 (1), DOI: framework as an efficient electrocatalyst for Dr Mohsen Sarafraz 10.1186/s40322-017-0038-2. lithium–oxygen batteries. Small, 15 (10). School of Mechanical Engineering DOI: 10.1002/smll.201804958. Wang, X., Vasileff, A., Jiao, Y., Zheng, Y., & Nanomaterials for Electrochemical Energy Storage Qiao, S. (2019). Electronic and structural Silakhori, M., Jafarian, M., Arjomandi, Nano- and micro-fluidic systems, hydrogen engineering of carbon-based metal-free M., Nathan, G. (2019). Thermogravimetric storage, photo-thermal reactions, energy storage electrocatalysts for water splitting. Advanced analysis of Cu, Mn, Co, and Pb oxides for system modelling, syngas production Materials, 31(13), article number 1803625. thermochemical energy storage. Journal of Energy Storage, 23, pp. 138–147 Huang, L., Ai, L., Wang, M., Jiang, J., Key Publications & Wang, S. (2019). Hierarchical MoS₂ Kaniyal, A., van Eyk, P., Nathan, G. (2016). nanosheets integrated Ti₃C₂ MXenes Nathan, G., Jafarian, M., Dally, B., Storage capacity assessment of liquid fuels for electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Saw, W., Ashman, P., Hu, E., Steinfeld, production by solar gasification in a packed International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, A. (2018). Solar thermal hybrids for bed reactor using a dynamic process model. 44(2), pp. 965–976. combustion power plant: A growing Applied Energy, 173, pp. 578–588 opportunity. Progress in Energy and Chen, Z., Duan, X., Wei, W., Wang, S., & Zhan, L., Chen, H., Fang, J., Wang, S., Combustion Science, 64, pp. 4–8. Ni, B. (2019). Recent advances in transition Ding, L., Li, Z., Ashman, P., Wang, H. metal-based electrocatalysts for alkaline Bayon, A., Bader, R., Jafarian, M., Fedunik- (2016). Coaxial Co₃O₄@polypyrrole core- hydrogen evolution. Journal of Materials Hofman, L., Sun, Y., Hinkley, J., Miller, shell nanowire arrays for high performance Chemistry A, 7(25), pp. 14971–15005. S., Lipiński, W. (2018). Techno-economic lithium ion batteries. Electrochimica Acta, assessment of solid–gas thermochemical 209, pp. 192–200 energy storage systems for solar thermal power applications. Energy, 149, pp. 473–484.

34 Power and Renewable Energy MODELLING, OPTIMISATION AND MACHINE LEARNING FOR ENERGY SYSTEMS

Prof Angus Simpson Mrs Maria Gonzalez Perdomo School of Civil, Environmental and Australian School of Petroleum and Mining Engineering Energy Resources Genetic algorithms Petroleum production technology, reservoir engineering, hydraulic fracturing and production Prof Seth Westra optimisation, evaluating and optimising School of Civil, Environmental and conventional and unconventional resources Mining Engineering Climate risk and statistical modelling Key Publications Prof Pavel Bedrikovetski Bean, N., Eshragh, A., and Ross, J. (2016). Australian School of Petroleum and Fisher Information for a partially-observable Energy Resources simple birth process. Communications in Mathematical modelling, laboratory studies and Statistics - Theory and Methods, 24 (45), pp. field projects in coal seam gas reservoirs; shale gas 7161–7183. fields; geothermal fields; waterflooding; Low-Sal Varney, J., Zarrouk, S., Bean, N., and and Smart waterflood; EOR; formation damage Bendall, B. (2017). Performance measures in geothermal power developments. Renewable Assoc. Prof Quinfeng (Javen) Shi Energy, (101) pp. 835–844. School of Computer Science Machine learning Samuelson, A., Haigh, A., O’Reilly, M., Dr Andre Costa and Bean, N. (2017). Stochastic model for Dr Costa is currently Director of the Teletraffic Assoc. Prof Manouchehr Haghighi maintenance in continuously deteriorating Research Centre (TRC) within the Faculty School of Computer Science systems. European Journal of Operational of Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Simulation and optimization of multi-stage Research, 3 (259), pp. 1169–1179. Sciences at The University of Adelaide. hydraulic fracturing in shale and tight gas reservoirs Varney, J., Zarrouk, S., Bean, N., Bendall, B. He has 15 years’ experience in the commercial (2017). Performance measures in geothermal Dr Ali Pourmousavi Kani application of mathematical and statistical power developments. Renewable Energy, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering models and has held industry roles in data (101), pp. 835–844. science, statistical consulting, mathematical Optimisation techniques, time series analysis, and artificial intelligence (AI), stochastic modelling Samuelson, A., Haigh, A., O’Reilly, M., finance, risk modelling and operations and Bean, N. (2017). Stochastic model for research. Andre has delivered end-to-end and control, optimisation, artificial intelligence, and/or time series analysis. maintenance in continuously deteriorating projects from conception to user-facing systems. European Journal of Operational products in a range of industries including Dr Markus Wagner Research, 3 (259) pp. 1169–1179. telecommunications, utilities and energy. School of Computer Science Riddell G.A., van Delden H., Maier H.R, Prior to his career in industry, he was a Renewable energy; wind farms; bio-inspired and Zecchin A.C. (2019) Exploratory post-doctoral research fellow at the Centre optimisation; heuristic search; algorithm design; scenario analysis for disaster risk reduction: for Excellence in Mathematics and Statistics multi-objective optimisation. Considering alternative pathways in disaster of Complex Systems at the University risk assessment. International Journal of Melbourne. Dr Paul Dalby Australian Institute for Machine Learning of Disaster Risk Reduction, 39, 101230, Andre gained his PhD in Applied DOI:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2019.101230. Machine learning Mathematics from The University of Guidici F., Castelletti A., Garofalo E., Adelaide in 2003, in the field of biologically- Dr Mohammad Sayyafzadeh Giuliani M., and Maier H. R. (2019) inspired adaptive ant-based routing Australian School of Petroleum and Dynamic, multi-objective optimal design and algorithms for telecommunications networks. Energy Resources operation of water-energy systems for small, Applied and computational mathematics targeting off-grid islands Applied Energy, 250, 605- Domain Experts reservoir and production engineering problems 616, DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.05.084. Prof Nigel Bean including history matching, field development McPhail C., Maier H. R., Kwakkel J. H., School of Mathematical Sciences optimisation and uncertainty quantification Giuliani M., Castelletti A., and Westra S. Stochastic modelling Dr Abbas Zeinijahromi Robustness metrics: How are they calculated, Australian School of Petroleum and Energy when should they be used and why do they Prof Joshua Ross Resources give different results? Earth’s Future, 6(2), School of Mathematical Sciences pp. 169–191. Mathematical and laboratory modelling Stochastic modelling of suspension flow in porous media. low Guo D., Westra S., and Maier H. R. (2018) An inverse approach to perturb Prof Holger Maier salinity water flooding, formation damage, historical rainfall data for scenario- School of Civil, Environmental and and applications of nano-particles in neutral climate impact studies , Journal of Mining Engineering enhanced recovery Hydrology, 556, 887-890, DOI:10.1016/j. Genetic algorithms jhydrol.2016.03.025

Energy capability within the Faculty of Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences 35 Maier H. R., Guillaume J.H.A., van Neshat, M., Alexander, B., Sergiienko, Delden H., Riddell G.A., Haasnoot M., and N., and Wagner, M., (2019). A hybrid Kwakkel J.H. (2016) An uncertain future, evolutionary algorithm framework for deep uncertainty, scenarios, robustness optimising power take off and placements of and adaptation: How do they fit together? wave energy converters. GECCO’19, DOI: Environmental Modelling and Software, 81, 10.1145/3321707.3321806 pp. 154–164. Pourmousavi Kani, S. A. (2016). Data- Wu W., Maier H. R., Dandy G.C., Leonard driven battery aging model using statistical R., Bellette K., Cuddy S., and Maheepala analysis and artificial intelligence, U.S. S. (2016) Including stakeholder input Patent Application No. 15/015,377. in formulating and solving real-world Marzband, M., Javadi, M, Pourmousavi optimisation problems: generic framework Kani, S. A., and Lightbody, G., (2018). An and case study , Environmental Modelling advanced retail electricity market for active and Software, 79, pp. 197–213. distribution systems and home microgrid Beh E. H. Y., Maier H. R., and Dandy G.C. interoperability based on game theory, (2015) Adaptive, multi-objective optimal Electric Power Systems Research, 157, pp. sequencing approach for urban water supply 187–199 augmentation under deep uncertainty, Water Pourmousavi Kani, S. A., Nehrir, Colson, Resources Research, 51(3), pp. 1529–1551. C. M., and Wang C., (2010) Real-time Kaufmann, P., Kramer, O., Neumann, F., energy management of a stand-alone and Wagner, M., (2016). Optimization hybrid wind-microturbine energy system methods in renewable energy systems design. using particle swarm optimization, IEEE Renewable Energy, 87, pp. 835–836. Transactions on Sustainable Energy 1(3), pp. 193–201. Mahbub, M., Wagner, M., Crema, L., Zheng, F., Simpson, A., & Zecchin, A. (2016). Incorporating domain knowledge Neshat, M., Abbasnejad, E., Shi, Q., (2011). Dynamically expanding choice-table into the optimization of energy systems. Alexander, B., and Wagner, M. (2019). approach to genetic algorithm optimization Applied Soft Computing, (47), pp. 483–493. Adaptive neuro-surrogate-based optimisation of water distribution systems. Journal of Water method for wave energy converters placement Resources Planning and Management, 137(6), optimisation, arXiv:1907.03076. pp. 547–551.

SUSTAINABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS DESIGN

In 2005 and 2011, Prof. Hessel was appointed Domain Experts as part-time and full professor at Eindhoven University of Technology, the Netherlands, Prof Holger Maier respectively. In 2018, he was appointed at School of Civil, Environmental and the University of Adelaide, Australia, as Mining Engineering Deputy Dean (Research) at ECMS Faculty Sustainable management of infrastructure— and Prof. Pharmaceutical Engineering. He with a particular focus on water, energy and the was honorary professor at TU Darmstadt, water-energy nexus, modelling, optimisation and Germany 2009–2018, and is guest professor decision support at Kunming University of Science and Technology, China (2011–present). Prof Seth Westra School of Civil, Environmental and Prof. Hessel holds > 480 peer-reviewed articles Mining Engineering with h-index 60. He received the AIChE Award “Excellence in Process Development Climate risk and statistical modelling Research” in 2007, the ERC Advanced Prof Mark Thyer Grant “Novel Process Windows” in 2010, the School of Civil, Environmental and ERC Proof of Concept Grant in 2017, the Mining Engineering IUPAC ThalesNano Prize in Flow Chemistry Bayesian methods in 2016, and the FET OPEN Grant in 2016. Prof Volker Hessel From 2014–2016, Prof. Hessel led the team Prof Peter McCabe of 35 in the Enquete Commission “Future of Australian School of Petroleum and Professor Hessel studied chemistry at Mainz the Chemical Industry” in Germany’s State Energy Resources University (PhD in organic chemistry, Parliament in Nordrhine-Westfalia. 1993). In 1994 he entered the Institut für Unconventional resources, architecture of Mikrotechnik Mainz GmbH. In 2002, Prof. sandstone reservoirs for oil and gas, sequence Hessel was appointed Vice Director R&D at stratigraphy of non-marine strata, Depositional IMM and in 2007 as Director R&D. environments of coal and coal-bearing strata, assessment of fossil fuel resources

36 Power and Renewable Energy Li, J., Thyer, M., Lambert, M., Kuzera, G., & Metcalfe, A. (2016). Incorporating seasonality into event-based joint probability methods for predicting flood frequency: A hybrid causative event approach, Journal of Hydrology, 533, pp. 40–52. Schaefli, B., and Kavetski, D. (2017). Bayesian spectral likelihood for hydrological parameter inference. Water Resources Research, 53(8), pp. 6857–6884. Giustarini, L., Hostache, R., Kavetski, D., Chini, M., Corato, G., Schlaffer, S., and Matgen, P. (2016). Probabilistic flood mapping using synthetic aperture radar data. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 54(12), pp. 6958–6969. Chang, R. D., Zuo, J., Zhao, Z. Y., Zillante, G., Gan, X. L., and Soebarto, V. (2017). Evolving theories of sustainability and firms: History, future directions and implications for renewable energy research. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 72, pp. 48–56. Daniel, L., Williamson, T., and Soebarto, Prof Dmitri Kavetski Budžaki, S., Sundaram, S., Tišma, M., V. (2017). Comfort-based performance School of Civil, Environmental and and Hessel, V., (2019). Cost analysis of oil assessment methodology for low energy Mining Engineering cake-to-biodiesel production in packed-bed residential buildings in Australia. Building Bayesian and Monte Carlo techniques micro-flow reactors with immobilized lipases. and Environment, 111, pp. 169–179. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 128, Prof Veronica Soebarto pp. 98–102. Guan, H., Soebarto, V., Bennett, J., Clay, R., School of Architecture & Built Environment Andrew, R., Guo, Y., Gharib S., and Bellette, Ortega, C., Hessel, V., and Kolb, G., K. (2014). Response of office building Sustainable design, thermal and environmental (2018). Dimethyl ether to hydrocarbons over electricity consumption to urban weather in performance of buildings, thermal/energy ZSM-5: Kinetic study in an external recycle Adelaide, South Australia. Urban Climate, 10, simulation, building monitoring, thermal comfort. reactor. Chemical Engineering Journal, 354, pp. 42–55. pp. 21–34 Prof Jian Zuo Chang, R. D., Zuo, J., Zhao, Z. Y., Soebarto, School of Architecture & Built Environment Anastasopoulou, A., Butala, S., Patil, B., V. , Zillante, G., and Gan, X. L. (2017). Sustainable built environment, sustainability Suberu, J., Fregene, M., Lang, J., Wang, Q., Approaches for transitions towards versus competiveness, energy policy and Hessel, V., (2016). Techno-economic sustainable development: status quo and feasibility study of renewable power systems challenges. Sustainable Development, 25(5), Dr Tim Lau for a small-scale plasma-assisted nitric acid 359–371. School of Mechanical Engineering plant in Africa. Processes, 4(4), article Concentrating solar thermal systems, including number 54. Chinnici, A., Xue, Y., Lau, T., Arjomandi, falling particle cloud technologies M., & Nathan, G. (2017). Experimental Sundaram, S., Kolb, G., Hessel, V., and and numerical investigation of the flow Dr Lei Chen Wang, Q., (2017). Energy-efficient routes characteristics within a solar expanding- School of Mechanical Engineering for the production of gasoline from biogas vortex particle receiver-reactor. Solar Energy, and pyrolysis oil—Process design and life- Heat and mass transfer operations, power 141, pp. 25–37. cycle assessment. Industrial and Engineering and energy systems engineering Chemistry Research, 56 (12), pp. 3373–3387 Kueh, K. C., Nathan, G. J., and Saw, W. L. (2015). Storage capacities required for Key Publications Culley, S., Bennett, B., Westra, S., and a solar thermal plant to avoid unscheduled Maier, H. R. (2019). Generating realistic reductions in output. Solar Energy, 118, pp. Budžaki, S., Miljić, G., Sundaram, S., Tišma, perturbed hydrometeorological time series 209–221. M., and Hessel, V., (2018). Cost analysis of to inform scenario-neutral climate impact enzymatic biodiesel production in small- assessments. Journal of Hydrology, 576, pp. Davis, D., Troiano, M., Chinnici, A., Saw, W. scaled packed-bed reactors. Applied Energy, 111–122. L., Lau, T., Solimene, R., Salationo, P., and 210, pp. 268–278. Nathan, G. J. (2019). Particle residence time Guo, D., Westra, S., and Maier, H. R. distributions in a vortex-based solar particle Tran, N., Tišma, M., Budžaki, S., (2018). An inverse approach to perturb receiver-reactor: The influence of receiver tilt McMurchie, E., Gonzalez, O., Hessel, historical rainfall data for scenario-neutral angle. Solar Energy, 190, pp. 126–138. V. , and Ngothai, Y., (2018). Scale-up and climate impact studies. Journal of Hydrology, economic analysis of biodiesel production 556, pp. 877–890. Huang, H., Chen, L., & Hu, E. (2015). from recycled grease trap waste. Applied A new model predictive control scheme Energy, 229, pp. 142–150. Bennett, B., Thyer, M., Leonard, M., for energy and cost savings in commercial Lambert, M., and Bates, B. (2018). A buildings: An airport terminal building case Patil, B., Peeters, F., van Rooij, G., Medrano, comprehensive and systematic evaluation study. Building and Environment, 89, pp. J., Gallucci, F., Lang, J., Wang, Q., and framework for a parsimonious daily rainfall 203–216. Hessel, V., (2018). Plasma assisted nitrogen field model. Journal of Hydrology, 556, oxide production from air: Using pulsed 1123–1138. powered gliding arc reactor for a containerized plant. AIChE Journal, 64, pp. 526–537.

Energy capability within the Faculty of Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences 37 ENERGY CYBERSECURITY AND PLATFORMS

Prof Ali Babar Prof Babar led the University of Adelaide’s participation, involving 14 researchers from Professor M. Ali Babar is a Professor in the six schools, in a successful bid for setting School of Computer Science, University up a Cyber Security Cooperative Research of Adelaide. He is an honorary visiting Centre (CSCRC), whose estimated budget professor at Nanjing University, China. is around A$140 million over seven years Prof Babar established an interdisciplinary with A$50 million provided by the Australia research centre, CREST—Centre for government. Prof Babar leads the theme on Research on Engineering Software Platform and Architecture for Cyber Security Technologies, where he leads a research as a Service. Prof Babar has authored/ group of more than 20 members. Since co-authored more than 210 peer-reviewed November 2013, he has attracted a publications through premier software significant amount of research resources technology journals and conferences. that include A$5.5 million in funding from organisations such as Cyber Security In addition to his work having several CRC, Defence Science and Technology industrial R&D projects and setting up a (DST) Group, CSIRO/Data61, and Data number of collaborations in Australia and to Decision (D2D) Cooperative Research Europe with industry and government Centre (CRC). agencies, his publications have been highly cited within the Software Engineering discipline with an h-index = 46 with >8000 citations as per Google Scholar in November, 2019.

38 Power and Renewable Energy Domain Experts Key Publications Joslin, M., Li, N., Hao, S., Xue, M., and Zhu, H., (2019), Measuring and analyzing Prof Hong Shen Guo, L., Shen, H., and Zhu, W., (2018) search engine poisoning of linguistic School of Computer Science Efficient approximation algorithms for multi- collisions. IEEE Symposium on Security and antennae largest weight data retrieval. IEEE Privacy preserving computing Privacy (SP), 1, pp. 432–446. Transactions on Mobile Computing, 16(12), pp. Bernstein D.J., Chuengsatiansup C., Lange Prof Cheng-Chew Lim 3320–3333. T. (2014) Curve41417: Karatsuba Revisited. School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Wu, Y., Shen, H., and Sheng, Q. Z., (2015) Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Privacy for energy trading on smart grid, smart A cloud-friendly RFID trajectory clustering Systems – CHES 2014, article number 8731. metering, and IoT algorithm in uncertain environments. IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed System Bernstein D.J., Chuengsatiansup C., Lange Prof Peng Shi 26(8), pp. 2075–2088. T., Schwabe P. (2014) Kummer Strikes Back: School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering New DH Speed Records. Advances in Cryptology Song, H., Shi, P., Lim, C. C., Zhang, W., and – ASIACRYPT 2014, pp. 317–337. Privacy for energy trading on smart grid, smart Yu, L., (2019) Attack and estimator design metering, and IoT for multi-sensor systems with undetectable Kocher, P., Horn, J., Fogh, A., Genkin, D., Gruss, D., Haas, W., Hamburg, M., Lipp, Prof Matthew Roughan adversary. Automatica, 109, article number M., Mangard, S., Prescher, T., Schwarz, School of Mathematical Sciences 108545. M., Yarom, Y., (2018) Spectre attacks: Network security, network measurement, network Peng, H., Wang, J., Shi, P., Ming, J., Perez- Exploiting speculative execution. IEEE management, stochastic modelling, probability, Jimenez, M.J., Yu W, and Tao, C., (2018) Symposium on Security and Privacy (S&P), statistics, and data science Fault diagnosis of power systems using DOI: 10.1109/SP.2019.00002 intuitionistic fuzzy spiking neural P systems. Prof Derek Abbott IEEE Trans on Smart Grid, 9 (5), pp. 4777–4784. Tran, N.K., Sheng, Q.Z., Babar, M. A., Yao, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering L., (2017) Searching the Web of Things: state Song, H., Shi, P., Lim, C. C., Zhang, W., and Authentication, noise-based security, game of the art, challenges, and solutions. ACM Yu, L., (2019) Set-membership estimation theory, stochastic methods Computing Surveys (CSUR) 50 (4), article for complex networks subject to linear and number 55. Dr Matthew Sorell nonlinear bounded attacks. IEEE Transactions Ullah, F., Edwards, M., Ramdhany, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering on Neural Networks and Learning Systems, DOI: 10.1109/TNNLS.2019.2900045 R., Chitchyan, R., Babar, M. A., Managing conflict between robustness and Rashid, A., (2018), Data Exfiltration: A security in control networks Song, H., Shi, P., Zhang, W., Lim, C. C., Review of External Attack Vectors and Yu, L., (2018) Distributed H∞ estimation in Countermeasures, Journal of Networking and Dr Yuval Yarom sensor networks with two-channel stochastic Computer Applications, 101, pp. 18–54. School of Computer Science attacks. IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics, Computer and network security DOI: 10.1109/TCYB.2018.2865238. Chauhan, M. A., Babar, M. A., Benatallah, B., (2017), Architecting Cloud-Enabled Dr Hung Nguyen Ranathunga, D., Roughan, M., Nguyen, H., Systems: A Systematic Survey of Challenges School of Computer Science Kernick, P., and Falkner, N., (2016) Case and Solutions. Journal of Software: Practice Provable network security studies of SCADA firewall configurations and Experience, 47(4), pp: 599–644. and the implications for best practices. Dr Mingyu Guo IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Rashid, A., Naqvi, S. A. A., Ramdhany, School of Computer Science Management, 13 (4), pp. 871–884. R., Edwards, M., Chitchyna, R., Babar, M. A., (2016), Discovering “Unknown Algorithmic game theory methods for security Ranathunga, D., Roughan, M., Kernick, Known” Security Requirements, P., Falkner, N., and Nguyen, H., (2015), The 38th International Conference on Dr Chitchanok Chuengsatiansup Identifying the missing aspects of the ANSI/ School of Computer Science Software Engineering (ICSE), DOI: ISA best practices for security policy. 10.1145/2884781.2884785. Cryptography, cryptosystems Proceedings of the 1st ACM Workshop on Cyber- Physical System Security (CPSS ‘15) pp. Gunn, L. J., Allison, A., and Abbott, D., Dr Jason Xue 37–48, DOI: 0.1145/2732198.2732201. (2014), A directional wave measurement School of Computer Science attack against the Kish key distribution Machine learning, security and privacy, system Guo, M., Yang, Y., and Babar, A., (2018) system. Scientific Reports (Nature), 4, article and software security, internet measurement and Cost sharing security information with number 6461. fraud detection minimal release delay. International Conference on Principles and Practise of Multi- Gunn, L. J., Allison, A., and Abbott, D., Dr Nguyen Tran Agent Systems (PRIMA), pp: 177-193. (2017), Safety in numbers: Anonymization School of Computer Science makes keyservers trustworthy. Proc. 17th Guo, M., Hata, H., and Babar, A., (2016) Privacy Enhancing Technologies Symposium, Data analytics, web of things Revenue maximizing markets for zero-day (PETS 2017), pp. 18–21. exploits. International Conference on Principles and Practise of Multi-Agent Systems (PRIMA), pp. 247-260, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319- 44832-9 15 Iqbal, A., Guo, M., Gunn, L. J., Babar M. A., and Abbott, D., (2019) Game theoretical modelling of network/ cybersecurity, IEEE Access, DOI: 10.1109/ ACCESS.2019.2948356.

Energy capability within the Faculty of Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences 39 APPENDIX 2 – AUSTRALIAN NON RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES

While the use of renewable energy resources for electricity generation has grown rapidly in Australia over the last decade, the vast majority of the energy consumed in Australia (92.3%) still comes from fossil fuels (oil - 37 %; gas – 24.7%; and coal – 30.7%).

Although there has been a decline in coal consumption over the last decade, there has been a substantial growth in oil and gas consumption – on an annual basis the growth in petroleum (oil and gas) consumption in recent years has averaged more than four times that of renewable fuels. The national economy is strongly dependant on fossil fuels – they comprise 26% of Australia’s total exports. Major markets for Australia’s energy resources include Japan, China and South Korea. Australia is the world’s largest exporter of both LNG (natural gas shipped by tanker) and coal, which is used for both iron and steel manufacturing as well as electrical generation. Coal is the nation’s top export. Natural gas export (via LNG) is growing rapidly and currently are the third largest export. The annual net value of the trade balance in fossil fuels is A$79 Billion. Current major areas of oil and gas production in Australia include the Cooper Basin in South Australia, the Gippsland Basin offshore , the Northwest Shelf offshore Western Australia and the Surat and Bowen Basins of Queensland. Current exploration in areas such as the Great Australian Bight and the Beetaloo Basin in the Northern Territories suggest that they contain world-class petroleum resources that have the potential to significantly boost the nation’s oil and gas production. Major coal- producing areas are in Queensland and .

40 Power and Renewable Energy Australian School of Petroleum • Exact and asymptotic solutions for flow in Our Petroleum Geoscience work is of particular and Energy Resources porous media; value to a wide range of companies and researchers interested who are interested in: • Nano technologies in oil and gas The Australian School of Petroleum production; • Petroleum exploration and development; and Energy Resources is a world-class institution for petroleum education, • Well injectivity and productivity; • Carbon capture and storage; training and research. It is Australia’s • Formation damage and skin; and, • Engineered geothermal systems; only multidisciplinary school serving the petroleum sector. Research capabilities • Oil and gas secondary migration. • Sedimentary basin-hosted mineral deposits; within the school encompass petroleum • Groundwater use and extraction; and, engineering, petroleum geoscience, carbon Petroleum Engineering • Shallow and deep coal-seam gas production. storage, and decision-making related to oil Petroleum Engineering is the practical and gas exploration and production that are application of physics, mathematics, chemistry Stress, Structure and Seismic applied both on a national and international and geology, combined with economic scope. The school has particular expertise principles, to the recovery of petroleum. The Stress, Structure and Seismic research across the following areas: group seeks to understand key tectonic Our Petroleum Engineering research is processes in sedimentary basins, and identify • Normative and behavioural approaches strongly guided by real-world industry and recover petroleum, geothermal and to decision making; needs, focusing on areas such as water- unconventional resources. • Formation damage and enhanced flooding, reservoir simulation, and enhanced oil-gas recovery; oil and gas recovery for conventional and Our researchers—petroleum geoscientists unconventional resources. Our work is and engineers—integrate expertise in • Petroleum engineering; particularly relevant to: petroleum geomechanics, tectonics and neotectonics, structural geology, basin • Petroleum geoscience; • Oil and gas service companies; evolution and dynamics, and seismic • Stress, structure, and seismic analyses. • Chemical suppliers; interpretation. Research within the group is particularly focused on: Normative and Behavioural Approaches to • Environmental industries; • Constraining contemporary and ancient Decision Making • Geothermal energy; crustal stress fields’ nature and origin; Our normative and behavioural approaches to • Industrial waste disposal; decision-making researchers are particularly • Predicting fault and fracture-controlled focused on financial investment decisions, • Aquifer contamination; and, fluid flow away from the wellbore; along with economic and psychological • Vadose zone engineering. • Understanding how detachment zones approaches to understanding and improving control deformation styles in fold-thrust industry decisions. These include: Petroleum Geoscience belts; and, • Applying decision analytic techniques to Petroleum Geoscience concerns the exploration, • Constraining intrusive and extrusive complex decision problems; recovery, development and management of magmatism’s impact on hydrocarbon subsurface energy resources. Our Petroleum • Developing economic evaluation methods prospectivity. Geoscience research is focused on: to account for uncertainty; • Fundamental geological processes; About the School • Developing improved processes for eliciting expert estimates; • The geophysical methodologies required to More information on the Australian discover and produce hydrocarbon resources; School of Petroleum and Energy Resources • Identifying barriers to good decision-making; can be found on the School website: • Development of fundamental technical and • Developing debiasing strategies to mitigate ecms.adelaide.edu.au/petroleum- workflow advances. these problems; and, engineering/our-research • Psychometric analyses.

Formation Damage and Enhanced Oil-Gas Recovery our formation damage and enhanced oil-gas recovery research examines various forms of modelling to control and enhance the flow, migration and recovery of hydrocarbon resources. The research group is particularly focused on modelling: • Advanced oilfield waterflood techniques; • Chemical enhanced oil recovery; • CO2 geo-sequestration in aquifers and oilfields; • Well stimulation in coal-bed methane fields; • Shale-gas field development; • Drilling fluid design; • Suspension-colloidal-nano transport in porous media;

Energy capability within the Faculty of Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences 41 APPENDIX 3 – KEY INSTITUTES AND CENTRES

42 Power and Renewable Energy The Institute for Mineral and With the support of more than $8 million in Our interdisciplinary and cooperative Energy Resources external funding per year and the guidance environment enables us to conduct cutting- of an industry Advisory Board drawn from edge research and perform activities in the The Institute for Mineral and Energy around Australia and chaired by former field of materials for energy and catalysts. Resources (IMER) is the University’s Federal parliamentarian, Ms. Susan Jeanes, Our current areas of focus include: principal point of contact for mineral and the centre focusses on the following themes: energy resources research, including industry • Energy storage and catalysts; • Sustainable Power, encompassing advanced and government partnerships. IMER’s key combustion technologies, solar thermal and • Electro-catalysis; role is to assemble interdisciplinary teams hybrid solar thermal technologies for both from the University of Adelaide and research • Solar energy; electricity production and direct use; partners to address global challenges in • Modelling; • Sustainable Fuels including algae biofuels, • Deep Resources; gasification, liquefaction, liquid fuel synthesis, • Hetero-catalysis; • Deep Mining; hydrogen and solar CO2 to fuel; • Bio-catalysis. • Complex Processing; • Sustainable Networks covering energy The South Australian Centre for Geothermal • Tight Energy Resources; and materials, energy storage technologies, grids, power networks and markets; Energy Research • Low Cost, Low Emissions Energy. • Sustainable Minerals, covering the The South Australian Centre for Geothermal At IMER, we have more than 140 of the introduction of concentrating solar thermal Energy Research (SACGER), a part of world’s experts to help you innovate and energy into the primary production of the Institute for Mineral and Energy push past challenges in your business. materials such as alumina, copper and Resources, researches enhanced (engineered) Our strengths are in geology, geophysics, iron/steel. geothermal systems and power systems to petroleum engineering, mining engineering improve the economic and environmental and energy technology. Centre for Materials in Energy and Catalysis delivery of geothermal energy. This research offers widespread benefits for industry, The Institute for Mineral and Energy The Centre for Materials in Energy and the community and the environment. Our Resources (IMER) is tasked with addressing Catalysis (CMEC) is a materials-engineering research areas include: the grand challenge in minerals and energy research leader, developing new materials facing Australia and the world: maintaining and catalysts to enable positive social, • Geophysical tools: novel approaches industry growth in an economically, socially environmental and economic impact. for understanding the distribution of and environmentally sustainable manner. subsurface permeability including using South Australia is internationally renowned 3D seismic data and the development of IMER uses its extensive and deep as a leader in renewable energy. CMEC is magnetotelluric tools that are sensitive to understanding of the technologies, trends, committed to maintaining and enhancing the the presence of fluid-filled fracture systems; issues and challenges facing industry to state’s profile in this globally critical sector undertake strategic initiatives. These involve through research that facilitates a cleaner, • Fluid rock interactions: the geochemistry strong industry engagement; creating greener future. of geothermal fluids using flow-through practical industry collaborations; delivering and batch hydrothermal reactors to new and innovative products, processes and Headed by ARC Laureate and highly cited evaluate the dissolution of reservoirs rocks services; and delivering meaningful, long- researcher Professor Shizhang Qiao, CMEC and resultant precipitation and scaling term positive impacts for industry and society. leads the way in novel materials development within the subsurface reservoir and above for energy and catalytic applications, through ground infrastructure; The Centre for Energy Technology both fundamental and applied research. • Fracture modelling: development of The Centre harnesses research expertise CMEC contributes to Australia’s international reservoir fracture models for enhanced from an interdisciplinary team of over 150 standing in new energy and catalysis geothermal systems and improved researchers from Engineering, Sciences, technologies. We develop novel advanced understanding of fluid flow and heat Business and Economics to drive the materials and catalysts—and innovative transfer in rock fractures; development of innovative clean energy approaches to their use—to achieve greater • Crustal stress characterisation: modelling technology with strong potential to lower efficiencies and cost-effectiveness, and contemporary crustal stresses in a number the cost of CO2 mitigation. We collaborate minimise environmental impact. of regions around the world including areas with leading industry, government agencies Our researchers regularly: of know geothermal potential such as the and other research organisations to move us • Pursue and lead local, national and Cooper and Otway Basins, understanding closer to this goal, drawing on our research international collaborations and research the stress and fluid-pressure state in non- capacity in sustainable power, fuels, networks partnerships; conventional geothermal systems. and minerals. • Create commercial opportunities related CET works with industry to reduce to renewable energy and advanced emissions now, by retro-fitting innovative materials; and, technologies to existing systems, and is also developing new carbon neutral and carbon • Improve education on next-generation negative technologies to replace existing energy materials and technology. heat, power and fuel production systems.

Energy capability within the Faculty of Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences 43 APPENDIX 4 – ENERGY CAPABILITY

The Faculty of Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences is committed to delivering outstanding research that helps solve complex global problems and contributes to national priorities. We address global needs in collaboration with industry, government and the broader community.

Our expertise spans the following six research themes.

• Advanced Materials and Manufacturing

• Energy, Resources and Environment

• Food, Water and Agriculture

• Medical, Health and Bioprocessing Technologies

• Space and Defence

• Smart Technologies and Mathematics

44 Power and Renewable Energy Our Energy, Resources and Environment researchers possess world-class expertise in energy technology and efficiency, mining and petroleum engineering, and geoscience.

This expertise is applied collaboratively Dr Raul Barreto Dr Virginie Masson to develop innovative, value-adding School of Economics School of Economics technologies that help transform the global The effect of energy sources on economic growth Energy economics, effects of demand management energy and resource industries. Areas of focus and research strength include: Dr Eran Binenbaum Professor Greg Metha School of Economics School of Physical Sciences • Solar thermal; Science and technology policy Catalysts for energy production • Power control; • Management and modelling systems; Dr Karlson (Charlie) Hargroves Dr Cameron Shearer Entrepreneurship, Commercialisation and School of Physical Sciences • Developing new, cost-effective methods Innovation Centre (ECIC) Photovotaics, hydrogen production for removing non-target metals from Sustainable engineering, energy efficiency, copper concentrates; climate change policy Professor Christopher Sumby • Resource engineering to address challenges School of Physical Sciences associated with deep mining activities; Professor Martin Hand Energy storage, energy waste management, School of Physical Sciences • Understanding and unlocking Australia’s catalysis, and nanoporous materials for gas future resources base, including low-carbon Geothermal energy separation gas and geothermal energy sources. Professor Richard Hillis Dr Alex Wawryk Our Energy, Resources and Environment Division of Research and Innovation Adelaide Law School research helps industry generate more—and Mineral exploration technologies, petroleum Renewable energy regulations, wind energy law, cleaner—energy and resources, and store geomechanics, geothermal energy oil and gas law, mining and the environment. and supply them in a stable, environmentally friendly manner, whilst accelerating society’s Professor Graham Heinson Professor Mike Young transition to carbon neutrality. School of Physical Sciences Centre for Global Food and Resources More information can be found at: Monitoring of hydrocarbon and geothermal fluids Environmental policy, water policy https://ecms.adelaide.edu.au/research- A/Professor David Huang Professor Ralf Zurbruegg impact/energy-resources-environment School of Physical Sciences Adelaide Business School University-Wide Capability Catalysis, gas separation Pricing and volatility dynamics The Faculty of Engineering, Computer and A/Professor Tak Kee Professor David Ottaway Mathematical Sciences maintains strong School of Physical Sciences School of Physical Sciences links across the University of Adelaide Organic solar cells Airborne detection of methane, pipe leak detection through its research groups, schools, and Centres. Key research collaborators include: A/Professor Rosalind King Professor Andre Luiten School of Physical Sciences School of Physical Sciences Professor Paul Babie Petroleum geomechanics Sensors for monitoring safety, efficiency, Adelaide Law School recharging processes, extraction, processing etc. Climate change and resources Mr Paul Leadbeter Adelaide Law School Professor Heike Ebendorff-Heidepriem Dr Douglas Bardsley Pollution control law and environmental School of Physical Sciences Geography, Environment and Population regulation of the mining industry Sensors for monitoring safety, efficiency, Environment and public policy recharging processes, extraction, processing etc. Professor Stephen Lincoln School of Physical Sciences Solar energy

Energy capability within the Faculty of Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences 45 FOR FURTHER ENQUIRIES

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