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Typology and Characteristic Analysis of Korean War Heritage: a Focus on the Republic of Korea

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Typology and Characteristic Analysis of Korean War Heritage: a Focus on the Republic of Korea Universal Journal of Management 7(3): 79-90, 2019 http://www.hrpub.org DOI: 10.13189/ujm.2019.070301 Typology and Characteristic Analysis of Korean War Heritage: A Focus on the Republic of Korea Jeong Gi-Uk1, Kim Hyeong-Kyun2, Kang Dong-Jin3,* 1Urban Regeneration Center Busan, Republic of Korea 2Center of Busan Studies, Busan Institute, Republic of Korea 3Department of Urban Engineering, Kyungsung University, Republic of Korea Copyright©2019 by authors, all rights reserved. Authors agree that this article remains permanently open access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International License Abstract The Korean War (1950.6.25 to 1953.7.27) war in which major countries in more than 60 countries originated in the transition period of the Cold War of the around the world decided for an international aid to 20th century. This war lasted about 65 years after the intervene in various forms, and it was the outcome of Ceasefire Agreement, and it is the longest surviving war suffering and trials of the whole human race; in particular, that has not ended. During this time, the memories of war 1.94 million persons from 21 countries belonging to the are gradually being forgotten, and unfortunately the traces UN Forces entered the war and provided medical aid, and of the war are gradually being dismantled or extinguished. about 37,000 died. E.g.: [10] The UN’s decisions on aid This study aims to list and classify the traces and and participation in the Korean War became the starting memories of Korean War in these times—that is, the point of “collective security principle” on an international Korean War heritages remaining in South Korea—in level and, thus, Korean War is a special physical evidence order to conduct a survey on the people’s recognition of love for humanity, which contains the historical value about them and to explore the values inherent in them. As of the result of the first collective action through a result, this study discovered a total of 413 heritages and international consensus. However, the Korean War is revealed the fact that the people were aware of recorded as the longest war in existence, which is still DMZ-related heritage, Korean Wartime Capital ongoing as of March 2019. Busan-related heritage, Operation Chromite-related In a period of truce which has transpired for 65 years heritage, and Geoje/Tongyeong Prisoner of War (POW) since 1953, the Republic of Korea has transformed itself Camp-related heritage as the representative Korean War from an aid recipient to an aid donor through an economic Heritage. This study has an academic significance as the boom called “Miracle on the Han River.” This economic baseline data for a comprehensive survey on Korean leap was accompanied by great sacrifice. In the process of War heritages in South Korea and North Korea may be national reconstruction and economic development, the used in the era of unification in the future. overall national land has been rapidly developed, and the battlefields and military relics related to the Korean War Keywords Korean War Heritage, War Heritage, Cold have been destroyed or damaged fast. Of the Korean War, De-Militarized Zone (DMZ), Korean Wartime War-related Heritages (Hereafter, “Korean War heritage”), Capital Busan there are places or facilities that have been designated as cultural assets and protected but, overall, as the memories of Korean War are forgotten, its physical traces perish. This is in line with the trend of a rapid decrease in the 1. Introduction generations that entered or experienced the war. Meanwhile, since the 20th century, the U.S, France, and Korean War (June 25, 1950 to July 27, 1953) was a Germany, etc. which experienced World War I and World tragedy of a fratricidal war that led to the fixation of the War II, events that changed the flow of world history, Division at the great turning point in world history in the have systematically managed various types of “war 20th-century cold war era (1945-1989). In addition, heritage” and utilized them as educational materials for Korean War was the war in which the United Nations (UN) future generations, such as lesson, remembrance, and entered for the first and last time since it was organized on memorial. France has integrated and managed war October 24, 1945, after the end of World War II. E.g.: [9] heritage in the name of Lieux de Memoire while Germany, In other words, the Korean War was an international which was divided like the Korean Peninsula, has utilized 80 Typology and Characteristic Analysis of Korean War Heritage: A Focus on the Republic of Korea war heritage as materials for national harmony and of war heritage and the development of the location as introspection after unification. As shown in these cases, tourist attraction. Recently, by a few local governments, the conservation of war heritage can serve as a symbol of policy studies have been produced to look at Korean War war recurrence prevention and international peace, as well heritage as world heritage. However, there are very few as memorial of the victims. From this point of view, the basic studies overall to understand the actual status and arguments that the heritage should be understood as 'a situation of the war heritage. process to be handed down to the next generation' rather This study would be conducted in three stages based on than 'a result of being left over' is gradually expanding the following. First is the stage of “the listing of heritages” around Smith (2006), Lee (2019) and Logan (2019). E.g.: according to the definition of the concept of Korean War [6, 8, 13] Heritages. This stage first divides heritages into hardware, In April 2018, President Moon Jae-in and Chairman software, and human-ware and lists the heritages through Kim Jong-un declared “April 27 Panmunjom Declaration”. the complete enumeration of bibliography, including There have been concentrated interests in the records on cultural heritage administration, records on Demilitarized Zone (Hereafter, “DMZ”) including patriots and veterans administration agency, Korean Panmunjom, with various plans for security tourism War-related academic journals, reports on the sought. It is currently time to strongly require judging the investigation of modern cultural heritage by each local value of Korean War heritage and seeking a directing government, reports on the investigation of nationally point. protected historic sites, and newspaper articles for 65 This study began with the basic questions to give new years since the Ceasefire Agreement. As a result, the roles to the Korean War heritage; in other words, what study cataloged a total of 413 heritages. The significance Korean War heritages are, where they are, and how they of this stage is the extracts of heritage other than the 84 are left.” In this perspective, this study has three purposes heritages protected as cultural property, especially the as follows: first, to understand the present condition of heritages which are unknown but remain as places or Korean War heritage through their listing and ruins. classification from a general viewpoint; second, to Second is the stage of “the classification of types” conduct a survey on the Korean people’s recognition of based on the result of the listing. The current status of Korean War heritage; and third, to explore the possibility each heritage was investigated through several field of overcoming the ideological conflict inherent in Korean surveys over 2016 and 2017 after classifying the surveyed War heritage and use them as an instrument of peace. heritages into five categories (see Figure 1) according to the birth time and regional distribution characteristics. However, software and human-related heritages that were 2. Materials and Methods not reshaped in form or space were subjected to field surveys at museums. Based on the results, 413 heritages Korean War-related studies are divided broadly into were typed as follows. Hardware was classified into direct three types. The first is studies of political and social type, indirect type, and influence type according to the approaches from a war ideological perspective. The impact of the relevant heritage on the war; software into second is reports aiming to investigate a variety of culture/art type and record type born during the wartime; physical evidence directly related to the Korean War and human-ware into combat action type and non-combat which are centered on the discovery and investigation of action type. Based on this, the characteristics were the battlefields where the battles were directly fought, analyzed according to the time of the birth of heritages supporting facilities in the rear, refugees’ lives, and and their regional distribution; then, through an on-site war-related works of art. This paper also used the results survey, the conservation condition of each heritage was of these studies as the basic data. Third is reports and analyzed. presentation materials expressing reference to the center Universal Journal of Management 7(3): 79-90, 2019 81 Figure 1. Distribution Characteristics of Korean War Heritage 82 Typology and Characteristic Analysis of Korean War Heritage: A Focus on the Republic of Korea The third stage is the investigation of the degree of 43 sites are the state-designated cultural properties. The recognition about Korean War heritage. For the purpose “indirect type” includes a total of 66 sites, such as the of reliable research, five Delphi experts were selected as Korean Workers’ Party Headquarters in Cheorwon, which subjects of the Delphi method, including one majoring in covers facilities that supported military operations, though Korean history of war, two researchers of Korean War no direct battle took place, government facilities, and heritage, one majoring in negative heritage, and one refugee protection facilities that managed prisoners of war majoring in world heritage.
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