Cities in the Netherlands Facts and figures on cities and urban areas Cities in the Netherlands Facts and figures on cities and urban areas Cities in the Netherlands

06 Dutch Agenda Stad 08 Cities are popular 10 An urban nation 12 Less growth and more decline 14 The gravitational pull of the Randstad 16 Large cities attract migrants 18 Cities are where the jobs are 20 Economic growth has many faces 22 Income disparities in the city 24 Wealthier = Healthier 26 Cities as incubators for innovation 28 A day in the life of Amsterdam Introduction

In the Netherlands, about three quarters of of Dutch cities compare to those in other the population live in urban areas and most European countries? people work there. The largest metropolitan areas also show the strongest population This book covers three topics that are vital for growth. In 2015, the Dutch Government the city: economy, liveability, and innovation. launched its Agenda Stad, a national urban How strong is the gravitational pull of Dutch agenda. Agenda Stad aims to promote cities in comparison to competing urban economic growth, improve liveability regions? What factors determine liveability and stimulate innovation in urban areas. and health in cities? And how do cities fare The Dutch urban agenda affirms that cities when it comes to innovation? These urban play a key role in the future development issues, challenges and opportunities are of the country. clarified using 12 infographics.

What is going on in Dutch cities? This book This publication consists of two parts. strives to provide insight into the most This part, Cities in the Netherlands, examines important facts and factors affecting our cities in the context of the Dutch Agenda cities in an accessible way. How have cities Stad. The other part, Cities in Europe, looks developed in the recent past? How many at urban developments across Europe within people live and work in cities and their the context of the Europe 2020 strategy and environs? And how does the structure the Urban Agenda for the EU. Dutch Agenda Stad Three priority areas of the Agenda Stad

Europe faces increasing urbanisation which Opportunities and challenges in urban City Deals is a means to achieve the goals brings both opportunities and challenges. areas that require collaboration between of the Dutch national Agenda Stad, which is Major urban challenges manifest them- the national government, cities and other to strengthen economic growth, innovation selves within a variety of societal domains, stakeholders lie at the heart of the Dutch and liveability in Dutch cities. The Dutch such as climate adaptation, inclusion of Agenda Stad. These are oŒen complex, national Agenda Stad and the Urban Economy low-income groups, and new economic radical and transitional challenges that do Agenda for the EU are in line with each • Job growth through innovation drivers. Business, local governments, civil not t in existing policy frames. This other. The national agenda can be an • Circular economy society and universities in urban areas are collaboration takes shape in City Deals. example of an innovative way of collabora- • Knowledge exchange anticipating on these opportunities and City Deals contain concrete cooperation tion for other European countries and challenges. The Dutch national Agenda arrangements between dierent levels of cities, while at the same time Dutch cities Stad focuses on the overlapping areas of government, business, civil society and can learn from the way other European Innovation economy, liveability and innovation. other stakeholders. Coalition building in cities deal with major urban challenges. • New technologies • Sustainable mobility and urban environment • Adaptation to climate pbl.nl change

Economy Liveability Innovation

Urban economies are more productive, The liveability of Dutch cities has improved Urban regions are incubators of innovation Liveability grow faster and have a greater innovative dramatically over the past few decades. and entrepreneurship. It is here where • Healthy and safe urban environment potential. Dutch cities lag behind in growth Local problems regarding air pollution, individuals, businesses, institutes and • Aordable housing of labour productivity however. Their trac congestion, income disparities and governments meet and prot from each • Access to education economic position can be strengthened safety still remain however. Cities can others’ knowledge and creativity. Smart by improving connections between urban contribute to improving the liveability by and clean technologies are vital for regions, coordinating investment projects investing in sustainable mobility schemes, sustaining economic growth over the long and increasing the complementarity aordable housing and quality of the term. Using up resources and energy at between cities. public space. current rates is no longer an option.

6 Groningen +25,000 Population change, 2000–2014 Cities are popular On a grid of 2x2 kilometres Source: CBS, adaptation by PBL

Population

The Netherlands is a highly urbanised (e.g. Amsterdam and RoŠerdam), while million inhabitants country. At the same time, the share of the others contracted. In the second half of the 10 population that lives in large metropolitan 19th century, a‡er a period of stagnation areas (over 500,000 people) is remarkably and contraction, a new era dawned; growth City Amsterdam small. The majority of Dutch ‘urbanites’ live resumed in existing towns and, for the 8 +73,000 in small and medium-sized towns. This is Œrst time since the Middle Ages and in the result of the polycentric urban structure the wake of industrialisation and railroad 6 of the Netherlands; most urban regions are construction, new towns were being formed Commuting zone The Hague made up of multiple urban cores at relatively (e.g. Eindhoven and Tilburg) (RuŠe and +61,000 short distances from each another. Abrahamse, 2016). 4 Rural area Utrecht +71,000 The roots of our modern polycentric urban Currently, a‡er an extended period of structure can be traced back to medieval suburbanisation and urban decline in the 2 times. Twenty of the 35 largest Dutch cities 1960–1990 period, cities are regaining their RoŠerdam Arnhem +14,000 originate from the 11th to 15th century, former status. City centres in particular have pbl.nl +12,000 0 mainly as towns with important ports. enjoyed a resurgence of population growth, 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 While, in the 14th century, large parts of especially regarding families with children Europe struggled with epidemics and an (Evers et al., 2015). The outlook for the future economic recession, parts of what is now the is also favourable. CBS/PBL (2013) predict a Projection (CBS/PBL) Netherlands experienced an economic peak strong concentration of population growth and urban boom. A‡er this period up to the in urban municipalities, particularly in and Eindhoven mid 19th century, some cities, especially in around big cities. +19,000 the west of the country expanded greatly

City Commuting zone Rural area Population growth in the city Population growth in the commuting zone Population growth in the rural area Population decline

Growth and decline smaller than 100 persons per grid cell are not shown on the map pbl.nl 8 Important characteristics of the city An urban nation Source: CBS, LISA and RIVM, adaptation by PBL City Commuting zone Rural area

Land use ¡›% ›¥% ™¢% 2012 In the past, it was easy to tell where the city ended and countryside began. In the course of the 20th century, the dierence between Population ™™% ›œ% žŸ% urban and rural became increasingly blurred. 2013 Cities have transformed into urban regions with a wide variety of spaces and functions. Jobs £›% ž™% ž›% People have also become much more mobile Commuting zone 2013 and have adopted much more complex lifestyles in their work and leisure time. Knowledge workers Ÿž% žœ% ¡¢% In order to dene and delineate urban areas, 2010 Eurostat and the OECD use a harmonised denition that makes a distinction between Immigration Ÿ¢% ¡¢% ¡™% ‘cities’ (municipalities of more than 2012 50,000 residents) and ‘commuting zones’ (municipalities with a signicant commuting relationship to the urban cores). Almost Household use of natural gas ™œ% ›ž% ž¢% 2012 three quarters of the Dutch population live City in urban areas, making the Netherlands one of the most urbanised countries in Europe. Household waste £œ% ž¤% ž›% 2012 Most of the jobs in the Netherlands can be found in the urban areas. These also have PM10 emissions ››% ž¥% ›¢% the highest share of knowledge workers and pbl.nl aŠract the most foreign immigrants. The 2013 high population density and concentration of human activity in cities has disadvantages as well, for example, in terms of air pollution and waste.

In relationship to the land area, PM10 emission levels Rural area in cities are four times higher than in rural areas pbl.nl

10 e r e

m l A

t m t h a h c S c e d e S r i e dam r r r i r t e t e t e U a s U a t m rd l s r K K m A d

He - He er Less m e growth A - G

r G A

kr k e

e e e r l

rl r

a e l a l e e e d e d e n n n e e n The Hague H o o g The Hague ijk e w and more v js e i e R n D am

e D d

l er f e

z l

n f o i e j t z R l u o i H j decline l

Rijs wijk

Ro erdam 1997–2012 Hoo 2012–2027 gev een Past 15 years Coming 15 years pbl.nl pbl.nl

H

o

u

Over the past 15 years, most Dutch munici- t

en palities experienced population growth. Decline Growth more than 2.5%, with most of them located This mainly occurred in the suburbs and 0–5% in peripheral areas (CBS/PBL, 2013). new towns, such as Almere and Houten, 5–10% Decline will not be conšned to these but large cities, such as Amsterdam, 10–15% regions, however; also some less accessible Utrecht and The Hague, also had substan- More than 15% ‘inland peripheries’, such as the Green tial increases in population. Ro“erdam, ities, the number of inhabitants actually Growth Population decline is expected to become Heart, will be aŸected. The large cities are the second largest city in the Netherlands, decreased by over 2.5%, since 1997. Absolute growth or decline in % more prevalent in the future. Over the next expected to consolidate their position; with experienced much lower growth. There are Municipalities with the largest population 15 years, about a quarter of Dutch Amsterdam believed to remain the largest also municipalities where growth has been decline are situated on the national Number of inhabitants at the start of the municipalities is projected to shrink by city, followed by Ro“erdam. negative. In about 10% of Dutch municipal- periphery. 15-year period

Source: CBS, adaptation by PBL 12 Past NORTHERN NETHERLANDS 1982–1986 Population growth and migration ows per region, 2006–2010 The gravitational + 15,000 Source: CBS, adaptation by PBL 7,500 NORTHERN NETHERLANDS pull of the Randstad 3,500 RANDSTAD EASTERN NETHERLANDS 1,000

The Netherlands is a densely populated 500 country, and the Randstad is the most + 180,000 + 25,000 34,500 densely populated part of it. Almost half of the entire population lives in North Holland, SOUTHERN NETHERLANDS South Holland, Utrecht and Flevoland, + 70,000 even though these provinces only comprise one quarter of the country’s surface area. Present The Randstad’s population is currently 2006–2010 + 17,000 growing faster than elsewhere in the country, 2,000 as it has in the past and most likely will do in Net foreign 3,500 the future. migration Net domestic Population growth migration The current growth of the Randstad is by migration even greater than in the past. Immigrants RANDSTAD exceed emigrants in number (positive pbl.nl Population foreign migration balance) and more Dutch growth 2,500 + 225,000 people move to rather than away from the + 50,000 Net Randstad (positive domestic migration Population growth migration by natural change balance). In addition, more people are Natural being born in the Randstad than are dying + 30,000 change (positive natural growth). EASTERN NETHERLANDS Future 12,000 The Randstad is booming. In just “ve years 2026–2030 +/- 0 (2006–2010) it grew by 225,000 people, 70% of which can be a—ributed to natural growth. Immigration also plays an important role; approximately 15% of the population 12,000 increase came was from abroad and 10% from other areas in the Netherlands. The share of foreign immigrants is smaller than it SOUTHERN NETHERLANDS has been in the past, and domestic migration + 170,000 + 15,000 has become more pronounced. Many of pbl.nl these domestic newcomers originate from the southern part of the country. + 10,000

14 Dutch inhabitants with a non-native background predominantly live in large cities

Large cities attract migrants Non-native background Native background Immigrants and migrants prefer to seƒle in larger cities because of the ample job opportunities. Netherlands Furthermore, for immigrants, these cities have networks of Immigration and emigration for the four largest cities compatriots and o er speci—c facilities, such as mosques, (Amsterdam, Roƒerdam, The Hague, Utrecht) public baths and schools In the Netherlands, Source: CBS, adaptation by PBL one in —ve inhabitants has a non-native background, almost half of which have a Following the enlargement of the Four largest cities (Amsterdam, Roƒerdam, western non-native background European Union, the number of The Hague, Utrecht) 60,000 central and eastern European pbl.nl immigrants increased

40,000 Rest of the Netherlands Immigration Relatively few inhabitants with a non-native 20,000 background live outside the largest cities. Net migration And many of those live in close proximity to Non-western background Western, non-native background = 1% in 2012 the four largest cities, in suburbs and satellite cities, such as Almere 0

Emigration -20,000 The urban population is a sundry mix of in the four large cities. Already in the 1960s Many of their children would later seek people from all kinds of places. At present, and 1970s, so-called guest workers came to a partner from their parents’ homeland. the share of residents with a non-native the Randstad from southern Europe, Turkey In the 1990s, a growing number of refugees -40,000 background in the four largest cities and Morocco. Many people from Suriname from former Yugoslavia arrived in the pbl.nl (Amsterdam, Roƒerdam, The Hague and arrived in the late 1970s, following this Randstad, as well as from other areas; Utrecht) is roughly equal to that of native former colony’s independence. The 1980s all ¡eeing war, famine or natural disasters. residents. In other parts of the country, and 1990s saw many family reunions of In the 2000s, many immigrants originated Aer a stricter Immigration Law -60,000 came into e ect, emigrants this share is smaller. The Netherlands has guest workers; their wives and children from central and eastern Europe, as a result outnumbered immigrants, a history of aƒracting immigrants, most of moved to the Netherlands to join them and of European Union enlargement. 1988 for a number of years 2013 whom arrive in the Randstad and mostly any subsequent children were born here.

16 Groningen centre 25,000 Employment density, 2012 Cities are where the jobs are Number of jobs on a grid of 2x2 kilometres Source: LISA, adaptation by PBL

Amsterdam centre 56,000 Cities play an important role as meeting in cities to be in close proximity to their Employment places in knowledge-based economies customers and specialised suppliers, and by urban-rural typolgy The Hague centre such as that of the Netherlands. Personal because of the large and well-educated 63,000 million jobs encounters, whether planned or accidental, labour market and the many opportunities 4 Ro‡erdam City centre provide opportunities for the exchange of for cooperation. Business clusters create 60,000 ideas and for learning from one another. new job markets and opportunities for Utrecht The density of cities makes people more suppliers, which may create additional centre Enschede 3 49, 000 centre productive and enables the provision of agglomeration bene•ts. In short, cities 23,000 higher quality and more varied services are where the jobs are. 2 and amenities. Companies primarily locate Commuting zone Rural area

1 pbl.nl 0 2000 2005 2010 2015

Job growth in the four thousand jobs largest urban regions 1000 Eindhoven Concentration of Amsterdam region centre jobs in city centres 27,000 There are signi•cant 800 Utrecht region di–erences between Ro‡erdam region cities. Amsterdam and 600 Utrecht had the strongest job growth over the The Hague region City 400 1980–2012 period, whereas Commuting zone in Ro‡erdam and The Rural area Hague growth was more 200 Many jobs in the city l

n Many jobs in the commuting zone modest. In 1980, most jobs .

0 pb l Maastricht were in the Ro‡erdam Many jobs in the rural area centre region. Now, most are in 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 24,000

Amsterdam and Utrecht. Source: Cambridge Econometrics; adaptation by PBL Growth and decline smaller than 100 persons per grid cell are not shown on pbl.nl the map

18 200 200 Growth in labour productivity Munich has seen a and employment in European Economic growth sizeable growth in both labour productivity urban regions, 1980–2011 In Amsterdam and Utrecht and employment Source: Cambridge Econometrics, adaptation by PBL employment clearly increased, has many faces whereas productivity growth European urban regions was smaller than in many other 150 150 Dutch regions European urban regions Other regions

Amsterdam Munich Employment growth and labour productivity Added value, 2011 growth are important indicators of economic (billion euros) development. In European cities and cities 250 % employment growth in OECD countries, productivity and wages Utrecht generally increase with city size (European Commission, 2014). Recent OECD estimates 100 Many people work in 100 London. This city showed suggest that productivity increases by 2% 100 a strong labour productivity to 5% for every doubling of the population growth (Ahrend et al., 2015). In Europe, the two 50 largest urban agglomerations, London and Helsinki Paris, showed large labour productivity 10 growth between 1980 and 2011.

London Dutch urban regions, in contrast, are smaller 50 50 and less dense in terms of residents and jobs. While employment in Dutch urban areas clearly grew between 1980 and 2011, Bournemouth productivity growth was smaller than and Poole (UK) in many other European urban regions. Solihull Recent research has shown that size and (UK) density can be partly compensated by a good position within international, national and regional networks (Van Oort et al., 0 0 2015). This position can be strengthened by improving connections between urban regions, coordinating large investment projects and increasing the complementarity Ro erdam between cities. The Hague

Paris

-50 pbl.nl -50 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 % labour productivity growth 20 Income disparities in the city

Amsterdam The Hague Arnhem

Household incomes vary not only between Income level cities, but within them as well. The maps per person (2008) of Amsterdam, The Hague and Arnhem display di€erent distributions of wealth. In Amsterdam, high-income households occupy the historic centre and the regal ‘old-south’ neighbourhood, while The Hague still displays the traditional ‘sand and peat divide’ where a„uent neighbourhoods, such as Duinoord, Statenkwartier and Archipelbuurt, occupy the high sandy ground near the coast. Wealth in Arnhem is mainly concentrated at the northern edge of the city, near the Veluwe national park.

For inhabitants with a non-western background, the maps show this pa‰ern more-or-less in reverse. In Amsterdam, Share of population inhabitants with a non-western background with a non-western mainly live in the south-eastern quarter background (2010) and on the western fringe. In The Hague, in contrast, these inhabitants mainly live near the city centre, in neighbourhoods such as the Stationsbuurt, Schilderswijk and Transvaal. Arnhem has fewer inhabitants with a non-western background, but these tend to reside on the eastern side of the city centre and on the south bank of the river. Of course, there are also low-income neighbourhoods with primarily native Dutch residents, such as Morgenstond in pbl.nl The Hague and parts of Amsterdam Noord. pbl.nl pbl.nl

0 4 km Source: CBS, adaptation by PBL Low High

22 Inhabitants per municipality, 2014 Wealthier = Healthier Source: RIVM, adaptation by PBL

Life expectancy Rozendaal (close to Arnhem) has the longest 85 life expectancy Inhabitants in The liveability and safety of Dutch cities have municipalities with a improved tremendously over the past few higher socio-economic decades. Transport and manufacturing have status have a longer become safer, cleaner, and less noisy. Levels 84 life expectancy of hazardous substances, such as nitric oxide Noordenveld and nitrogen dioxide (NOx), sulphur dioxide (SO2) and ‹ne particulate maer (PM10), have decreased, dramatically, as has the crime rate, both real and perceived. 83

Crime, nuisance and feelings of unsafety, of course, have not gone away completely (CBS, 2014). This is especially true in the four 82 large cities, but sometimes small towns, suburbs and rural areas are also plagued by ‘urban problems’. On average, inhabitants of Haarlemmermeer large cities are less healthy and live shorter lives. This is mainly linked to the relatively City 81 large number of low-income people with Commuting zone a low level of education who tend to live in social housing in the least aractive Rural area neighbourhoods. Low educated people have substantially shorter lifespans than 500,000 80 the highly educated, partly because they have not learned how to take care of their health, e.g. by healthy food and su–cient 100,000 Utrecht 50,000 exercise (RIVM, 2014). Other factors may 10,000 The Hague include unhealthy work environments or 79 time schedules, and the costs of fresh food Roerdam Residents in cities and ‹tness. Life expectancy in well-to-do Amsterdam have a shorter average life expectancy urban neighbourhoods with highly educated

residents, in contrast, tends to be long. pbl.nl 78 Low Median High Socio-economic status

24 Distribution of Cleantech companies Cities as incubators for innovation Source: CBS, adaptation by PBL Cleantech companies are companies that develop and implement forms of technologies that contribute to a cleaner environment and/or to energy use reduction Ranking European regions by patents and eco-patents Urban regions are incubators for innovation Source: OECD REGPAT, adaptation by PBL and entrepreneurship. These areas are vital for the Dutch economy, which needs to learn Selected European regions Selected European regions In and close to cities there are to become much more e“cient with natural in the top 100 of in the top 100 of high levels of clustering of resources and energy, in order to remain patents eco-patents Cleantech companies. High levels of clustering stimulate competitive. Smart and clean technologies Île de France (Paris) 1 1 Île de France (Paris) innovation o”er economic opportunities; the global Noord-Brabant (Eindhoven) Rhône-Alpes (Lyon) Darmstadt demand for energy-e“cient technologies Lombardia (Milan) Cologne and sustainable products is growing rapidly Noord-Brabant (Eindhoven) (PBL, 2014a). Midtjylland (Aarhus) Hovedstaden (Copenhagen) 20 20 Cleantech companies also are Start-ups are important for innovation located in rural areas. However, the and growth, but they oŽen don’t survive distance to other companies is aŽer the ™rst phase of initiation. Instead of rather great Zuid-Holland conquering the market with their innovative (Ro‹erdam, The Hague, idea or product, they get stuck in the ‘valley DelŽ and Leiden) Noord-Holland (Amsterdam) of death’; a phase in which a start-up 40 40 Hovedstaden Zuid-Holland ™rm will die o” before a steady stream of (Copenhagen) (Ro‹erdam, The Hague, revenue is established. ‘Green’ start-ups DelŽ and Leiden) have a particularly hard time overcoming Noord-Holland this hurdle. A clearer long-term ambition (Amsterdam) for greening the economy and investments 60 60 in green funds may help companies traverse this ‘valley of death’. Midtjylland (Aarhus) Cities are at the forefront of the transition towards a green economy. Urban citizens 80 80 and civic entrepreneurs are launching all Level of clustering kinds of sustainability initiatives. Businesses and research institutes dealing with green Low High innovation are highly clustered in the large urban agglomerations. Their knowledge, Number of employees creativity and e”orts o”er opportunities for 100 100 Less innovation and green growth. 15–50 50–150 than 15 150–500 500–1000 More than 1000 pbl.nl 26 120 120 Past Present Future A day in 1980 2010 2040 Deaths Births the life of Amsterdam Seling Moving away

Immigration Emigration pbl.nl pbl.nl 1 person - 13 + 34 + 9

The city of Amsterdam changes day by apartments in favour of single-family The tide turned in the 1990s. Amsterdam physical space. New urban redevelopment the country also boosted Amsterdam’s the population in Amsterdam increased day. Population numbers have increased dwellings in suburbs or new towns such as became more aractive for young people projects were developed on both the population. Approximately 90 people from 715,000 to 790,000. It is expected since the 1990s, and this trend is expected Alkmaar, Hoofddorp, Hoorn, Purmerend, and families. Trendy neighbourhoods, such western and eastern side of the city. moved to Amsterdam on any given day in that Amsterdam will stay a popular place to continue well into the 21st century. Lelystad and Almere. Many businesses also as the Jordaan, began to aract young, On a typical day in 2010, approximately 2010, while only 80 le– the city. In addition, of residence in the future and that the city Amsterdam was not always this popular. vacated the city for accessible locations well-educated and well-paid people, who 30 children were born in Amsterdam about 55 foreign immigrants arrived, 10 will reach a population of around 925,000 In the 1970s and 1980s, many families along the motorways where space was valued the charming historic surroundings and about 15 people died. In addition to more than decided to emigrate on that day. inhabitants by 2040. turned their backs on the small city cheap and plentiful. and copious cultural aractions over the positive natural population growth, At the end of the day, each day, Amsterdam the in”ux of people from elsewhere in grew by 34 people. Between 1980 and 2010,

Source: CBS/PBL, adaptation by PBL 28 Appendix References

All infographics in Cities in the Netherlands have been Page 12 Less growth and more decline Page 24 Wealthier = Healthier Ahrend, R. and Lembcke, A. (2015) Economic and PBL (2014b) De Nederlandse bevolking in beeld. created and edited by PBL Netherlands Environmental This infographic on population growth and decline per This infographic on life expectancy per municipality Demographic Trends in Cities. OECD Regional The Hague: PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency and are based on infographics municipality is based on data provided by Statistics in relationship to socio-economic status is based Development Working Papers. Paris: OECD Assessment Agency. published in the ‘De Nederlandse bevolking in beeld’ Netherlands (CBS). The future projection is based on on data provided by the National Institute for Public publishing. (PBL, 2014b) and ‘De stad verbeeld’ (PBL, 2015b). calculations by PBL and CBS (2013). More information Health and the Environment (RIVM). PBL (2015a) De stad: magneet, roltrap en spons. can be found here: http://www.pbl.nl/themasites/ CBS (2014) Veiligheidsmonitor 2014. The Hague: The Hague: PBL Netherlands Environmental The authors would like to thank the following people regionale-bevolkingsprognose Page 26 Cities as incubators for innovation Statistics Netherlands, CBS. Assessment Agency. from the Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom The ranking of European regions by patents and Relations (BZK) and the Ministry of Infrastructure and Page 14 The gravitational pull of the Randstad eco-patents is based on data published by the OECD European Commission (2014) Investment for jobs and PBL (2015b) De stad verbeeld. The Hague: PBL the Environment (IenM) for their contribution to this This infographic on population growth and migration (REGPAT database, version July 2014). The distribution growth: promoting development and good governance in Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency. publication: Syd Jordaan (BZK), Yvonne van Remmen flows per region is based on data provided by of Cleantech companies in the Netherlands is based EU regions and cities. Sixth report on economic, social and (BZK) and Willemieke Hornis (IenM). Statistics Netherlands (CBS). The future projection is on data by Statistics Netherlands (CBS). The map territorial cohesion. Brussels: European Commission, RIVM (2014) Naar een gezonder Nederland. based on calculations by PBL and CBS (2013). has been published in an earlier PBL publication: Directorate-General for Regional and Urban Policy. Bilthoven: National Institute for Public Health and Furthermore, many PBL colleagues have given PBL publication: ‘Green Gains: In search of the Environment, RIVM. valuable input and feedback. Special thanks go to: Page 16 Large cities attract migrants opportunities for the Dutch economy’ (PBL, 2014a). Evers, D., Tennekes, J. and van Dongen, F. (2015) Hans van Amsterdam, Ton Dassen, Guus de Hollander, This infographic on immigration and emigration in the De veerkrachtige binnenstad. The Hague: PBL Rutte, R. and Abrahamse, J.E. (2016)Atlas of the Dutch Andries de Jong, Marjolijn Mercx, Raymond de Niet, four largest Dutch cities is based on data provided by Page 28 A day in the life of Amsterdam Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency. urban landscape. A millennium of spatial development. Otto Raspe, Jan Ritsema van Eck, Ramon Rodrigo, Statistics Netherlands (CBS). This infographic on population change in Amsterdam Bussum, Delft and Amersfoort: THOTH, Delft Daniëlle Snellen, Jacqueline Timmerhuis, Anet is based on data provided by Statistics Netherlands Hajer, M. and Dassen, T. (2014) Smart about Cities. University of Technology and Cultural Heritage Weterings and Ries van der Wouden. Page 18 Cities are where the jobs are (CBS). The future projection is based on calculations visualising the challenges for 21st century urbanism. Agency of the Netherlands. The map on job density is based on data provided by by PBL and CBS (2013). Rotterdam/The Hague: nai010 publishers/PBL The following sources were used: LISA. The classification of ‘Cities’, ‘Commuting zone’ Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency. Van Oort, F., Meijers, E., Thissen, M. Hoogerbrugge, and ‘Rural area’ is based on the definition by the OECD M. and Burger, M. (2015) De concurrentiepositie van Page 8 Cities are popular (2012). The graphic on job growth for the four largest OECD (2012) Redefining “Urban”: A new way to measure Nederlandse steden. The Hague: Platform 31. The map on population change is based on urban regions in the Netherlands is based on data metropolitan areas. Paris: OECD publishing. data provided by Statistics Netherlands (CBS). from the European Regional Database provided by The future projection is based on calculations by Cambridge Econometrics (version April 2015). PBL (2014a) Green Gains: In search of opportunities for PBL and CBS (2013). the Dutch economy, The Hague: PBL Netherlands The classification of ‘City’, ‘Commuting zone’ and Page 20 Economic growth has many faces Environmental Assessment Agency. ‘Rural area’ is based on the definition by the OECD This infographic on employment growth and labour (2012). More information on the definition can be productivity growth is based on data from the found here: http://www.oecd.org/regional/redefining­ European Regional Database provided by Cambridge urbananewwaytomeasuremetropolitanareas.htm Econometrics (version April 2015). The European Regional Database contains socioeconomic data for Page 10 An urban nation 27 European countries on a regional scale (NUTS3) for This infographic is based on data provided by LISA the period 1980 to 2012. (data on employment), Statistics Netherlands (CBS) and the National Institute for Public Health and the Page 22 Income disparities in the city Environment (RIVM). The classification of ‘City’, The maps showing ‘income level per person (2008)’ ‘Commuting zone’ and ‘Rural Area’ is based on the and ‘share of the population with a non-western definition by the OECD (2012). background (2010)’ are based on data provided by Statistics Netherlands (CBS). COLOPHON

Authors Kersten Nabielek David Hamers David Evers

Graphics Filip de Blois, Marian Abels, Marnix Breedijk, Kersten Nabielek, Jan de Ruiter, Allard Warrink (all PBL) and Frederik Ruys (Vizualism)

Production and PBL Publishers English-language editing

Layout Textcetera, The Hague

Printing Xerox/OBT, The Hague

© PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency The Hague, 2016

ISBN 978-94-91506-97-0 This publication can be downloaded from: www.pbl.nl/en. Parts of this publication may be reproduced, PBL publication number 2323 providing the source is stated, in the form: Nabielek K. et al. (2016), Cities in Europe. PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, The Hague.

PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency is the national institute for strategic policy analysis in the fields of the environment, nature and spatial planning. We contribute to improving the quality of political and administrative decision-making by conducting outlook studies, analyses and evaluations in which an integrated approach is considered paramount. Policy relevance is the prime concern in all our studies. We conduct solicited and unsolicited research that is always independent and scientifically sound.