lHE U.S. S. R. . AND

I . THE ANGLO-SOVIET- AMERICAN FIGHTING, A LLI ANCE · JOSEPH STALIN • O N~. YEAR SINCE } PEARL ~ARBO R EARL BR.OyYDER

• / .. ·STALIN AND TH E PATRIOTIC WAR r IKHAJL KALININ . \ e . THE C.I.O. CONVENTION 1 "' ROY HUDSON • • THE 1942 ELECTIONS-AND AFTER MILTON HOWARD • THE STUDY OF MARXISM .. LENINISM SAM DON I'" ' ... ' ' _. . \ . . '\

iJ Vi cto r y~And Af ter · > • r By EARL BROWDER

Earl B rowd e~·s new book, VI_PTO RY-.A,ND AFTE~ represents , . fim ro u n d, &d-J~t and complete .statement o{ the Comm u ni~ position on th ~ inost vital q'u,estions of the war'~ YICTORY-AND AFTER Is e cld re~d to the entire nation, not prl~arily to confirmed C~mm u nl sta . . , ,... ' - ' I scores of out.+ond,­ 'I Becau" close to four million Americans-and ing working class leaders of Europa, ~Ia end Lotin Ame ~ lca.....petl · tioned for tke authot'a freedom\· because he is tile leader of a Party i wh ich' is playing an i11c: reasi ngly decisive role for n.tio nal unity end victory, thia book by the foremost apok.smen of the C9mmunist Per4 wiU 'receive public: attention far beyond the circles of his own mi nority party, and will be r&a d by most 1)pen-milfded •thi nkers of 11 11 shades _ of political opinion in thit United State"S.

-, \' 1 /' VIctory-And After Is a basic: Marxist work, applyi ng in • IM n, m a ~ne r 'the leni,11_ist th e,?rY' ~ n d m-ethod to the solution of,the ,mosf presslng - ~ roblema arising from the war, and In ib enalysis of the con­ ditions re qui r~t d for cvic:fory a'nd what to do with victory when we h•ve won it. , The ; .ture and charec:t~r of the war; t~e stfat~ gy ra­ re d for victory; probla_,ms . of netlonel unity a~d the attitude to the ~ul 1 w•r effort of ' the ~mlnunist , Socialisl, Republican and D'emoc:Jeflc: parties: +.he probJem ~f the c:'olonial end smaller countries sud! es C hi nl, h~e~la, Africa, latin Alnerlce; lndustr,ial p ,~ductton and thl role of labor In a' 'fter ecollofTiy: the question ,of relations betwee~ tht cepltaUs! ~o u n trl es a ~ t_he soc:ialilf S<}viet • Union ; for. the war effort end the poat-war rec:on5truc:tlon, all thes• .,. /deolt with authoritetively In thll new wor~. ; ' ,;' , I I I .._ :Special Popular Eqifion, SOc:. '· 'I ,-" I . \I " ' - ' J r VfORKERS LIBRARY PUB LIS ~E~S ( P. 0. Box f-48, Station 0 (832 Broadway), 't New York, N. Y.

'')

I • I ,, ( ,, '. VOL. XXI, No. 11 DECEMBER, 1942 THE COMMUNIST

A MAGAZINE OF THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF MARXISM-LENINISM EDITOR: EARL BROWDER

CONTENTS

The U.S.S.R. and the Anglo-Soviet-American Fighting Alliance . Joseph Stalin 963 One Year Since Pearl Harbor . Earl Browder . 976 The C.I.O. Convention Roy Hudson 985 Stalin and the Patriotic War Mikhail Kalinin 1000 The 1942 Elections-And After Milton Howard 1005 The Pacific Front in the Global War James S. Allen 1012 The Study of Marxism-Leninism and the Role of the Party in Promoting National Unity Sam Don. 1021 What About Hitler's Finnish Ally? . Jessica Mattson 1039 The Free Germans to the German People Paul Merker 1051 Index-1942 1057

Entered as second class matter November 2, 1927, at the Post Of]ice at New YOTk, N. Y., under the Act of March 3, 1879. THE COMMUNIST is publi&hed Monthly by Workers Library Publishers, Inc.,. at 832 Broadway, New York, N. Y. (mail address, P. 0. Box 148, Station D), to whom snb­ scriptions, payments and correspondence should be sent. Subscription rate: $2.00 4 year; $1.00 for six months; foreign and Canada $2.50 a year. Single copies 20 eents.

PI.INTBI> IN THB U.S.A, .... ••9 THE LIFE STORY OF A WORLD FIGURE- JOSEPH STALl N A SHORT BIOGRAPHY

This authoritative life story of Joseph Stalin, leader of the Soviet Union and of the Bolshevik Party, provides the best general account of the practical and theoretical contributions made by Stalin to the success of the October Revolution of 1917, and to the subsequent building of socialism on one-sixth of the world. Starting with Stalin's childhood and youth, this biography traces his activities as a revolutionary in his native Georgia, his meeting and lifelong collaboration with V. I. Lenin, his many arrests and years of exile at the hands of the tsarist police, his role during the February and October Revolutions, his brilliant military leadership during the civil war and the war of interven­ tion. It describes Stalin's successful fight to carry through the Five-Year Plans, the collectivization an.d mechanization of agricul­ ture, the building of a powerful Red Army and Navy. It deals also with Stalin's great contributions in the realm of Marxist­ Leninist theory, particularly on the questions of the state, the victory of socialism in a single country, and on the national question. The criminal assault of Hitler Germany against the Soviet Union, and Stalin's active leadership in the war against Hitlerism, lend added weight and interest to this 13iographical study. PRICE 20 CENTS

Order from WORKERS LIBRARY PUBLISHERS P. 0. Box 148, Station D, New York, N.Y. THE U.S.S.R. AND THE ANGLO-SOVIET­ AMERICAN FIGHTING ALLIANCE

BY JOSEPH STALIN ADDRESS BEFORE THE MOSCOW SOVIET OF WORKING PEOPLE'S DEPUTIES, ON NOVEMBER 6, 1942, ON THE OCCASION OF THE TWENTY-FIFTH ANNIVERSARY OF THE OCTOBER REVOLUTION.

OMRADES: We are today cele­ I. Organizational Work in the Rear Cbrating the twenty-fifth anni­ versary of the victory of the Soviet The peaceful, constructive work Revolution in our country. Twenty­ of our directing organs in this five years have elapsed since the period consisted in shifting the base Soviet system was established in of our industry, both war and our country. We are now on the civilian, to the Eastern regions of threshold of the next, the twenty­ our country, in the evacuation and sixth, year of the existence of the establishment in their new places of Soviet system. industrial workers and the equip­ At meetings in celebration of ment of plants, in extending crop anniversaries of the October Soviet areas and iilcreasing the wiilter crop Revolution it is customary to pass area in the East, and lastly, in the in review the results of the work of radical improvement of the work government and party organs for of our industries producing for the the past year. It is on these results front, and in strengthening labor for the past year-from November discipline in the rear, both in the of last year to November of the cur­ factories and in collective and state rent year-that I have been author­ farms. ized to make this report to you. It should be said that this was a The activities of our government most difficult and complex work of and party organs during the past organization on a large !?Cale, on the period have proceeded in two di­ part of all our economic and admin­ rections: In the direction of peace­ istrative people's commissariats, ill­ ful construction and the organiza­ eluding our railways. However, we tion of a strong rear for our front, managed to overcome the difficul­ on the one hand, and in the direc­ ties. And now our factories, collec­ tion of carrying out defensive and tive farms and state farms are in­ offensive operations of the Red disputably, in spite of all difficulties Army on the other. of wartime, working satisfactorily. 963 964 THE U.S.S.R. AND ANGLO-SOVIET-AMERICAN RELATIONS Our munitions factories and allied of the Red Army against the Ger­ enterprises are conscientiously and man-fascist troops. punctually supplying the Red Army Hostilities on the Soviet-German with guns, trench mortars, aircraft, Front in the past year may be di­ tanks, machine-guns, rifles and am­ vided into two periods: The first munition. Our collective farms and period was chiefly the winter period, state farms are likewise conscien­ when the Red Army, having beaten tiously and punctually supplying off the Germans' attack on Moscow, the population and Red Army with took the initiative into its own foodstuffs, and our industry with hands, passed to the offensive, drove raw materials. back the German fascist troops, It must be admitted that never and in the space of four months ad­ before has our country had such a vanced in places over 400 kilometers; strong and well-organized rear. As and the second period, the summer a result of all this complex organ­ period, when the German fascist ization and constructive effort not troops, taking advantage of the ab­ only our country but also the people sence of a second front in Europe, in the rear have themselves been mustered all their available reserves, transformed. They have become pierced the front in the southwest­ more efficient, less slipshod, more ern direction and, taking the initi­ disciplined, they have learned to ative into their own hands, in the work in wartime fashion and have space of five. months advanced in come to realize their duty to the places as much as 500 kilometers. Motherland and her defenders at the The hostilities in the first period, front--to the Red Army. Bunglers especially the successful operations and slackers with no sense of civic of the Red Army in the Rostov, Tula duty are growing fewer and fewer and Kaluga areas, at Moscow and at in the rear. Organized and disci­ Tikhvin and Leningrad, disclosed plined people, imbued with a sense two significant facts. They showed, of civic duty, are becoming more firstly, that the Red Army and its and more numerous. combatant cadres have grown to be­ But, as I have said, the past year come an effective force capable not was not only one of peaceful con­ only of withstanding the onsiaught struction. It was at the same time a of the German-fascist troops, but year of patriotic war against the also of defeating them in open German invaders who vilely and battle and driving them back. treacherously attacked our peaceful They showed, secondly, that with country. all their staunchness, the German fascist troops have serious organic II. Hostilities on the Soviet­ defects which, given certain favor­ German Front able conditions for the Red Army, As regards the military activities may lead to the defeat of the Ger­ of our directing organs in the past man troops. year, they consisted in providing for It cannot be regarded as mere offensive and defensive operations chance that the German troops, THE U.S.S.R. AND ANGLO-SOVIET-AMERICAN RELATIONS 965 having marched in triumph through summer offensive on our front? all Europe and having smashed the To judge by the comments of the French troops, which had been con­ foreign press, including the Ger­ sidered a first-class army, met with man, one might think that the effective military rebuff only in our principal objective of the offensive country, and not only met with re­ was to capture the oil districts of buff but were compelled under the Grozny and Baku. But the facts de­ blows of the Red Army to retreat cidedly refute this assumption. more than 400 kilometers from posi­ The facts show that the German tions they had occupied, abandon­ advance toward the oil districts of ing on their road of retreat an im­ the U.S.S.R. is not their principal mense quantity of guns, machines objective but an auxiliary one. and ammunition. This fact cannot What, then, was the principal ob­ be explained by winter conditions jective of the German offensive? of warfare alone. It was to outflank Moscow from The second period of hostilities the east, to cut it off from the Volga on the Soviet-German Front was and our rear in the Urals, and then marked by a turn in favor of the to strike at Moscow. Germans, by the passing of the The advance of the Germans initiative into the hands of the Ger­ southward toward the oil districts mans, by the piercing of our front had an auxiliary purpose, which in the southwestern direction, by was not only, and not so much, to the advance of German troops and capture the oil districts as to divert their reaching the areas of Voronezh, our main reserves to the south and Stalingrad, Novorossiysk, Pyatigorsk to weaken the Moscow front, so as and Mozdok. to make it easier to achieve success Taking advantage of the absence when striking at Moscow. of a second front in Europe, the That, in fact, explains why the Germans and their allies hurled all main group of German troops is now their available reserves to the front, to be found not in the south but in and, massing them in one direction, the Orel and Stalingrad areas. created a great superiority. Recently a German officer of the Apparently the Germans are al­ German General Staff fell into the ready not strong enough to conduct hands of our men. A map was found an offensive simultaneously in all on the officer showing the plans and three directions, in the south, north schedule of the German advance. and center, as was the case in the From this document it transpires early months of the German offen­ that the Germans intended to be in sive in the summer of last year, but Borisoglybsk on July 10, 1942, · in they are still strong enough to or­ Stalingrad on July 25, in Saratov on ganize a serious offensive in some August 10, in Kuibyshev on August one direction. 15, in Arzamas on SeptQmber 10, What was the principal objective and in Baku on September 25. pursued by the German fascist This document completely con­ strategists when they started their firms our information to the effect 966 THE U.S.S.R. AND ANGLO-SOVIET-AMERICAN RELATIONS that the principal aim of the Ger­ III. The Question of the Second man summer offensive was to out­ Front in Europe flank Moscow from the east, to strike at Moscow, while the purpose How are we to explain the fact of the advance to the south was, that the Germans this year were apart from everything else, to divert still able to take the initiative of our reserves as far as possible from operations into their hands and Moscow and to weaken the Moscow achieve substantial tactical successes front so as to make it easier to. on our front? It is to be explained strike at Moscow. by the fact that the Germans and In short, the principal objective of their allies succeeded in mustering the German summer offensive was all their available reserves, hurling to surround Moscow and end the them onto the eastern front and war this year. creating a big superiority of forces In· November of last year the in one of the directions. Germans reckoned on capturing There can be no doubt that, but Moscow by striking a frontal blow, for these measures, the Germans compelling the Red Army to capitu­ could not have achieved any success late and thus achieve the termina­ on our front. tion of the war in the east. They But why where they able. to mus­ fed their soldiers with tl;lese illu­ ter all their reserves and hurl them sions. onto the eastern front? Because But these calculations of the the absence of the second front in Germans, as we know, miscarried. Europe enabled them to carry out Having burned their fingers last this operation without any risk to year in attempting a frontal blow themselves. Hence, the chief reason at Moscow, the Germans conceived for the tactical successes of the Ger­ the intention of capturing Moscow mans on our front this year is that this year, this time by an outflank­ the absence of the second front in ing movement, and thus ending the Europe enabled them to hurl onto war in the east. It is with these our front all their available reserves illusions that they are now feeding and to create a big superiority of their duped soldiers. forces in the southwestern direction. As we know, these calculations of Let us assume that a second front the Germans also miscarried. existed in Europe as it existed in the As a result of hunting after two first World War, and that the sec­ hares-after oil and after the en­ ond front diverted, let us say, sixty circlement of Moscow-the Ger­ German divisions and twenty di­ man fascist strategists have landed visions of Germany's allies. in a difficult situation. What would have been the posi­ Thus the tactical objectives of the tion of the German troops on our German summer offensive were not front then? It is not difficult to guess consummated, owing to the obvious that their position would be deplor­ unfeasibility of their strategical able. More, it would have been the plans. beginning of the end of the German THE U.S.S.R. Al\T]) ANGLO-SOVIET-AMERICAN RELATIONS 967 fascist troops; for in that case the Germany now has, not less than Red Army would not be where it is 179 German divisions are on our now but somewhere near Pskov, front. Minsk, Zhitomir and Odessa. That If to this we add twenty-two means that already in the summer Rumanian divisions, fourteen Finn­ of this year, the German fascist ish divisions, ten Italian divisions, army would have been on the verge thirteen Hungarian divisions, one of disaster, and if that has not oc­ Slovak division and one Spanish di­ curred, it is because the Germans vision, we get a total of 240 di­ were saved by the absence of a sec­ visions which are now fighting on ond front in Europe. our front. Let us examine the qusetion of a The remaining divisions of Ger­ second front in Europe in its his­ many and her allies are performing torical aspect. garrison service in the occupied In the first World War Germany countries (France, Belgium, Nor­ had to fight on two fronts, in the way, Holland, Yugoslavia, Poland, west chiefly against Great Britain Czechoslovakia, etc.) while part of and France, and in the east against them are fighting in Lybia for Egypt the Russian troops. against Great Britain, the Lybian Thus, in the first World War there front diverting in all four German existed a second front against Ger­ divisions and eleven Italian di­ many. Of 220 divisions which Ger­ visions. many then ·had, not more than 85 Hence, instead of 127 divisions in German divisions were stationed on the first World War, we are now the Russian front. If to this we add facing on our front no less than 240 the troops of Germany's allies then divisions, and instead of 85 German facing the Russian front, namely 37 divisions we now have 179 German Austro-Hungarian divisions, two divisions fighting the Red Army. Bulgarian divisions, and three Turk­ There you have the chief reason ish divisions, we get a total of 127 and foundation for the tactical suc­ divisions facing the Russian troops. cesses of the German fascist troops The rest of the divislons of Ger­ on our front in the summer of this many and her allies chiefly held the year. front against the Anglo-French The German invasion of our troops while part of them performed country is often compared to Na­ garrison service in the occupied ter­ poleon's invasion of Russia. But this ritories of Europe. comparison will not bear criticism. Such was the position in the first Of the 600,000 troops which began World War. the campaign against Russia, Na­ What is the position now, in the poleon scarcely brought 130,000 or second World War, in September of 140,000 troops as far as Borodino. this year, let us say? That was all he had at his disposal According to authenticated in­ at Moscow. Well, we now have over formation which is beyond all 3,000,000 troops facing the front of doubt, of the 256 divisions which the Red Army and armed with all

that that since since of of every every France France nation nation has has been been to to arrange arrange put put out out its its affairs affairs

Our Our allies allies of of their their cannot cannot sovereign sovereign fail fail to to rights; rights; realize realize the the right right

we we do. do. slaved slaved nations nations and and the the restoration restoration

cause cause our our of of allies allies their their need need territories, territories, it it no no less less liberation liberation than than of of en­

we we need need it, it, but, but, and and above above all, all, be­ equality equality of of nations nations and and the the integrity integrity

And And it it abolition abolition will will be be not not of of only only racial racial because because exclusiveness, exclusiveness,

later, later, there there Anglo-Soviet-American Anglo-Soviet-American will will be be one. one. coalition coalition is: is:

all? all? Yes, Yes, there there will will be; be; sooner sooner or or The The program program of of action action of of the the

be be a a second second regime regime front front everywhere. everywhere. in in Europe Europe after after

It It js js often often and and asked: asked: the the institution institution But But will will of of there there the the Hitlerite Hitlerite

destruction destruction of of democratic democratic overpowering overpowering liberties, liberties, it. it.

not not only only spoliation spoliation withstanding withstanding of of their their it it but but national national also also wealth, wealth,

standing standing the the such such subjugated subjugated an an onslaught--and onslaught--and nations nations and and the the

our our Red Red Army Army are are capable capable of of with­ territories, territories, economic economic enslavement enslavement of of

Only Only our our Soviet Soviet country country and and only only other other nations nations and and seizure seizure of of their their

and and their their allies. allies. "chosen" "chosen" nations, nations, subjugation subjugation of of

bands bands of of German German fascist fascist brigands brigands racial racial hatred, hatred, domination domination by by the the

such such an an onslaught onslaught of of the the bestial bestial scribed scribed by by the the following following points: points:

no no other other army army could could have have withstood withstood Italo-German Italo-German coalition coalition may may be be de­

I I think think that that no no other other country country and and The The program program of of action action of of the the

fascist fascist invaders. invaders. of of action. action.

of of liberation liberation against against the the German German two two different different and and opposite opposite programs programs

played played by by the the Red Red Army Army in in its its war war two two opposite opposite coalitions coalitions are are guided guided by by

and and how how great great is is the the heroism heroism dis­ is is equally equally indisputable indisputable that that these these

ficulties ficulties confronting confronting the the Red Red Army Army Anglo-Soviet-American Anglo-Soviet-American coalition. coalition. It It

ous ous and and extraordinary extraordinary are are the the dif­ coalition, coalition, and and the the camp camp of of the the

You You can can now now conceive conceive how how seri­ the the camp camp of of the the Italo-German Italo-German

appropriate. appropriate. opposite opposite camps camps have have taken taken place, place,

Obviously, Obviously, the the comparison comparison is is not not of of forces forces and and the the formation formation of of two two

in in the the first first World World War. War. ite-Germany, ite-Germany, a a radical radical demarcation demarcation

many many troops troops are are facing facing our our front front as as imposed imposed upon upon the the nations nations by by Hitler­

Secondly, Secondly, in in this this war war twice twice as as putable putable that that in in the the course course of of the the war war

front front in in Europe. Europe. It It may may now now be be considered considered indis­

as as in in this this war war there there is is no no second second

mans' mans' position position very very difficult, difficult, where­ in in Europe Europe

in in Europe Europe which which rendered rendered the the Ger­ Germany Germany and and Her Her Allies Allies

World World War War there there was was a a second second front front United United States States Against Against Hitler­

bear bear criticism. criticism. First, First, in in the the first first U.S.S.R., U.S.S.R., Great Great Britain Britain and and the the

But But neither neither will will this this comparison comparison of of IV. IV. The The Fighiting Fighiting Alliance Alliance the the

the the time time of of the the first first World World War. War.

selves. selves. the the German German invasion invasion of of Russia Russia at at

countries, countries, including including the the allies allies them­ try try is is also also sometimes' sometimes' compared compared to to

end end badly badly for for all all freedom-loving freedom-loving The The German German invasion invasion of of our our coun­

front front against against fascist fascist Germany Germany may may What What comparison comparison can can there there be be here? here?

of of action, action, the the absence absence of of a a second second the the implements implements of of modern modern warfare. warfare.

968 968 THE THE U.S.S.R. U.S.S.R. AND AND ANGLO-SOVIET-AMERICAN ANGLO-SOVIET-AMERICAN RELATIONS RELATIONS THE U.S.S.R. AND ANGLO-SOVIET-AMERICAN RELATIONS 969 as it wishes, economic aid to na­ ready to join it in fighting against tions that have suffered and assis­ Hitler's tyranny. tance to them in attaining' their If the relative strength of these material welfare, restoration of two coalitions is examined from the democratic liberties, destruction of standpoint of human and material the Hitlerite regime. resources, one cannot help reaching The effect of the program of ac­ the conclusion that the Anglo­ tion of the Italo-German coalition Soviet-American coalition has an has been that all the occupied coun­ indisputable advantage. But the tries of Europe-Norway, Denmark, question is: Is this advantage alone Belgium, Holland, France, Poland, sufficient for victory? Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Greece There are occasions, as we know, and the occupied regions of the when resources are abundant but U.S.S.R.-are burning with hatred are expended so incompetently that for the Italo-German tyrants, are the advantage is nullified. Obvious­ causing all the damage they can to ly, what is ne!ided in addition to the the Germans and their allies, and resources is the capacity to mobilize are waiting for a favorable oppor­ these resources and the ability to tunity to take revenge on their con­ expend them properly. querors for the humiliations and Is there any reason for doubting violence they are suffering. the existence of such ability ana In this connection, one of the such capacity on the part of the men characteristic features of the pres­ of the Anglo-Soviet-American ent moment is the progressively coalition? growing isolation of the Italo-Ger­ . There are people who doubt this. rnan coalition and the depletion of But what grounds have they for its moral and political reserves in their doubts? Europe, its growing weakness and There was a time when the men disintegration. of this coalition displayed their The effect of the program of ac­ ability and capacity to mobilize the tion of the Anglo-Soviet-American resources of their countries and to coalition has been that all the occu­ expend them properly for the pur­ pied countries in Europe are full of pose of economic, cultural and po­ sympathy for the members of this litical development. coalition and are prepared to render One asks: What grounds are there them all the help of which they are for doubting that the men who have capable. displayed capacity and ability in In this connection, another char­ mobilizing and distributing re­ acteristic feature of the present sources for economic, cultural and moment is that the moral and po­ political purposes will prove in­ litical reserves of this coalition are capable of doing the same things growing from day to day in Europe for the purposes of war? -and not only in Europe-and I think there are no such grounds. that this coalition is progressively It is said that the Anglo-Soviet­ winning millions of sympathizers American coalition has every chance 970 THE U.S.S.R. AND ANGLO-~OVIET-AMERICAN RELATIONS of winning and would certaip.ly win have facts and events pointing to a if it did not have one organic de­ progressive rapprochement between fect which is capable of weakening members of the Anglo-Soviet­ and disintegrating it. American coalition and their uniting This defect, in the opinion of these into a single fighting alliance. people, is that this coalition con­ The events of the past year sup­ sists of heterogeneous elements with ply direct proof of this. different ideologies and that this In July, 1941, several weeks after circumstance will prevent their or­ Germany attacked the U.S.S.R., ganizing joint action against the Great Britain concluded with us an common enemy. agreement "for joint action in the I think that this assertion is war against Germany." At that time wrong. It would be ridiculous to we had not yet any agreement with deny the difference in ideologies and the United States of America on this social systems of the countries com­ subject. Ten months later, on May posing the Anglo-Soviet-American 26, 1942, during Comrade Molotov's coalition. But does this preclude the visit to Great Britain, the latter con­ possibility and expediency of joint cluded with us the "Treaty of Alli­ action on the part of the members ance in the War Against Hitlerite of this coalition against the com­ Germany and her Associates in Eu­ mon enemy who holds out the threat rope and on Collaboration and Mu­ of enslavement for them? It cer­ tual Aid Thereafter." This treaty tainly does not. was concluded for a period of twenty More than that, the existence of years. It marks a historic turning this threat imperatively imposes the point in the relations between our necessity of joint action upon mem­ country and Great Britain. bers of the coalition in order to save In June, 1942, during Comrade mankind from reversion to savagery Molotov's visit to the U.S.A., the and medieval brutality. United States of America concluded Is not the program of action of with us an "Agreement, in Principle, the Anglo-Soviet-American coali­ Applying to Mutual Aid in the Con­ tion a sufficient basis for the organ­ duct of the War Against Aggres­ ization of joint struggle against the sion," the agreement representing a Hitlerite tyranny and for the substantial advance in the relations achievement of victory over it? I between the U.S.S.R. and the U.S.A. think that it is quite sufficient. Lastly, one should mention so im­ The assumption of these people portant a fact as the visit to Moscow is also wrong because of the fact of the British Prime Minister, Mr. that it is completely refuted by the Churchill, which established com­ events of the past year. And, indeed, plete mutual understanding between if these people were right we should the leaders of the two countries. be observing a progressive mutual There can be no doubt that all alienation of members of the Anglo­ these facts point to a progres­ Soviet-American coalition. sive rapprochement between the Yet, far from observing this, we U.S.S.R., Great Britain and the THE U.S.S.R. AND ANGLO-SOVIET-AMERICAN RELATIONS 971 United States of America and to stand that that is not only impos­ their uniting in a fighting alliance sible in regard to Germany, as it is against the Italo-German coalition. in regard to Russia, but also inad­ It follows that the logic of things visable from the point of view of is stronger than any other logic. victory. There can be only one conclusion, But Hitler's army can and should namely, that the Anglo-Soviet­ be destroyed. Our second task is in American coalition has every chance fact to destroy Hitler's army and its of vanquishing the Italo-German leaders. coalition and certainly will van­ The Hitlerite scoundrels have quish it. made it a rule to torture the Soviet war prisoners, to slay them by the V. Our Tasks hundreds and to condemn thousands of them to death by starvation. They The war has torn off all veils and outrage and slaughter the civilian laid bare all relationships. The situ­ population of the occupied terri­ ation has become so clear that noth­ tories of our country, men and ing is easier than to define our tasks women, children and old folk, our in this war. brothers and sisters. They have In an interview with the Turkish made it their aim to enslave or ex­ General Erkilet, published in the terminate the population of the TUrkish newspaper Oumhuriyet, the Ukraine, Byelorussia, the Baltic Re­ cannibal Hitler said: "We shall de­ publics, Moldavia, the Crimea and stroy Russia so that she will never the Caucasus. Only villians and be able to rise again." scoundrels bereft of all honor and That would appear clear although fallen to the state of beasts can rather silly. permit themselves such outrages It is not our aim to destroy Ger­ toward innocent, unarmed peoples. many, for it is impossible to destroy But that is not all. They have Germany, just as it is impossible covered Europe with gallows and to destroy Russia. concentration camps; they have in­ But the Hitlerite state can and troduced a vile "system of hos­ should be destroyed. And our first tages." They shoot and hang abso­ task in fact is to destroy the Hitler­ lutely innocent citizens taken as ite state and its inspirers. "hostages" because some German In the same interview with the beast was prevented from violating same General, that cannibal Hitler women or robbing citizens. went on to say: "We shall continue They have converted Europe into war until Russia ceases to have an a prison of nations. And this they organized military force." call the "new order in Europe." We That would appear clear although know who are the men guilty of illiterate. these outrages, the builders of the It is not our aim to destroy all the "new order in Europe," all those organized military force in Germany, newly-baked governor-generals or for every literate person will under- just ordinary governors, comman- 972 THE U.S.S.R. AND ANGLO-SOVIET-AMERICAN RELATIONS dants and sub-commandants. Their perialists. On its standard is in­ names are known to tens of thou­ scribed: sands of 1ormented people. Let these Hail the victory of thJe Anglo­ butchers know that they will not Soviet-American fighting alliance! escape the responsibility for their Hail the liberation of the nations crimes or elude the avenging hand of Europe from Hitler's tyranny! of the tormented nations. Hail the liberty and independence Our third task is to destroy the of our glorious Soviet motherland! hated "new order in Europe" and to punish its builders. Execration and death to the Ger­ man fascist invaders, to their state, Such are our tasks. their army, their "new order in Comrades, we are waging a great Europe"! war of liberation. We are not waging it alone but in conjunction Glory to our Red Army! with our allies. It will end in our Glory to OUT Navy! victory over the vile foes of man­ Glory to our men and women kind, over the German fascist im- guerrillas!

ORDER OF THE DAY TO THE RED ARMY AND THE SOVIET PEO­ fLE, ON THE OCCASION OF THE TWENTY-FIFTH ANNIVERSARY OF THE OCTOBER REVOLUTION, NOVEMBER 7, 1942

OMRADES, men of the Red pendence, the peoples of the Soviet CArmy, commanders and political State are united in inviolable fra­ workers, men and women guerrillas! ternal friendship. The Soviet people Working people of the Soviet Union! freed themselves from all oppres­ I greet you on behalf of the Soviet sion and by persistent labor secured Government and our Bolshevik for themselves a prosperous and Party and congratulate you on the cultured life. twenty-fifth anniversary of the The present twenty-fifth anniver­ victory of the great October Social­ sary of the great October Socialist ist Revolution. Revolution finds the peoples of our A quarter of a century ago the country at the height of the severe workers and peasants under the battle against the German fascist leadership of the Bolshevik Party invaders and their associates in and the great Lenin established the · Europe. At the beginning of this power of the Soviets in our coun­ year, during the winter period, the try. During this period the peoples Red Army inflicted serious blows of the Soviet Union have traversed upon the German fascist troops. a glorious path. In twenty-five years Having beaten off the Germans' at­ our country has become a mighty tack on Moscow, it took the initi­ socialist, industrial and collective ative into its own hands, passed to farm power. the offensive and drove the German Having won freedom and inde- troops back to the west, delivering THE U.S.S.R. AND ANGLO-SOVIET-AMERICAN RELATIONS 973 a number of regions of our country the German imperialists on the dis­ from German slavery. integration of the Soviet State have The Red Army has thus shown completely failed. Socialist industry, that, given certain favorable condi­ the collective farm system, the tions, it can overcome the German friendship of the people of our fascist troops. country and the Soviet State have During the summer, however, the shown their strength and invinci­ situation on the front changed for bility. The workers and peasants the worse. Taking advantage of the and the whole intelligentsia of our absence of a second front in country, the whole of our rear, arc Europe, the Germans and their conscientiously and selflessly work­ allies swept clear all of their avail­ ing to satisfy the needs of our front. able reserves, hurled them upon our The Red Army is bearing the full Ukrainian front and pierced it. At brunt of the war against Hitler­ the cost of tremendous losses, the Germany and her associates. By its German fascist troops succeeded in selfless struggle against the fascist advancing in the south and imperil­ armies, it has won the love and ing Stalingrad, the Black Sea coast, esteem of all the freedom-loving the Grozny approaches to the peoples of the world. The men and Transcaucasus. commanders of the Red Army, who True, the fortitude and courage formerly lacked adequate military of the Red Army upset the German experience, learned to beat the plans of outflanking Moscow from enemy for a certainty, to destroy the east and striking a blow at the his manpower and equipment, to capital of our country from the frustrate the enemy designs and rear. The enemy was checked at firmly to defend our cities and vil­ Stalingrad. But, although checked at lages against the foreign enslavers. Stalingrad, where he has already The heroic defenders of Moscow lost tens of thousands of his soldiers and Tula, Odessa and Sevastcpol, and officers, the enemy continues to Leningrad and Stalingrad have throw new divisions into the battle, shown examples of supreme cou­ straining his last efforts. rage, iron discipline and fortitude The fighting on the Soviet-Ger­ and the ability to win victory. The man front is becoming ever more example of these heroes is being tense. On the outcome of this strug­ emulated by the whole of our Red gle depends the fate of the Soviet Army. The enemy has already felt State, the freedom and indepen­ on his own skin the capacity of the dence of our Motherland. Our So­ Red Army's resistance. He will yet viet people have stood with honor feel the strength of the crushing the trials which have fallen to their blows of the Red Army. lot, and are filled with an unwaver­ There can be no doubt that the ing faith in victory. German invaders will yet embark The war has been a severe test of upon new adventures. However, the the strength and stability of the enemy's strength is already under­ Soviet system. The calculations of mined and has reached its limit. 974 THE U.S.S.R. AND ANGLO-SOVIET-AMERICAN RELATIONS During the war thfil · Red Army has our army, to perfect the training of put out of commission over 8,000,000 troops and to prepare stubbornly enemy soldiers and officers. Today and persistently to strike a crush­ the Hitler army is adulterated by ing blow at the enemy. Thirdly, to Rumanians, Hungarians, Italians fan the flames of the people's guer­ and Finns and has become far rilla movement in the enemy rear, weaker than in the summer and to wreck the enemy rear, to exter­ autumn of 1941. minate the German fascist scoun­ Comrades, Red Army men, com­ drels. manders, political workers, men and Comrades! The enemy has al­ women guerrillas! It rests on your ready felt the strength of the Red persistence and fortitude, on your Army's blows at Rostov, Moscow, military skill and readiness to ful­ Tikhvin. The day is not far off when fill your duty before your country, the enemy will learn the strength to rout the German fascist army and of new blows of the Red Army. Our to clear the Soviet land of the Hitler sun will yet shine! invaders! We can aiul must clear Long live the twenty-fifth anni­ our Soviet land of this Hitler scum. versary of the great October Social­ To this end it is necessary, first, ist Revolution! staunchly and stubbornly to defend Long live our Red Army! our front line, to prevent the enemy Long live our Navy! from advancing any farther, to do Long live our glorious men and the utmost to wear down the enemy, women guerrillas! to exterminate his manpower and to Death to the German fascist in­ destroy his equipment. Secondly, to vaders! strengthen in every way the iron JOSEPH STALIN, discipline, the strictest order. and People's Commissm· the principle of single authority in of Defense

LETTER OF PREMIER STALIN TO ASSOCIATED PRESS REPRESEN­ TATIVE HENRY C. CASSIDY, NOVEMBER 14, 1942

EAR MR. CASSIDY: I am an­ in the nearest future. The campaign D swering your questions which in Africa refutes once more the reached me on November 12. skeptics who affirm that the Anglo­ First, "What is the Soviet view of American leaders are not capable of the Allied campaign in Africa?" organizing a serious war campaign. The Soviet view of this campaign There can be no doubt that no one is that it represents an outstanding but first-rate organizers could carry fact of major importance, demon­ out such serious war operations as strating the growing might of the the successful landings in North armed forces of the Allies and open­ Africa across the ocean, as the quick ing the prospect of the disintegra­ occupation of harbors and wide ter­ tion of the Italo-German coalition ritories from Casablanca to Bougie, THE U.S.S.R. AND ANGLO-SOVIET-AMERICAN RELATIONS . 975 and as the smashing of the Halo­ Germany as a leading force in the German armies in the Western des­ system of the Axis powers and de­ ert which is being effected with moralizes Hitler's allies in Europe, such mastery. that the campaign released France Second, "How effective has this from her state of lethargy, mobilizes campaign been in relieving pressure the anti-Hitler forces of France, and on the Soviet Union and what fur­ provides a basis for building up an ther aid does the Soviet Union anti-Hitler French army. That cam­ await?" paign creates the conditions for Answer: It is yet too soon to say putting Italy out of commission and to what extent this campaign has for isolating Hitlerite Germany. been effective in relieving immedi­ Finally that campaign creates the ate pressure on the Soviet Union. prerequisites for the establishment But it may be confidently said that of a second front in Europe nearer the effect will not be a small one to Germany's vital centers, which and that a certain relief in pressure will be of decisive importance for on the Soviet Union will result in organizing the victory over Hitler­ the nearest future. ite tyranny. But that is not the only thing Third, "What possibility is there that matters. What matters first of of Soviet offensive power in the east all is that since the campaign in joining the Allies in the west to Africa means that the initiative has hasten the final victory?" passed into the hands of our Allies Answer: There need be no doubt the campaign changes radically the that the Red Army will fulfill its political and war situation in Europe task with honor as it has been ful­ in favor of the Anglo-Soviet-Ameri­ filling it throughout the war. can coalition, that that campaign With respect, undermines the prestige of Hitlerite (Signed) J. STALIN ONE YEAR SINCE PEARL HARBOR*

BY EARL BROWDER

WJE ARE approaching the anni­ essential measure for victory. The ll' versary of Pearl Harbor. Our great significance of our move into country has been fully in the war Africa is that it obviously prepares for almost a year. At last we have the Second Front--perhaps ve1~ taken the initiative with the blow soon. in Africa. It is a convenient time Our first year of active war, in for stock-taking, for adding up our short, has been a year of improvised accounts, to see where we stand. defense, and of preparations for In the Pacific, after many catas­ war. Now we move toward offen­ trophes, we have established a line sive war. of defense which holds over months, One great achievement alone and have even given a sample of stands out in this first year, a politi­ magnificent counter-offensive action cal and diplomatic achievement in the Solomons. The total military which laid a firm foundation for vic­ score for the year, however, remains tory-the cementing of the Anglo­ a staggering loss. We have but a Soviet-American coalition and the relative handful of land forces in formation on that basis of the United contact with the enemy, and naval Nations. action remains essentially in the It is clear that our country en­ phase of defense and protection of tered the war appallingly unpre­ communication routes. pared. It is further clear that we are On the main front, Western Eu­ not yet more than partially mo­ rope, we have as yet engaged the bilized for the war. enemy only in the air, and in naval Our lack of preparation was only safeguarding of the sea routes. We incidentally a lack of the materiel have now secured French Africa of war. It was first of all moral and from the Axis. In the course of the political unpreparedness. Our na­ first year of war, however, we have tional mind, heart, and character not yet been able to establish that were unprepared and ill-prepared Western European front which is the for this Armageddon which decides key to the whole war, the obviously the future of all mankind. Let us remind ourselves, for a *Address delivered in Detroit, NOYember 12, 1942. moment, how ill-prepared was our 976 ONE YEAR SINCE PEARL HARBOR 977 national mind. We did not, as a up the full military power of Hitler­ nation, know the most important ized Europe for almost seventeen facts about the dangerous world in months now, has killed or incapaci­ which we lived. We did not even tated 8,000,000 of Hitler's murder.:. know the most simple facts of the ous hordes, and has presented us relative strength of the various gov­ and our Allies with the possibility ernments of the world. We did not of victory. Once again our "experts' " even know that we were ignorant. opinions were proved wrong, but We thought we knew, but our this time we can be happy that opinion was illusion compounded they were wrong. of misinformation, prejudice, and We had been taught to sneer at wishful thinking. It collapsed into Japan as a military power, and to dust at the first blows of war. We look upon the British-Dutch Empire found ourselves in war-to-the­ as our stronghold in the Pacific. death in a world hitherto complete­ But after Pearl Harbor, Midway, ly hidden from our eyes by clouds the Philippines, we were astounded of illusion. We had to begin, pain­ to witness a few hundred thousand fully and step by step, to recon­ Japanese soldiers sweep that cen­ struct completely our understanding turies-old structure away in a few of the world. weeks and occupy the whole South We had thought of France, in Pacific from India to the gates of alliance with Britain, as the pre­ Australia. Once more our "experts' " ponderant military power of Eu­ opinions turned out to be but silly rope. But France, rotten with trea­ illusions, disastrously silly. son at the head of the state, More disastrous, however, even collapsed even more swiftly and than these illusions about relative miserably than had semi-feudal power, was our confusion as to who Poland; the British army was driven were our enemies and who our from the continent without its arms. friends. We Americans as a nation Hitler conquered all Europe west of helped Hitler's puppet, Franco, de­ the Soviet Union at lightning speed stroy the Spanish Republic, the and nominal cost. Our "experts" same Franco whose network of had misled us. The true relation of spies, the Falange, works freely for forces was the opposite of our Hitler throughout the United States opinion. and Latin America. We supported We had been taught to consider the traitors at the head of France, the Soviet Union a weak and minor and continued to do business with power in the European constellation. them until last Saturday; we went When Hitler invaded the Soviet delirious in our glorification of Hit­ Union, even after our Government ler's ally, Baron Mannerheim of and Britain had taken their stand in "poor little Finland," and give his her support, our "experts" told us agents the freedom of Washington he would conquer that country even to this moment; and we took in a few weeks or months at most. this course because, as a nation, we But the Soviet Union has alone held bad swallowed entire the gigantic 978 ONE YEAR SINCE PEARL HARBOR Hitler lie that the Soviet Union was velt, who is nothing but a Left-wing our enemy. We had been morally bungling amateur." "prepared" for war against the So­ viet Union, but we had been sys­ Here we have a simon-pure tematically "unprepared" for the American example of the same coalition with the Soviet Union by treason that destroyed France. And which alone we could defeat Hit­ it is deeply imbedded among the ler. We even trusted Japan up to big industrialists who control our the very hour her planes bombed war economy. This is not repre­ Pearl Harbor! sentative of all American industrial­ ists (for example, at the meeting Some persons will say: "Why mentioned, the direct Morgan and speak of the past? That is all Rockefeller interests did not join changed now. Why raise dead is­ in these treasonable expressions) but sues?" it does represent the business-as­ It is necessary to speak of the usual capitalists who are fighting past, however, because it is not yet against the essential planning of the dead. We have, as a nation, revised war, and who are responsible for our wrong opinions, but only very the present economic chaos. If they incompletely. We have not yet fully must submit to Governmental au­ learned the lessons of this past. The thority for the war, they call that slogan "Remember Pearl Harbor" "socialism," and prefer the defeat is important precisely because we of the United States and its con­ must still learn the full lessons of quest by Hitler. those events. Clearly, all such talk about the Allow me to cite a few examples "danger of socialism" is merely a of current continuation of this pre-. cover for defeatism bordering on war thinking in illusions instead of treason. The recent Report of the reality, which leads to disaster for Tolan Committee to the House of our nation. In a recent meeting of Representatives, on October 20, pro­ big industrialists in New York to poses a completely centralized na­ consider war policy, the Govern­ tional administration of industry ment's efforts to organize and plan and manpower, working upon a the war economy were denounced as single plan for victory in the war. "socialism," and . the chairman Its proposals are embodied in the summed up the sentiment of those Kilgore-Pepper Bill in the Senate present by saying: and the Tolan Bill in the House. The committee bluntly declares that "If we're going to come out of "our war effort is in jeopardy," that this war with a Marxist brand of "this war can be lost in Washing­ national socialism then I say nego-, tiate the peace now and bring Adolf ton," if such a central administra­ over here to run the show. He knows tion is not established. The commit­ how. He's efficient. He can do a tee is composed of conservative better job than any of us and a Democrats and Republicans, with damned sight better job than Roose- not a "Left-winger" among them. ONE YEAR SINCE PEARL HARBOR 979 Indeed, Congressman Bender of effort is the campaign of certain Ohio, supporting the report, com­ newspapers about a supposed plains that "some points are not "menace of communism" in the made strong enough." And Mr. United States. This campaign takes Bender, leader of the old-line Re­ the form of saying: "Yes, we are publican Party of his state, is a allies of the Communist-led Soviet confirmed anti-New Dealer, but Union, and that is all right; but we clearly moved by one single con­ must all the more suppress the sideration-patriotism, the will to Communists here at home, for they victory in the war, which he sees is are not allies, but dangerous ene­ in grave danger unless the Tolan mies." Committee proposals are adopted Now, it is unfortunately still true and carried out energetically. that most persons do not see how Indeed, the Tolan Committee dangerous this argument is, they proposals are truly national, and de­ do not see where it leads; they see serve the support of capital equally that American Communists are a with that of labor, of the farmers very small minority in the country, equally with that of the small in­ and think it makes little difference dustrialists, businessmen and middle one way or the other if the Com­ classes. It shows the only way in munists are suppressed. But this which' our economy can be mobilized argument is equally as dangerous to meet the strains of all-out war for our war effort as the openly pro­ without a breakdown. But our busi­ Hitler arguments ·before quoted. ness-as-usual industrialists, who This danger is not only in that it cannot abandon their old pre-war endorses Hitler's central slogan that prejudices, fight these proposals to he is the savior of the world from the death, and are ready to sur­ the "Communist menace." It has render our country to Hitler rather immediate, concrete results .that help than see them adopted. Hitler in a military way. Allow me The patriotic men and women of to show a few of these results to you. all classes must unite to save our Look at China. The Chinese Re­ country from such influences, and public is greatly weakened today in thereby save it from destruction at face of the Japanese invaders by the hands of Hitlerism. Victory in the fact that its unity is incom­ the war is the single over-riding plete. There are two powerful par­ consideration that must govern ties, the Kuomintang or government everyone alike, regardless of what party headed by Chiang Kai-shek, sacrifices may be demanded to that and the Chinese Communist Party, end. Such proposals as those in the which leads two powerful armies in Kilgore-Pepper and Tolan Bills semi-autonomous regions; these two must be supported by all, whether parties, after years of civil war, they are adopted by the Executive patched up a truce in 1937, a kind or by Congress. of national unity, in face of the Another example of this pre•war Japanese invasion, but their rela­ thinking which damages our war tions remain very much strained. 980 ONE YEAR SINCE PEARL HARBOR The Kuomintang has, on at least one gument that it is impossible for occasion, deliberately prevented the them sincerely to swear allegiance Communist-led armies from inflict­ to any government except a commu­ ing a heavy defeat on the Japanese, nist one, and when American news­ because they were more afraid of papers continually shriek about the "communism" than of the Japanese "menace of communism." invaders. Today two of the strong­ Thus, by our own example at est Chinese Kuomintang armies are home, we are directly contributing occupied in blockading the Commu­ to the situation in China, where nist-led armies instead of being two groups of Chinese armies are used against the Japanese. watching each other suspiciously All this injures not only China, and taken away from the struggle but also the United States; our Gov­ against Japan. In the further course ernment, helping China, does not of the war, if this is not changed, like to see its help wasted in internal hundreds of thousands of American strife between Kuomintang and boys will pay with their lives for Communists. But when Americans this stupidity. speak to Chinese leaders about this, Or let us take another example, and propose to end this senseless Yugoslavia. Two armies have been quarrel within China, they are an­ fighting against the German and swered: "But you also, in your own Italian invaders, the Partisan Vol­ country, take exactly the same posi­ unteers led by a united front of tion against the Communists that all popular parties, including the we take in our country. We are only Communists, and the Chetniks following your example. If it is headed by General Mikhailovich necessary for you to fight the Com­ and supported by the Yugoslavian mumsts so strongly, where the Com­ Cabinet in London. Recently we munists are weak, how much more learned that Mikhailovich was fight­ necessary is it for us to fight the ing against the Partisan Volunteers, Communists here where they are on the pretext that he had to "sup­ strong?" press the Communists," and had Our Government has but recently , entered into treasonable relations made a serious effort to influence with the Italians for that purpose. the Kuomintang to make a real This is a terrific blow against the peace with the Communists, so that United Nations, and for the Axis, the war can be strengthened against and the Yugoslavian Cabinet is it­ Japan by a million or two of the self sharply divided on the issue. best soldiers in Asia; but it is great­ But American newspapers, trained ly to be feared that this appeal will in the necessity for "suppression not be successful, because the Chi­ of the Communists," unquestioningly nese do not take it seriously when support Mihkailovich and deny his over the same wires they get news treason. The American Government that the U. S. Government is try­ is seriously disturbed by this de­ ing to deprive American Commu­ velopment, but not our newspapers, nists of their citizenship on the ar- who know, without investigation, ONE YEAR SINCE PEARL HARBOR 981 that anyone suppressing Commu­ ler's Axis, and do it as quickly and nists must be in the right. And when efficiently as possible, we need the American representatives fly into Communists of China, of Yugoslavia, Yugoslavia to ask Mikhailovich to of France as our allies, even as we . stop fighting the Communists and to need the Communists of the Soviet fight Germans and Italians instead, Union. Yes, we need the Commu­ the wily general will probably read nists of the United States also for to them a copy of Attorney-General victory, and the Communists of all Biddle's decision on the Bridges lands, not least within Germany it­ case. Thus Hitler continues to be self, where the Communists are strengthened militarily in Europe by hard at work preparing to blow up the "anti-Communists!' in the the Hitler regime from within. United States. Let's see how Hitler's slogan of Now let us take a look at France. the "menace of communism" works Sooner or later, and we must hope close at home. I have a memoran­ sooner, Britain and America are go­ dum dated July 23, 1942, circulated ing to open up the Second Front, in Detroit among management and and hundreds of thousands of Amer­ labor circles by an important offi­ ican boys will be fighting to the cial, which contains the following death with German troops on paragraph: French soil. We are already calling upon Frenchmen to rise and help "There are many Communists in throw out the Germans. Conserva­ the plants and they cannot be trust­ tive correspondents have united in ed since their attitude is likely to be the judgment that the only political guided by whether Russia remains party in France that has maintained in the war on the side of the United States, or not. Russia may or may its organization and extended its in­ not remain an ally of the United fluence despite German and Vichy States. She deserted the Allies in suppressions is the Communist the last war and may do it again in Party of France. When our boys go this war." into France are we going to issue the slogan to the French people: Here we have the clearest ex­ "Arise to throw out the Germans ample of the political significance of and suppress the French Commu­ the "anti-Communist crusade" as it nists"? If we do we are simply going is carried on in the United States. to help Hitler again as we have stu­ This is the sort of stuff Radio Berlin pidly been doing ever since he spreads to Britain and America, and emerged from his Munich bierstube. against which our Government has For the French Communists are an warned us many times. It spreads essential and invaluable sector of suspicion and distrust against our the coming French Army of Libera­ most powerful ally, the very one tion. They will be as good fighters which restored to us the perspective on our side as are the Russian Com­ of victory by single-handedly stop­ munists. ping the Hitlerite hordes. It sows If we really want to smash Hit- disunity and suspicion among the 982 ONE YEAR SINCE PEARL HARBOR war workers, and throws doubt ward treason to his country and to upon the patriotism and loyalty of humanity. every one who expresses friendship The Communist Party of the and admiration for the Soviet Union. United States meets this test. It has It strikes directly against the most proclaimed its policy, and carries zealous guardians of our war pro­ out this policy, to subordinate its duction in the plants. In every way own program of socialism to the this kind of thing is doing Hitler's needs of national unity that in­ work in America, just as surely as cludes all classes. It actively mo­ his agents who landed from U-boats bilizes the workers for complete with explosives not one half so dan­ support to the war effort. It helps to gerous as this. work out democratic solutions for We are in this war as a part of the problems of the war. It offers the United Nations, at the head of its cooperation to all sincere sup­ which stands the coalition of Brit­ porters of the war to victory. It ain, the Soviet Union, and the works" for the extension of Ameri­ United States. We can only win this can national unity, and of the United war if we fight it as a United Na­ Nations, for the orderly solution of tions' war. post-war problems. The Communist We are now entering the stage of Party is entirely and without reser­ active fighting in which American vation a party of national unity for boys will be giving their lives to victory. And we have a contribution smash the enemy, not in the hun­ to make which no other group can dreds but in .the tens of thousands. substitute, a contribution at home We must unite the entire country and a contribution in strengthening behind them, we must produce our country's position abroad. everything they and our allies need, This fact is being recognized we must stop all arguments which broadly in our country and through­ are not directed to the . one ques­ out the world. Thus, in India, the tion-how to win this war as quick­ British authorities have recently ly as possible. legalized the Communist Party and Unity to win the war requires released all its leaders from prison that we rise above all differences of even though it supports the indepen­ political opinion. Democrats, Re­ dence movement, because the Gov­ publicans, Communists, Socialists, ernment learned from experience Prohibitionists, all must work to­ that the Indian Communists were gether without regard to their par­ the best mobilizers of the popula­ ticular "ism," and stop fighting one tion against Japan. In Canada the another over the old labels. The only Government has recently released test is what one is doing to win the all the Communist leaders who had war. Any one who places private been held in concentration camps, interests, his class prejudices, or his because it learned that it needed political opinions, in a position of them for the war effort. In Latin­ higher importance than the winning American countries the Commu'­ of the war, is thereby moving to- nists are in the forefront of the ONE YEAR SINCE PEARL HARBOR 983 fight for alignment with the United United States, unity within each of Nations, and in Chile the Commu­ the countries of the United Nations nists, who are part of the coalition group, and unity among the United supporting the government, lead in Nations as utterly desirable toward the fight for declaring war on the effectively carrying on war against Axis. In Cuba the Communists are the Axis powers." part of the governmental coalition, That is a policy to which we can which supports the United Nations. declare our unconditional support. And so it goes in country after It is a policy which should be made country. known throughout the whole of our This trend of development toward population and over the world. It is all-embracing unity which includes a policy which needs to be carried also the Communists is a part of the out fully by all departments of general awakening to the tasks of the Government and in the armed the war. Wherever persons and forces. For it is a policy designed groups and nations come to the to bring victory at the earliest pos­ realization of the gravity, dangers, sible moment, to reduce the costs and difficulties of the war they want of the war, and to insure a just all the help that is available for vic­ peace when victory has been at­ tory. And nowhere can they find tained. better helpers than the Communists. It is not my intention to paint Only in the United States is this for you a bright picture of the sit­ fact not so generally recognized, at uation, nor to pretend that the prob­ least not by all the departments of lems of the war have been solved the Government, for some of them or that victory will come easily. work at cross purposes. No, the Axis will be crushed only Under-Secretary of State Sumner at terrible cost, and with the full Welles, who has faced some of these exertion of all our powers. Every problems concretely in his work, step in the development of policy has recently made an important pro­ adequate to victory must itself be nouncement of policy on this ques­ fought for, it does not come auto­ tion. On October 12 he declared that matically, heavy obstacles must be continuation of the strife between overcome. Correct policies when Kuomintang and Communists in established must still be fought for China would be unfortunate; he in­ in practical application. And finally dicated that the United States when we have mobilized all pos­ wished to see such problems settled sible resources they must be thrown by processes of conciliation; that the into battle against the enemy, and United States would be pleased to the enemy must be crushed in dead­ see complete unity accomplished; ly struggle. Africa is a first step that the so-called menace of com­ in that direction. munism was looked upon with There is no other way. skepticism, as a pretext of the But Americans do not look for Axis; that our Government "regards an easy way. They are ready for unity within China, unity within the the full tasks which· alone bring 984 ONE YEAR SINCE PEARL HARBOR victory. No burden is too heavy, no dominated world. The Axis must sacrifice too great, which is neces­ be destroyed. That is the only goal sary for victory. We will never be which means victory. And for free Hitler's slaves nor try to find a men everywhere in the world the is­ corner for ourselves in a Hitler- sue is victory or death! THE C.I.O. CONVENTION

BY ROY HUDSON

I only as it met the test of whether or not it was essential to the nation's HE Boston convention of the war effort, and contributed to the T C.I.O. will stand out in the years most speedy victory of our nation's to come as the win-the-war conven- arms in common with the other tion. It was the C.I.O.'s first conven- United Nations, over the forces of tion since our country's full en- fascist aggression and slavery. The trance into the war. The delegates, convention gave expression to its representing 5,000,000 organized profound realization that the welfare workers under the leadership of and the future of the working class President. Murray, fully met the test. can today be safeguarded and ad­ From beginning to end it was a war vanced only by the united struggle convention with victory over Hitler of the whole of the American people and the Axis as its watchword. All against the threat to our nation's the speeches, all the resolutions freedom and independence by the adopted breathe the spirit of offen- Hitler Axis and its. agents or dupes sive action against our nation's at home. enemies abroad and at home. There One of the outstanding develop­ was no other business before the ments that came to light at this convention than that of girding the convention was the growing under­ C.I.O., the entire labor movement, standing on the part of the Govern­ and the whole nation for winning ment of the role that labor is play­ the war. ing in the war effort and in the The Boston convention was living affairs of the nation generally. This proof that the American labor was evidenced, not only by the movement more clearly understands letter addressed by President Roose­ and more adequately meets its great velt to the convention, but also by and new responsibilities to the na- the significant speeches of Under tion. In not a single act of the con- Secretary of War Robert V. Patter­ vention is there to be found any de- son and Assistant Secretary of the sire for partisan gain, or champion- Navy Ralph A. Bard. These speeches ship of exclusive labor considera- are but a reflection of the place that tions. Every action, every resolution the labor movement has already was conceived and brought forward won in the nation and in the hearts 985 986 THE C.I.O. CONVENTION and minds of most patriotic Amed­ heroic stand of our boys in the Solo­ cans irrespective of their class posi­ mons, the victory of the British tion, as a result of its growth and forces against Rommel, a full recog­ its role in the war effort. This atti­ nition of the significance of the epic tude toward the labor movement struggle at Stalingrad and the in­ shows that the people expect labor ability of Hitler to break through to take the initiative in furthering on the decisive Eastern Front--all those policies and measures essen­ this permeated the deliberations of tial for winning the war. the convention and helped to shape It is in this sense that we can its decisions. All this combined to view the great contribution made give the convention the perspective by Senator Pepper, who came to the of victory and the method of achiev­ convention to urge support for the ing it, yet without any illusions that Pepper-Kilgore Bill, for a unified victory can be achieved without a and centralized all-out war economy full mobilization of all our' resources, based on the recommendations of human and material, and only after the Tolan report. a bitter struggle to realize the na­ The decisions of the convention on tion's victory policies. This offensive all measures related to war economy spirit of the convention dominated show that the labor movement is all its deliberations and determined taking up its new responsibilities in its decisions. The impact of these the interests of the nation and that events and the realization of the big to the extent that labor fulfills these and decisive struggles ahead helped responsibilities it will grow in to cement even further the unity of strength and political influence de­ the C.I.O.; resulted in the sincere spite all the attacks of the defeat­ and responsible attitude toward the ists, and of the open-shopper and existing and developing cooperation business-as-usual elements among between the A. F. of L. and C.I.O. the capitalists. and the coming negotiations to unify The brilliant and successful offen­ the American trade union move­ sive of our armed forces in North ment; made this convention of labor Africa which began less than forty­ one of the most important contribu­ eight hours prior to the opening of tions to national unity; brought about the C.I.O. convention did much to the unprecedented advance in the heighten and deepen the under­ promotion of international labor co­ standing, enthusiasm, and unity of . operation and in the relations of the the convention behind the win-the­ C.I.O. with the Soviet trade unions war program submitted to the con­ through official exchange of greet­ vention in the Officers' Report and ings, and helped the C.I.O. convention in the resolutions of the various to adopt unanimously measures that delegations. The African offensive, will be instrumental in the strength­ which the convention recognized as ening of the fighting alliance of the the prelude to the early opening. of United Nations headed by the great the Western Front in Europe, the American-Soviet-British coalition. THE C.I.O. CONVENTION 987 II ". . . There is an absolute neces­ sity to divert the enemy forces from The affiliates of the C.I.O. through Russia by an offensive against Ger­ their national conventions, state and many in order to assure victory for city councils, through their local the United Nations. The ol:ivious unions and shop meetings, were reason for. this is that the over­ whelming numbers of the German throughout the recent period in the military forces are concentrated forefront of the fight for offensive against Russia ..·.The United Nations military action, for the early open­ are determined that the mainspring ing of the Second Front in Europe. of the Axis forces must and will be This policy, which was fully sup­ smashed and destroyed through the ported by the C.I.O. leadership, combined military offensive of the headed by President Murray, was Russians, the English and the embodied in the Officers' Report to Americans. the convention submitted prior to "We call upon ·our Commander­ the electrifying news that our armed in-Chief to make any demand and forces carried through the signifi­ any request of labor and we pledge ourselves to give .everything cant operation in North we can Africa. This in fighting men, in production, in. report in part declared: money and in patriotism to enable "To mobilize the full resources of the United Nations to grasp the the nation is essential, but it is only offensive and smash forward to an part of the story. We must have immediate military destruction of clear m mind the objectives for the fascist Axis." (Emphasis ours which we are mobilizing. Labor through'Out-R.H.) must assume the role of leadership for this task as wen. Labor and the These sections from the Officers' common people desire total mobili­ Report emphasize that ~he C.I.O. zation in order to hasten the day of convention action on the offensive victory by translating our full effort and Second Front in Europe was not into immediate and striking offen­ determined merely by the African sive action. offensive, which it greeted with the "The actual initiation of offensive greatest enthusiasm, ·but that the action by the United Nations against the Axis forces presents a dual prob­ C.I.O. and its affiliates were in fact lem-military and political. pressing for, and thus contributed "There are appeasers and agents toward making possible, the begin­ of Hitler who seek to challenge the ning of the offensive actions now in decisions of our leaders to put into progress. This stand on the part of effect the people's earnest desire for the C.I.O. and President Murray the supreme offensive--the Second also, by the way, exposes those ele­ Front-which must carry the United ments in and out of the labor move­ Nations to victory. The reasons of­ ment who, like the "Social-Demo­ fered are couched in terms of hesi­ tation, weakness, and defeatism. cratic" editors of the New Leader, The motivating force of these ap­ thought that they could use the issue peasers is one of defeat for the of the Second Front as a means to United Nations. disrupt the unity ·of the C.I.O. be-

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CONVENTION CONVENTION C.I.O. C.I.O. THE THE 988 988 THE C.I.O. CONVENTION 989 incitements by the Ham Fishes and and Prime Minister Churchill. But the Peglers; the shameful attitude it is also obvious, as disclosed in to the African offensive by the Pat­ some of these speeches, that one of terson-McCormack newspapers; the the essential elements necessary to vicious attack on our war effort by strengthen still further this fighting Congressman Melvin Maas, Senior alliance is the creation of a unified Republican member of the House strategy ana common fighting action Naval Affairs Committee, and his of the three great powers-the opposition to our war against Hitler U.S.A,. the U.S.S.R. and Britain. on the pretense that it is endanger­ ing our position in the Pacific-all III this shows that, precisely as we de­ velop offensive action and the ap­ The C.I.O. convention gave the peasers see their policies exposed most serious attention to the prob­ and defeated, they will become even lem of all-out war economy. Every more desperate and try to do every­ phase of this problem was examined thing to undermine our war effort. in the most constructive and critical And it is necessary for the labor manner. The proposals adopted are movement and the whole people to rally as never before around the bold and far-reaching. The C.I.O. program on this question is ex­ President in support of the nation's pressed in four major resolutions­ war policies for the annihilation of Total War Mobilization, Manpower, the Hitler Axis. Labor - Management - Production The convention resolution for the Committees, and Stabilization of independence of India, so that the National Economy. Indian people can be fully mobi­ This program, which is fully in lized as part of the United Nations line with the recent findings of the in defense of their homeland and Tolan Report and which confirms for the -rlctory of all the United the correctness of Comrade Brow­ Nations; the demand that Manner­ der's position in his important con­ bairn Finland be treated as an tribution, "The Economics of All­ enemy of all the United Nations­ Out War,"* not only gives the an­ these and other actions of a similar swer to many problems facing our nature provide the labor movement nation in the total war mobilization, with the policies which will especially urgent now as we de­ strengthen the unity of the United velop the offensive phase of the war, Nations and the fighting a!liance of but also gives concrete answers to the United States, the U.S.S.R. and many questions that are facing the Great Britain. That this alliance is labor movement in its day-to-day becoming stronger, despite ideologi­ work. cal differences and differences in the The resolution on Total War Mo­ past on questions regarding military bilization declares: operations; is obvious from the re­ cent speeches and statements of --;:;-;;;--Communi.rt October, 1942, a chapter from Victory-and After~ International Publishers~ President Roosevelt, Premier Stalin, New York, 1942, pp 236·249. 990 THE C.I.O. CONVENTION "National mobilization demands a time economy. Food, clothing and nationwide planning and utilization shelter must be rationed on a uni­ of all the material and manpower versal basis and their prices con­ resources of the nation. Such a na­ trolled so as to protect first those tional mobilization requires a cen­ who actually produce for war. tTalized administTative contTol of all Wages must be adjusted so as to the TesouTces and the economic guarantee the workers that they will policies of the nation . ... A single obtain the goods and services to administrative body should be es­ meet their essential needs." tablished incorporating the activi­ ties of war supply, war manpower, At the same time the C.I.O. makes and economic stabilization. The rec­ clear that every demand of labor ommendations ... must be put into for a full representation and par­ effect with the utmost speed which ticipation in the government and can be done thTough Executive all its agencies is made only for the action." purpose of assuring the success of This declaration by the C.I.O. that the war effort when it says: this program . for an all-out war "Total mobilization cannot operate economy which is now embodied in or be organized except through the the Tolan-Pepper Bills can be put direct and fullest participation of into effect through Executive action labor-not through any advisory is of the greatest importance to the committees but with labor given labor movement and the whole peo­ the highest responsibility in the ple. It means that labor must rally formulation and execution of all the the greatest support for a central­ policies and activities. This full and equal representation of labor has not ized war economy, which can be. been achieved." achieved either by legislation by Congress or by Executive action, in Knowing full well that the man­ which the President stands assured power problem can be fully solved that it is the urgent desire of the only on the basis of the all-out war people and that he will be fully economy which it proposes in the supported in such action. resolution on Total War Mobiliza­ The C.I.O. gives new emphasis to tion, the C.I.O. nevertheless dealt a wage policy in line with war separately with this problem as a economy, an emphasis on real wages means of immediately solving some rather than money wages, and a of the problems pending the adop­ fuller explanation of the confusion tion of the proposals of the Tolan­ between wage "freezing" and wage Pepper Bill. This resolution goes stabilization when it declares: into great detail on how to mobilize our manpower on the basis of tak­ " ... labor must concentrate on· ing into account all factors of our obtaining a wage program which "over-all military and industrial will assure the most efficient work­ ers for production consistent with picture." These proposals are based the supply of consumer goods that en the principle that such a man­ can be made available under a war- power mobilization "does not in- THE C.I.O. CONVENTION 991 volve the issue of compulsory or of preventing the development of voluntary operation but rather the the maximum possible· production. formulation of a national mobiliza­ It laid great emphasis on these com­ tion plan." In general the concrete mittees when it says: proposals are in line with the vari­ ous suggestions of the labor-man­ "Our labor-management-produc­ agement sub-committee of the War tion committees must spare no ef­ Manpower Commission and the fort in organizing concrete pro­ Tolan and Truman reports. The grams for increased . production, C.I.O. lays special emphasis on the and all steps must be taken by la­ necessity to overcome all obstacles bor, management and the govern­ ment to actually make in the fullest utilization of the these com­ Ne­ mittees work and :function." gro workers and through a special resolution for provisions to make Of the greatest importance to the possible the maximum utilization of war effort, to the promotion of na- women workers. , tiona! unity, to the development of In its resolution on Stabilizaticm. maximum production in industry of Naticm.al Economy the C.I.O. re­ and agriculture, to the solutio~ of affirms its support of the President's the manpower problem are the de­ Seven-Point Program, but also cisions of the Boston convention points out that this program has dealing with the Negro people, the thus far been applied too one-sided­ women and the farmers and agricul­ ly. It points out that while wages tural workers. On these questions have been stabilized, the cost of the C.I.O. did not engage in gen­ living has not been controlled. eralities and platitudes, but instead Over-all democratic rationing has ' worked out concrete programs of not been accomplished It as yet. is action that will bring results if put very critical of the 1942 tax legis­ into operation by labor, industry lation, which placed the greatest and the government. burdens on the low income groups. Thus, the resolution on Man­ It calls for immediate remedy of power states: this situation. It calls upon the Na­ tional Economic Stabilization Board "Employers must be directed and "to initiate policies which will im­ compelled to utilize in full the serv­ mediately carry into effect this eco­ ice of Negro workers, aliens and nomic stabilization as an integral women workers available in large part of the total war mobilization numbers. Every restriction on the program." utilization of this manpower must In its special resolution on be broken down and immediately the Labor-Management-Production eliminated. The C.I.O. has not tolerated such Committees the convention gave the any restrictions in its own ranks and now insists that lie to all those employers who re­ the government see to it that the sist the setting up of these commit­ employers utilize this available tees for one reason or another. It manpower for the total war mo­ exposed these forces as being guilty bilization." 992 THE C.I.O. CONVENTION The resolution on Women Work­ "4. Act to Amend the Fair Labor ers declared: Standard Law, by extending its benefits to workers on large indus­ "All discrimin,ation against the trial farms. employment of women must be "5. The Agricultural Wage Board stopped. Women must receive equal Act, which would establish a system pay for equal work. Training of agricultural wage boards de­ courses must be open to women to signed to bring farm wages more fit them for jobs in all needed skills." nearly in line with industrial wages under the authority and subject to The resolution on Agriculture approval by the War Labor Board." and. the War state: All these decisions of the C. I. 0. convention for achieving a central­ "We pledge ourselves to join in ized war economy will meet, not cooperative action with the working farmers of America and their bona only with approval on the part of fide organizations to secure sound the five million members of the and effective operation of our farm C. I. 0., but will be greeted by the lands, and adequate mobilization of entire labor movement and the peo­ farm man power as a part of our ple as a whole. The C. I. 0. has entire national productive machine · shown the way. Every C. I. 0. union, for ultimate victory." every state and city organization of the C. I. 0., as well as the local The resolution on Farm Workers unions, should now in the speediest and the War declares itself in sup­ manner, jointly with the A. F. of L. port of: and the people's organizations in the communities, put into operation an "1. The Agricultural Employ­ those measures which they can put ment Stabilization Act, designed to into operation, pending, or even in achieve a utilization of wage labor the absence of, further action by the in agriculture that will minimize Government. All those decisions re­ the evil of under-employment, un­ necessary migration, job insecurity Quiring Executive action or legisla­ and disorganized hiring and recruit­ tion by Congress should receive im­ ing, by extending the Social Se­ mediate support through the work­ curity Act to cover agricultural la­ ers' and people's voice to the Pres­ bor in 'industrialized agriculture,' ident and to Congress. by expanding the functions of the Federal Farm Placement Division IV of the United States Employment Service. One of the greatest achievements "2. The Agricultural Labor Re­ crUiting Act. of the convention is to be found in "3. The Act to Amend the Nation­ the measures adopted exposing the al Labor Relations Act by extending appeasement and defeatist elements its benefits to agricultural labor on in our nation and the program large industrial farms. mapped out to isolate and defeat THE C.I.O. CONVENTION 993 them. In these measures the C. I. 0. certain sections of the press and the has performed a great service not radio, most notoriously in the Mc­ only to the labor movement but has Cormick Chicago Tribune, Patter­ contributed much to strengthen the son New York Daily News, and the war effort by strengthening national Washington Times-Herald and the unity. Hearst newspapers." The conven­ While the exposure of the ap­ tion called upon labor, the people, peasers, defeatists and enemies of and the Government to take meas­ national unity is to be found in ures against the appeasers and de­ almost every act and resolution, a featists. It called upon the people and number of resolutions adopted deal labor especially to be more alert and specifically with this urgent task. vigilant against these defeatist These are the resolution on the and disruptive forces in Congress results of the elections, war infor­ and in the nation generally. It called mation, for the repeal of the poll for unity, "regardless of political af­ tax, as well as the resolution in filiations, behind our Commander in behalf of Harry Bridges and against Chief in the aggressive prosecution any f,orm of discrimination because of the war to a speedy and suc­ of race or religion. cessful conclusion." The delegates to the C. I. 0. con­ The repeal of the poll tax was vention clearly showed that they urged "not merely as a political but were disturbed by the 'results of the a military necessity." The C. I. 0. elections and put their finger on membership was called upon to take the causes for the setback that labor every possible measure to prevail and all other win-the-war forces upon Congress to pass the repeal suffered in the elections. They real­ of the poll tax in this session of ized that: Congress. The filibuster by the reactionary Senators of some "Candidates of disunity, of labor of the Southern States shows that baiting, of appeasement, took ad­ only the maximum action by labor vantl'lge of the dissatisfaction of the and the people in both the North people with the insufficiently ag­ and South can defeat the design of gressive mobilization of the people the poll-tax Senators. for the war, with the division of While the actions of the conven­ counsel in our war leadership. tion strongly emphasized the strug­ These candidates took advantage of the dissatisfaction despite the fact gle against the defeatists, appeasers, that they themselves or the groups and labor baiters, and called for which they represent have been the greater attention by labor to Con­ sources and the causes for the in­ gress and legislation generally, it decisiveness and failure to complete must be said that only by implica­ the total war mobilization.... " tion did the convention call to the attention of the labor movement In a similar vein the convention labor's own weaknesses which con­ branded and condemned the disrup­ tributed in many places to the de­ tive and "appeaser line pursued by feat of win-the-war forces in the 994 THE C.I.O. CONVENTION elections. It must be admitted that the farmers and the middle classes in many states and localities the la­ in the rural areas. bor movement, including even the The labor movement must also C. I. 0. unions, did not play their draw the lessons from the appre­ full role in the elections. In most ciable vote received by the Amer­ cases the trade unions entered the ican Labor Party's independent election struggle too late, and in candidate for Governor running many p!aces they did too little. against both the Farley-picked They did not sufficiently bring out Democrat Bennett and the Hoover­ the central issues. Nor was there Republican, Thomas E. Dewey. The full unity of the entire labor move­ relatively large vote for former ment-C. I. 0., A. F. of L. and the Govern01 Benson in Minnesota and Railroad Brotherhoods-in all cases. the election of the Progressive Party Thus, for example, while the C. I. 0. candidate for Governor Loomis in and most of the A. F. of L. unions Wisconsin, as in the case of the campaigned against the defeatist American Labor Party vote in New Congressman Day in Illinois, he had York, shows that a large section of the personal endorsement of Pres­ the voters where they could effec­ ident William Green. In Michigan tively vote their dissatisfaction out­ the President of the Ford local en­ side the two old parties did not dorsed the Republican candidates. make the traditional switch,. against the . Democratic candidates, Without attempting to chart a who had the support of the official complete course of action, it is C. I. 0. and A. F. of L. bodies. In already clear that labor must be­ both of these cases the New Deal­ come more active politically and act Win-the-War Democratic candi­ more unitedly and independently. dates lost to their Republican rivals Only in this way will it be possible by small margins. Clearly, in these to assure the broadest majority cases as in many others, had the coalition of labor, the farmers, the labor movement been more united, Negro people and all the win-the­ had the labor movement more fully war and progressive forces of our participated in the campaign, had nation behind the war effort, behind the central issues been brought out, our Commander in Chief, and to had a larger number of workers make the influence of labor and the who stayed away from the polls people fully felt in the coming Con­ been roused to political understand­ gress in which the defeatist and ap­ ing as to the importance of the elec­ peaser influence in both parties, the tions, the results would have been Hoover-Republicans and the anti­ quite different. 'In this connection, Roosevelt Democrats, will attempt the convention resolution calling for to form a coalition against the Pres­ greater cooperation between the la­ ident and the people. bor movement and the working Such a broad coalition of labor farmers is of great importance, and all the win-the-war forces will since the greatest shift to the Re­ not only be able to isolate the de­ publican Party took place among featists and appeasers, assure the THE C.I.O. CONVENTION 995 speedy and maximum mobilization The burning desire to carry the war of the entire nation for an all-out to Hitler, the need for an all-out war effort in support of offensive war economy, the struggle against action on the battlefronts, but will the appeasers, the lessons of the at the same time provide the in­ elections, the present situation in strument through which the people Congress, new attempts of the open­ will be able to block the conspiracy shoppers to undermine the trade of the defeatists, appeasers, reac­ unions, the new threat of company tionaries and poll-taxers to control · unionism promoted by reactionaries both major parties and rob the peo­ and defeatists, the defeatist and ple of a voice in determining the disruptive role of John L. Lewis, elections of 1944. It will strengthen which the convention unanimously the labor and win-the-war forces condemned-all these were compel­ within the Democratic Party around ling reasons for the sincere and the leadership of President Roose­ urgent desire expressed by President velt and sharpen the struggle Murray and the convention to against the Hoover-Taft-Vanden­ achieve the fullest unity between berg forces within the Republican the C. I. 0. and the A. F. of L. Party. It will make possible a grow­ The different emphasis on the ing influence of labor and the peo­ various problems that still face the ple in the affairs of the nation. It labor movement in its goal of will enable labor to bring about the achieving organic unity, made by closer collaboration of the Roose­ President Murray and Sidney Hill­ velt-Democrats and the win-the­ man of the Amalgamated Clothing war Republicans. In this connec­ Workers, is being used by some tion, it will also make possible la­ newspapers and others in and out of bor's effective electoral participa­ the labor movement to try to create tion, either through the Democratic the impression that one is more de­ Party under the leadership of Pres­ sirous of unity than the other and ident Roosevelt, or through a new that there are differences on this is­ realignment in the political struc­ sue withm the C. I. 0. But the fact ture in cur country, if this becomes is that the resolution on labor unity necessary. was. unanimously adopted and con­ tains a basis for unity which will "Unity of program and action on find a ready response not only on the part of the entire labor move­ ment is indispensable for an all-out the part of the C. I .. 0. membership war effort to defeat Hitlerism." but among the membership of the A. F. of L. as well. And if the lead­ The spirit contained in these ership of the A. F. of L. will enter words frcm the LabOT Unity resolu­ into the unity negotiations in the tion adopted by the convention spirit expressed in this resolution, dominated the discussion on this all­ and with the same feeling of ur­ important question of labor unity gency expressed by the C. I. 0. and was reflected in every reference every obstacle in the way of organic at the convention to the A. F. of L. unity can be overcome. 996 THE C.I.O. CONVENTION Taking note of the achievements worker, no trade unionist, no sincere toward united labor action already labor leader can object. It assures made by the C. I. 0. and the A. F. that nothing shall interfere with ex­ of L. through the Combined Labor isting joint action. It does not make Victory Committee, as well as the settlement of any jurisditional through other means, the C. I. 0. problem a condition for unity. It resolution. establishes three basic only insists that gains made be safe­ principles to govern the efforts to guarded, that any adjustment for establish labor unity that will be any groups of workers in both the made by the joint A. F. of L.-C. I. 0. A. F. of L. and the C. I. 0. be sub­ negotiations committee. These prin­ mitted to the democratic decision of ciples are: the membership, and that all racial barriers be abolished. "1. Unity requires the mainte­ It is to be hoped that this position nance and extension of the gains of the C. I. 0. convention will be that the C. I. 0. has won for the made known to every member of workers through industrial organ­ the C. I. 0., to the membership of ization in the basic war production the A. F. of L. as well as to the industries. Sacrifice of these gains would aid the enemy, since victory public generally, which is also most depends on the strength of organ­ vitally concerned. The populariza­ ized labor. All members in all tion of this unity proposal will help unions shall be protected and any to expose those forces in the labor steps taken must receive the demo­ movement that are opposed to the cratic approval of the membership unification of the labor movement. involved. Unity should assure that In this connection the C. I. 0. mem­ all forms and practices of racial bership will do well to bring this discrimination within unions be proposal, as well as the call for abolished. their reaffiliation to the C. I. 0., to "2. Unity need not wait the solu­ the miners. It will expose the Lewis tion of jurisdictional disputes be­ argument that the C. I. 0. is op­ tween the various affiliates of the posed to labor unity and will American labor movement. These further expose Lewis' attempts to are matters that can be resolved block C. I. 0.-A. F. of L. unity in within a unified national labor the name of his so-called "accouple­ movement. ment." "3. Nothing shall be permitted to Despite all rumors to the contrary, weaken or destroy the present rumors which actually had the aim working unity that we have achieved of creating disunity within the on all measures necessary to C. I .0., the convention was marked wage an offensive war against our enemies by mobilizing all our re­ by the greatest degree of unity in sources for all-out prosecution of program and spirit around the ef­ the war." fective leadership of President Phil Murray and the Executive Council. Here indeed is a sincere · and Except for a certain attempt on the resporu;i);)le positi9n to which no part of Walter Reuther to play an THE C.I.O. CONVENTION 997 "independent" role, not dissimiliar trade union movement are now pos­ to that hE: played at the last conven­ sible and necessary, as new millions tion of the United Automobile of workers, including Negro work­ Workers of America, the convention ers, women workers, and people showed a higher form of unity than from the farms and offices are being ever before. It was a unity based on drawn into the war production in­ principle, on understanding, on dustries. Certainly, a united labor greater political clarity. movement could more quickly and The return of President Hill­ more effectively organize these new man of the Amalgamated Clothing millions. But, even pending the time Workers of America to active work when a unified trade union move­ in his organization, the constructive ment will be achieved, the C. I. 0. and important role that he played unions, especially in the basic war at the C. I. 0. convention, undoubt­ production industries, can make big edly brought disappointment to headway in organizing the unorgan­ many who looked and hoped for ized. But they will do this only to differences in the C. I. 0. Hillman's the extent that they understand how nomination of President Murray for to approach and win the new work­ re-election to a third term and the ers and on the basis of energetically unanimous and enthusiastic manner applying the war policies of the in which the delegates acclaimed his C. I. 0. Old methods and old ap­ re-election left no doubt as to the proaches that were suited to the unity of the C. I. 0. and the leader­ prewar period will not be effective. ship of Murray. Similarly the unan­ The convention disclosed that this imous re-election of all the six Vice­ lesson has not yet been fully learned Presidents, as well as the unanimous by a number of C. I. 0. organiza­ addition of three new Vice Pres­ tions. idents, was a recognition by the con­ Failure to organize these new vention of the great gains by the workers will open the way to com­ United Electrical Workers and the pany unions, and will make it pos­ Shipbuilding. and Marine Workers sible for the defeatist forces in the Unions, whose Presidents, Fitz­ country to pit many of these work­ gerald and Green, were two of the ers against the war effort and against new Vice-Presidents. The election the trade union movement. The pro­ of Haywood to the third new Vice­ gram of the C. I. 0. provides the Presidency was a recognition of his basis for the organization of these work as head of the organization new millions. In the words of the department of the C. I. 0. and was C. I. 0. resolution: " ... strong in­ undoubtedly also meant to empha­ dustrial unions ... will mobilize the size the importance of the new .or­ nation's total effort for war produc­ ganizing drive decided upon by the tion." convention. This great C. I. 0. convention, There can be no doubt that the which will stand out for many ac­ prospects for the organization of complishments, will always be re­ new millions of workers into the membered as the convention in 998 THE C.I.O. CONVENTION which history was made in the ad­ will not be able much longer to keep vancement of international trade the A. F. of L. from cooperating union cooperation and above all in with the trade union movement of the establishment of fraternal rela­ the U. S. S. R.-not if the A. F. of tions between the American labor L. membership, encouraged by what movement and the great trade union happened at the C. I. 0. convention, movement of the Soviet Union. We expresses itself fully and immedi­ are certain that in the not too dis­ ately. tant future a united trade union It is of the greatest significance movement will be proud to claim that the C. I. 0. convention not only that the C. I. 0. in this act was affirmed the Executive Board's speaking for the entire labor move­ rejection of the action of the A. F. ment. The overwhelming majority of L. and came out for all-inclusive of the A. F. of L. membership will international trade union coopera­ wholeheartedly support the position tion by declaring that: of the C. I. 0. as they will be en­ raged and ashamed at the Woll­ "The A. F. of L. proposal for British labor to act as liason be­ Hutcheson policy, toward the trade tween the American labor move­ union movement of a people which ment and the Soviet labor move­ the whole democratic world rec­ ment and the A. F. of L. to act as ognizes has held the bastions of the liason between the British labor civilization against the forces of and the C. I. 0. and the Railway la­ barbarism and slavery. bo unions falls far short of labor's The appearance of the British responsibilities in this crucial hour trade union delegates Tanner and and must be rejected." Roberts before the C. I. 0. Ex­ and: ecutive Board and the convention, the splendid speech of delegate Rob­ "That the C. I. 0. continue to take erts, urging all-inclusive interna­ all necessary steps to establish in­ tional trade union cooperation and ternational labor cooperation with unity of action and explaining to direct participation by the British the delegates the role of the Soviet and Soviet unions, the A. F. of L., trade unions, the unprecedented the C. I. 0. and Railway labor, and exchange of greetings between the the unions of the other United Na­ tions, including our Latin American C. I. 0. and the Soviet trade unions, allies." are moments which the delegates to the Boston convention will long re­ but above all that the C. I. 0. de­ member. clared that : These acts also showed that the " ... pending the accomplishment A. F. of L. reactionaries, headed of this objective, the C. I. 0. should by Woll and Hutcheson, who are arrange immediately for an ex­ responsible above all for the A. F. change of information with such of L. policy toward the Soviet trade trade union bodies of the United unions, cannot hold back the tide of Nations with respect to production international labor solidarity and and all other activities which would THE C.I.O. CONVENTION 999 strengthen our common war effort The truly democratic character of through the exchange of commit­ the C. I. 0. convention, the genuine tees, delegations and such other patriotism of the delegates and the channels as may be feasible." (Em­ leadership, the growing political phasis ours-R. H.) understanding of the problems of There can be no doubt that this today, were emphasized at the con­ great step on the part of the C. I. 0. vention by the harmonious working opens up a new chapter in the together of all elements of various history of the American labor political persuasion, united around movement. Both President Murray the policies of the C. I. 0. and the and Chairman Shvernik of the leadership of President Murray. Soviet unions in their exchange of Naturally, under such conditions, in greetings emphasized the great im­ such an atmm;phere, there was a portanc::! of the C. I. 0.-Soviet trade complete absence of the poison of union relations both in the winning red-baiting, which is the weapon of of the war and in helping to de­ Hitler in his war against nations termine the post-war world. The and peoples for the destruction of carrying through of the immediate their freedom and independence. exchange of committees and delega­ The labor movement is learning tions between the C. I. 0. and the that this is the weapon of our na­ Soviet trade unions as well as be­ tion's enemies at home. Communists, tween the C. I. 0. and the British like others, contributed to the work and other trade unions of the Unit­ of the convention as loyal and ed Nations, will be a tremendous disciplined members of their trade factor in the winning of the war, union organizations affiiliated to the will hasten the full realization of great Congress of Industrial Organ­ international la,bor cooperation and izations. And they will be in the unity of action, and will help forefront to help realize in the mobilize the A. F. of L. organiza­ speediest manner the important tions for a reversal of the policy of decisions of this truly historic con­ the A. F. of L. Council. ventipn. STALIN AND THE PATRIOTIC WAR

BY MIKHAIL KALININ Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the U.S.S.R.

[On the occasion of Comrade planations with regard to the basic Stalin's sixty-third birthday, which questions connected with the war falls on December 21, the editors of against the German fascists. In "The Communist'' take pleasure in answer to the question raised by presenting the penetrating analysis millions of people-what is needed ay the President ef the Soviet Re­ to remove the danger hanging over publics of Stalin's history-making the Soviet country and what meas­ reports and speeches delivered in ures are necessary to defeat the the course of the Soviet Union's war enemy?-Stalin has outlined an ex­ of national liberation. Kalinin's ar­ tensive program of action. ticle was written prior to the In the first place, he pointed out twenty-fifth anniversary of the Oc­ that it is necessary to realize that tober Revolution; Stalin's historic the enemy is cruel and ruthless. speeches delivered on that occasion Stalin called upon the Soviet people are published elsewhere in this to mobilize and reorganize their issue.--The Editors.] work on a war footing, to do away N HIS speeches on the war Stalin with any easygoing attitude; he I has outlined with perfect clarity urged the people to clear their the paths of struggle against Ger­ ranks of whimperers and cowards, man fascism. We call these historic panic-mongers and deserters; to be speeches not only in the sense that dauntless in struggle and to fight they are documents but because of selflessly in the patriotic war for their influence on our people and on liberation. our army. They are speeches that In order to realize the extent to make history. which Stalin's words have revealed He who wants to struggle with to the popular masses the mean­ the utmost effect against the Ger­ ing of the events then taking place, man invaders should make a thor­ it suffices to recall that they were ough study of Stalin's speches. uttered only eleven days after the Only then can he understand and outbreak of the war. Stalin's state­ correctly estimate the great respon­ ment to the effect that "a grave sibility which history has placed on danger hangs over our country," the contemporary generation. that the enemy is preparing to en­ Stalin's speech on July 3, 1941,* slave our people, compelled every­ contains guiding directives and ex- one to ponder over what had hap­ pened and to determine accordingly • T h< W dT of N <>tiona! Liberarion, Interna· his particular place in the war. tiona! Publishers, New York, 1942, pp. 9·17.­ r!:ditor. At the very beginning of the war, 1000 STALIN AND THE PATRIOTIC WAR 1001 when the enemy's crimes were to a the Soviet people's patriotic war considerable extent perpetrated against Hitlerite Germany is a under cover, when it was still not source of rich material as regards clear to all that the enemy was the precision of the questions raised waging a war for the extermination and the definite and clear-cut char­ of Soviet culture and of the acter of the explanation and their Soviet people, Stalin exposed the meaning. His explanation of the enemy's aims, his method of waging reasons which led to the conclusion war; and in that part of his speech of the non-aggression pact between containing practical suggestions he the U.S.S.R. and fascist Germany; pointed out that it was necessary his estimate of German aggression to organize guerrilla detachments and the idea that in this great war and sabotage groups in the enemy­ of liberation the Soviet people occupied areas for the struggle would merge their struggle with against the fascist army units, and those of the peoples of Europe and to make unbearable conditions for America, for their independence the enemy and all his_ associates. and for their democratic liberties, And today, when the atrocities against enslavement and the threat being perpetrated by the enemy on of enslavement on the part of Hit­ the civil population reveal in its ler's fascist armies; his idea of the true light the bestial face of the influence which the political factor enemy, the ranks of the guerrilla would exert on military operations, columns are swelled by new thou­ rest on profoundly Marxist-Lenin­ sands of the people's avengers, ist principles which will be includ­ ready for any sacrifice to destroy ed in textbooks for the study of the invaders. At the same time Marxian tactics in world politics. Stalin's speech contains a profound On November 6, 1941, when analysis of military and political Stalin spoke on the occasion of the events. twenty-fourth anniversary of the Stalin pointed out that the with­ October Revolution,* the danger to drawal of the Red Army was the our country, far from having di­ outcome of advantages accruing minished, had increased. The Ger­ from the sudden and treacherous man command was preparing to attack by fascist Germany in viola­ drive against Moscow. As a matter tion of the 1939 pact with the of fact, so great was the confidence U.S.S.R. Nevertheless, during its of the fascists in the_ir victory that withdrawal the Red Army suc­ Hitler had already fixed the date ceeded in smashing up a number of for the conference of his vassals in crack German divisions, proving Moscow. At that moment Stalin's thereby that the Hitlerite army can vigorous speech, filled with confi­ and will be smashed, notwithstand­ dence in the strength of the U.S.S.R. ing the fascist propaganda about and calling for the defeat of the the "invincibility" of German arms. Hitler hordes, had the effect of The section in Stalin's speech in doubling the energy of the people, which he gives an appraisal of the of immeasurably strengthening the inte:t:national situation arising from • Ibid., pp. 18-23.-Editor. 1002 STALIN AND THE PATRIOTIC WAR fortitude of the Red Army, of in­ counted on the weakness of the Red creasing iits offensive ardor. The Army and Navy. But there, too, the fascist army was badly battered Germans miscalculated. Retreating, near Moscow and Hitler had to con­ the Red Army fought furiously for vene his conference with his vas­ every line and inflicted serious sals in Vienna. blows on the enemy. Moreover, the In his anniversary speech Stalin characteristic feature was that while made a brilliant analysis of the ba­ retreating the Red Army gained in sic reasons for the failure of Ger­ strength, improved its organiza­ many's Blitzkrieg against the tion and enhanced its fortitude. U.S.S.R.: first, the fascists had an­ The morale of the Red Army, its ticipated that following their nu­ sense of responsibility before the merous deceits they would again country, grew stronger with the de­ succeed in using the bogey of revo­ velopment of military operations; lution to frighten the European and whereas the morale of the German American countries into a coalition army was deteriorating even during directed against the U.S.S.R. Fur­ its successes in offensive action. thermore, the Germans had calcu­ This unjust, predatory war of the lated on the instability of the So­ fascists, which calls for enormous viet system, thinking that the blows sacrifice and which has aroused the of the German army would lead to hatred of the population in the oc­ a conflict between the working class cupied regions, cannot but acceler­ and the peasantry, would give rise ate the deterioration of the Hitler to strife among the· peoples of the army regardless of the brutal en­ U.S.S.R., to the disintegration of forcement of discipline in it. the country, and thus facilitate the Summing up, Stalin said: there advance of the German army, which can be no doubt that all these fac­ according to their expectations tors taken together predetermined would push as far as the Urals. the inevitable collapse of the Blitz­ But once again the Germans mis­ krieg in the east. calculated. The reverses suffered by Dwelling on the temporary set­ the Red Army resulted in the still backs of the Red Army, Stalin greater unity of the workers and singled out two basic reasons for the peasants and have still further these; first, the absence of a second cemented the friendship of the front in Europe against the German peoples of the U.S.S.R. fascist armies. The fact that the Ger­ Stalin correctly concluded his man command was not obliged to thought with the words: the fact divide its forces, and had no fear that the Soviet system has so easily of the prospect of a two-front war, withstood these trials and has con­ enabled it to concentrate all of its solidated stnl more ·its rear proves own troops and the armies of its that the Soviet system is today a allies against the U.S.S.R. We were strong system. waging a war of liberation single­ Lastly, the German invaders, ob­ handed, without military help from viously basing their calculations on anyone against the forces of fascist the information of their secret serv­ Germany and her vassals---Finns, ice agents and wishful thinking, Rumanians, Italians, Hungarians. STALIN AND THE PATRIOTIC WAR 1003 The second reason for the tempo­ only in our own country, but in all rary failures of the Red Army, said the German-occupied countries. Stalin, is the shortage in tanks and The morale of our army and people partly also in aircraft. is a factor of great importance in In that part of his speech where the war. he deals with the question of "who Despite the temporary setbacks are the National Socialists," Stalin, suffered by the Red Army, the So­ in laconic and striking words, strips viet people, far from wavering, are the fascist gang of its cloak of na­ urged on by an ever-growing thirst tionalism and socialism. While the to avenge .the enemy's barbarism Hitlerites were engaged in uniting and by a growing confidence in the German territories, they could final victory. To the black, reac­ to some extent be called national­ tionary force of fascism, we coun­ ists. Today, however, when Ger­ terpose our unbending will for vic­ man fascism has enslaved the ma­ tory, our ardor, skill and heroism. jority of the peoples of Europe and Stalin indicated three more fun­ is reaching out for world domina­ damental reasons which are bound tion, the Hitler party is a party of to lead to the inevitable defeat of imperialists, the most rapacious and predatory Hitler imperialism. First, predatory imperialists in the world. the instability of the European hin­ Further, Stalin proved the in­ terland, of the "New Order" institut­ evitability of the defeat of the Ger­ ed by the Germans in the occupied mall: imperialists and their armies, countries. Secondly, the instability of the failure of the fascist adven­ of the German rear in Germany ture against the U.S.S.R. proper. And lastly, the existence of a coalition of the U.S.S.R., Great Hitlerism denies the influence of Britain and the United States, the moral factor in war. The fascists having the aim of routing the Ger­ aim at demoralizing the enemy man aggressors. Herein lies one of :forces and at cutting short every the decisive conditions for victory active manifestation of protest or over Hitler Germany. sabotage in their own country. Stalin further raised the ques­ These measures are effective in tion of war aims. Our aim, he said, their initial stage. But under con­ is liberation from the -fascist yoke ditions of a protracted, bloody war, of the occupied Soviet territories when the opposing side does not and of the Soviet people. We are not merely limit itself to defense, but out to conquer foreign peoples and counter-attacks and delivers strong force our will upon them. Our aim blows at the enemy, the influence is to aid them in their struggle for of the principle of intimidation be­ liberation against fascist tyranny. gins to lose its effectiveness and is We regard Stalin's speech of July finally transformed into an active 3 and his report of November 6 not hatred of fascism. merely as the point of view of the Today it gives rise to furious ha­ government and party leadership, tred and leads to a vigorous armed but also as the expression of the struggle against the invaders, not accumulated popular sentiment and

*Ibi4., *Ibi4., 47·55.-Etlitor. 47·55.-Etlitor. pp. pp. tical tical directives directives will will bring bring us us victory. victory.

army. army. Stalin's Stalin's leadership leadership and and prac­

and and Navy. Navy. The The political political part part of of the the

of of serious serious defeats defeats on on the the fascist fascist

dressed dressed primarily primarily to to the the Red Red Army Army

us us to to

hold hold

out out

and and inflict inflict a a number number

Stalin's Stalin's May May Day Day order order was was ad­

rialism's rialism's war war machine, machine, has has enabled enabled

fury. fury. dous dous onslaught onslaught of of German German impe­

he he suffers, suffers, the the greater greater will will be be his his abled abled us us to to withstand withstand the the tremen­

achieve achieve success. success. The The greater greater defeats defeats Stalin's Stalin's Leninist Leninist policy policy has has en­

He He will will strain strain his his last last strength strength to to mand mand will will not not succeed succeed in in these these aims. aims.

routed. routed. The The enemy enemy is is still still strong. strong. the the belief belief that that the the German German com­

defeated defeated and and still still less less completely completely ment ment that that we we are are fully fully justified justified in in

setbacks, setbacks, but but he he has has not not yet yet been been mous mous expenditure expenditure of of men men and and equip­

ahead ahead of of us. us. The The enemy enemy is is suffering suffering offensive offensive required required such such an an enor­

said, said, that that many many difficulties difficulties are· are· still still stricted stricted aims, aims, this this year's year's German German

mentality. mentality. We We must must not not forget, forget, he he man man aggressors. aggressors. But, But, with with its its re­

against against the the "rest "rest on on your your laurels" laurels" in in curbing curbing the the appetites appetites of of the the Ger­

the the Red Red Army Army men men and and commanders commanders the the strength strength of of the the fascist fascist army army and and

offensive, offensive, Stalin Stalin resolutely resolutely warned warned succeeded succeeded in in considerably considerably sapping sapping

by by the the Red Red Army Army during during its its winter winter who, who, during during the the first first year year of of war, war,

Turning Turning to to the the successes successes gained gained less less struggle struggle of of the the Red Red Army Army man man

cruing cruing from from the the element element of of surprise. surprise. front. front. This This is is the the result result of of the the self­

the the very very fensive fensive important important is is advantage advantage waged waged on on ac­ a a narrower narrower

cist cist German German army army was was deprived deprived of of paign, paign, we we see see that that this this year's year's of­

and and defeats defeats suffered suffered by by it, it, the the fas­ offensive offensive with with their their present present cam­

of of this this war. war. a a result result of of the the losses losses As As Comparing Comparing last last year's year's German German

important important features features and and peculiarities peculiarities mile mile was was paid paid for for at at a a high high price. price.

the the war, war, Stalin Stalin pointed pointed to to the the very very deeply deeply into into Soviet Soviet territory, territory, every every

estimate estimate of of the the previous previous period period of of the the Germans Germans managed managed to to penetrate penetrate

the the Red Red Army, Army, in in which which he he gave gave an an Europe Europe of of Hitler's Hitler's hordes. hordes. Although Although

the the twenty-fourth twenty-fourth anniversary anniversary of of torious, torious, triumphal triumphal march march through through

der der of of the the Day,* Day,* on on the the occasion occasion of of whole whole world-it world-it checked checked the the vic­

victory. victory. In In his his May May Day, Day, 1942, 1942, Or­ plished plished . . that that which which amazed amazed the the

same same time time filled filled with with confidence confidence in in the the Red Red Army Army nevertheless nevertheless accom­

country country and and people, people, were were at at the the Despite Despite the the number number of of setbacks, setbacks,

tent tent of of the the danger danger threatening threatening our our emy, emy, he he emphasized. emphasized.

disclosing disclosing as as they they did did the the full full ex­ learn learn the the art art of of defeating defeating the the en­

Stalin's Stalin's words, words, while while grim, grim, and and at at the the enemy. enemy. Only Only thus thus can can one one

case case in in the the U.S.S.R. U.S.S.R. order order to to deliver deliver well-aimed well-aimed blows blows

on on the the part part of of the the people people as as is is the the in in their their respective respective specialties specialties in in

support support for for and and all all complete complete their their undertakings undertakings mastery mastery of of their their arms arms

the the leaderships' leaderships' sistent sistent confidence confidence study study of of of of military military full full matters matters

the the masses masses Stalin Stalin in in their their demanded demanded leadership leadership of of the the and and men men per­

mutual mutual influence, influence, such such confidence confidence of of an.d an.d Navy. Navy.

such such close, close, contain contain mutual mutual directives directives cooperation cooperation for for and and the the Red Red Army Army

the the People's People's Commissar Commissar hardly hardly of of Defense Defense knows knows another another example example of of

against against the the while while fascist fascist the the invaders. invaders. practical practical History History tasks tasks placed placed by by

the the popular popular order order energy energy is is based based for for the the on on struggle struggle previous previous Speeches, Speeches,

STALIN STALIN AND AND THE THE PATRIOTIC PATRIOTIC WAR WAR 1004 1004 THE 1942 ELECTIONS-AND AFTER

BY MILTON HOWARD

HE announcement of America's can do harm to the war effort, T first land offensive, against the though they did not by any means Axis in North Africa, which thrilled achieve the sweep which commen­ the country immediately after the tators say they did. November 3 elections, immediately They were able to do this in the affected the political atmosphere of first mid-wa,r election since 1862 the nation. only by the practice of wholesale The Congress whlch allowed Cop­ deception, cloaking their defeatism perheads to flout the wishes of the behind fervent pledges of support Government and the armed forces for the war, and appearing in many on the matter of the 18-19-year-old cases even as the proponents of a draft quickly dropped its opposition "tougher war." on the news of the African opera­ The country, casting one of the tion. Military offensives provide lightest votes in more than twenty stimulus to political offensives years, far from expressing opposi­ against the Fifth Column disruption tion to the war (as the Axis radios of the appeasers in this country. distortedly explained), was express-. That brilliant offensive, which the ing dissatisfaction with the delay in country ardently welcomed as the opening the military offensive, and forerunner of real coalition warfare discontent with conditions arising and a large-scale invasion of Eu­ out of slowness in solving the prob­ rope, only added new weight to the lems of an efficient war economy. Communist Party's preliminary This dissatisfaction, it is true, was analysis of the election returns. voiced in distorted forms. In most The main points of that analysis, places, it found itself unable to made amid the din of superficial break through to the real issue, and newspaper jubilation over a "Re­ was compelled to speak through the publican landslide," can be briefly limitations of the traditional two- summarized, aside from important party system. Where possibilities tactical details, as follows: existed to speak outside the two­ ;I'he Republican Party, whi~h is party line-up, where alternatives not a united party, containing a were genuinely offered, the people win-the-war wing and an appeaser in many places voted for true fight­ wing, succeeded in winning new ers for victory. electoral positions from which they Only the crudest wing of the 1005 1006 THE 1942 ELECTIONS-AND AFTER American Quisling forces, typified There is a contradiction between by the New York Daily News, tried the numerical victories of the Re­ to interpret the setbacks suffered by publican Party as such and the the Administration and labor in the hidden Quislingism of its Hoover­ same manner as the Berlin-Rome Taft-Vandenberg groups. There is radios-that is, as a rebuke to the a contradiction between the Repub­ policy of anti-Hitler war. (The New lican vote and the pro-war will of York Daily News analysis was wel­ the masses who gave them that vote. comed on the Berlin radio.) There is no common basis for the The calculating leader of the electoral victory of a Stassen or Hoover defeatists in the U.S. Senate, Saltonstall, both backed by labor, Senator . Vandenberg of Michigan, and the victory of a Ham Fish. thought it wise, knowing the temper This contradiction will increase of the people, to view the Republi­ in direct ratio as the Government can Party victories as a mandate for takes the nation deeper into offen­ more, not less, warfare against the sive action, and seizes the horns of Axis-"The war effort had not pro­ the dilemma which is delayuig a ceeded as satisfactorily as the peo­ centralized war economy. ple wanted it," he explained cau­ The defeatist forces in the Repub­ tiously in public. lican Party now possess greater ma­ Yet without minimizing the losses chinery with which to sabotage the which the win-the-war forces suf­ war and prepare conditions for fered in many places, it would be "negotiated peace." Pro-fascist reac­ politically superficial to ignore the tionaries like Pettingill, Frank Gan­ fact that within the Republican nett, acting for Herbert Hoover, are Party vote there existed the same seizing control of the national Re­ kind of differentiations as exist be­ publican Party apparatus; in states tween Willkie pro-victory candi­ like Pennsylvania, California, New dates and pro-Hoover defeatist can­ York, Connecticut, and Michigan, didates. Hoover-Republican Governors have Many voters voted Republican the opportunity to strengthen their out of a sincere desire to hasten the machinery. offensive, and out of a mistaken But these newly won positions of belief that indiscriminate support the defeatists can be made precari­ for all G.O.P. candidates would ous and ineffective by application of speed that result. The pro-Second offensive military tactics abroad, by Front speeches of Wendell Willkie, elimination of confusion in the who appears to the public as Repub­ war economy through bold use lican Party leader, led many to mis­ of centralized planning and control. take many a Republican defeatist More vigorous forging of true, non­ for a true supporter of victory poli­ partisan, national unity, and the de­ cies, especially in the absence of termination to reveal the face of sharp exposure of defeatist groups American Copperheadism to the from within the RepubUcan and masses, regardless of the party also within the Democratic Party. in which it operates, will bring an THE 1942 ELECTIONS-AND AFTER 1007 antidote to the Republican advances. the error of delaying the offensive A politically defective policy and and the centralization of war con­ needless tactical errors contributed trol, but it compounded this error to the losses suffered by the Roose­ with the failure to expose to the na­ velt and other victory forces in tion the Copperhead sabotage of the New York, California, Connecticut Republican Quislings and their allies and Michigan, when such losses in the Democratic Party in Congress. could easily have been victories. We Hesitation in fighting the appeaser can reject with contempt the un­ elements, fear of calling a spade a historic and mechanical "pendulum" spade, not only in the Republican theories of periodic "swings" from but in the President's party, enabled "ins" to "outs" by which certain these groups to delay the offensive writers dully explain the alleged and create social, economic and po­ Republican landslide, and on the litical conditions 0n which they basis of which they predict a new could capitalize. wave of Hooverism. In this manner the Republican It is essential that the win-the­ Party made skillful use of unsolved war forces, and above all the pro­ farm problems, whose solution they Roosevelt leaders in the Democratic themselves prevented, winning their Party and in the Administration it­ greatest gains in the rural areas, and self, quicklll grasp the truth that creating a serious danger to the na­ the November defeats were not at tional unity forces which needs all inevitable, and could have been speedy remedying. avoided by the proper tactics ap­ There was a failure to show the plied vigorously and in time. Ob­ country the destructive effect of the jective study of these errors, and the ten months' sabotage waged in Con­ application of their object lessons, gress by a coalition of Hoover­ can provide the means for turning Republicans and poll-tax Bourbons the Republican Party nJUmerical vic­ of the Democratic Party. Necessary tory into a rout for the defeatists. war-time measures proposed by Lack of effective unity within the President Roosevelt, such as the win-the-war camp, on the one hand, Seven-Point Economic Plan, of and an inability to reveal the elec­ April, the anti-inflation . tax pro­ tion struggle as a vital, integral part gram, and the anti-profiteering price of crushing the enemy-these were proposals, were blocked until Sep­ the political errors which provided tember, when the President com­ the Republican Party defeatist and pelled action only by drastic warn­ politicals-as-usual forces with par­ ings and an appeal to the nation. tisan opportunity. For this the Ad­ The Government's proposals for in­ ministration, as well as the organ­ creasing farm output through Farm ized labor movement, must take the Security loans were killed by the blame, and they must assume the same coalition of Hoover-Republi­ greatest duties in overcoming this cans and anti-Roosevelt Democrats. weakness. Sabotage by Senator Taft of the The Administration not only made Government's suggestions for aiding 1008 THE 1942 ELECTIONS-AND AFTER the small businessmen added to the The proper and unif1_ed utilization economic dislocations. Sniping at all of the win-the-war forces behind war efforts; hostility to taking the the proper political tactic could offensive; complete non-support for have given emphatically different a Western Front against Nazi Ger­ results. many; endorsement of the morale­ All the conditions exist for a rapid wrecking and splitting Dies Com­ repairing of the damage done and mittee; and the wildest labor-bait­ for a new advance of the win-the­ ing in the midst of the nation's war war coalition. This is proved by the production drive-all this has significant counter-trends which marked the activities of the Re­ broke through the Republican Party publican defeatists and their Demo­ victories in a number of key states cratic Party political allies in Con­ where the correct tactics of fighting gress since Pearl Harbor. Copperheadism and of win-the-war, Yet the Administration forces­ non-partisan, unity were even par­ affected also by the disunity and in­ tially employed. 'The "landslide" sufficient consciousness of war theory is not only refuted by the duties of sections of the labor move­ close votes by which the Republi­ ment-failed to make the real situ­ cans won in many instances, but ation clear, and allowed themselves also by the positive achievements of to become the target of indiscrim­ win-the-war forces and certain sig­ inate attack. The Government thus nificant electoral victories. It is well failed, actually, to make clear what to review these briefly, for they can was really the one, basic issue in the become typical, not exceptional, in election-genuine support for na­ the coming struggles. tional unity and all necessary war In Wisconsin, four pro-war Con­ measures-by failing to point an ac­ gressmen were returned, with the cusing finger at the systematic po­ nationally important ousting of litical sabotage which was balking Wisconsin's "Ham Fish," Represen­ the Government's constructive, if tative Thill, by the united people's preliminary, war proposals, and and labor action behind the victory creating the conditions arousing candidate, McMurray. The Republi­ popular dissatisfaction. can isolationist Governor, Heil, was Successfully, then, was the defeated, while Berquist, running Hoover-Taft-Vandenberg group able mate of the winning Progressive to apply its main tactic of creating Party candidate for Governor, ran confusion, delay, and "hardship," as much as 50,000 votes ahead of his while simultaneously appearing as ticket to win on an outspoken Sec­ the "champion" of the people's dis­ ond Front campaign. In California, content with this same delay, con­ there is the outstanding success of fusion and "hardship." This was the pro-war Democrat Kenny, who as outstanding tactical situation of the a Second Fronter and aid-the­ 1942 elections. It can and must be farmer campaigtier, ran far ahead changed-in fact it is on the way to of his ticket, winning the Attorney­ being changed. Generalship, while his running- THE 1942 ELECTIONS-AND AFTER 1009 mate, Governor Olson, lost to the Bennett, and Willkie's endorsement reactionary Republican Warren. of Dewey. This powerful indepen­ In New York, there is not only the dent vote indicates that a large notable success of Representative group understood the need for vot­ Marcantonio, who swept all three ing for victory policies by voting primaries-Democratic, Republican for Governor outside the columns and American Labor Party-on a of the two old parties, and that this staunch anti-Munich, Second Front section of voters wanted to maintain record, but also the peak vote of and develop the American Labor Democratic Lieutenant-Gubernato­ Party as an effective instrument for rial candidate Poletti, whose united labor and progressive independent labor support brought him within a political action. few thousand votes of victory, de­ In the elections, the Communist spite the large lead of the Republi­ Party contributed its sharply defined can Gubernatorial winner, Dewey policy of unity behind win-the-war (a lead resulting from special causes candidates, without seeking partisan in New York). advantage; it waged the clearest There should be mentioned also fight against the Copperheadism and the victory of Feighan in Ohio over pointed to the appeaser forces exist­ the Coughlinite Sweeney, in the ing in both parties; it helped to cut primaries, and in the elections; the through all secondary issues by fas­ victory of Sadowski in Michigan tening attention on the basic war over the appeaser and Negro-baiter issues. Its placing of the Second Tenerowicz, in the primaries, and in Front as a central campaign issue the elections; the re-election of such provided a basic guide and was con­ militant pro-war candidates as Cof­ firmed as being in the forefront of fee and Magnusson in Washington; the nation's interest by the post­ the notable victory in California of election announcement of the Afri­ Will Rogers, Jr., ousting the ap­ can offensive, prelude to the West­ peaser Leland Ford. ern Front. There are other instances of a In New York State, the Commu­ similar character. They are the basis nist Party pursued the tactic de­ of the next developments, because signed to cut down the voting they demonstrate that a bold strug­ strength of the two appeaser-in­ gle for the military offensive and fluenced gubernatorial candidates, against Copperheadism, backed by Bennett and Dewey, and to strength­ Roosevelt Democrats, Willkie Re­ en the American Labor Party as a publicans, and a united labor move­ more effective expression of the ment, can win. win-the-war forces. In New York, An outstanding development na­ for these tactical reasons, the Com­ tionally was the emergence of a munist Party could not muster its powerful American Labor Party full electoral strength. However, in vote in New York State, despite several states, notably in Minnesota, President Roosevelt's party-regu­ Washington and California, the larity endorsement of Farley's man, Communist vote was impressive. 1010 THE 1942 ELECTIONS-AND AFTER At the same time, it should be elusion of organic unity negotia­ realized that the elections show the tions. need for strengthening and consol­ The entire labor movement, idating the steadily advancing mass through its local bodies, and through political influence of the party. its national leadership of William Green and Philip Murray, !S * * * united in support of a whole series of Government war measures. This It is now the duty of all patriotic includes support for the abolition of groups, in all classes and parties, to the poll-tax system; the extension of face the responsibility for changing centralized planning to the man­ the political situation in favor of the power and production problems; the victory forces. It is the special duty opposition to the labor-baiters; the of the labor movement to act in such extension of the African offensive; a manner as will strengthen the the United Nations policy of alliance win-the-war coalition, which in­ with Britain, the Soviet Union and cludes helping to unite Roosevelt China; the application of rationing, Democrats and Willkie Republicans. price control, taxation on corpor·a­ What needs to be done? What are tions, etc., etc. the developments which should be These matters are subject to im­ looked for? mediate Congressional and Govern­ 1. The labor movement needs to mental action; labor must enter the establish its own unity, and develop fight in a united manner, acting its own independent political activ­ jointly, displaying bold statesman­ ity for rallying all victory forces and like, independent political initiative. uniting the win-the-war camp. 2. It is urgent that labor exert its It would be unfortunate if there united strength for the extension of were repeated the situation whicp the African offensive to an invasion prevailed in the New York elec­ of Europe; to see that the appeasers tions, for example, where President do not succeed in delaying such an Roosevelt supported one candidate, extension of our offensive, or the Willkie another, one trade union unfolding of true coalition warfare Bennett, another Dewey, with the in Europe, by calling for "pauses" A. F. of L. and C.I.O. divided in in our attack. their support. Such disunity within The Wheeler-Nye-Taft appeasers the win-the-war forces provided the were not prevented from returning Hooverites with their opportunity. to their disruptions soon after Pearl Irrespective of developments in Harbor; they will not hesitate to the current unity negotiations be­ knife the African offensive if they tween the A. F. of L. and C.I.O., can by one method or another. This ther.e is a great need and every is a real danger which labor must practical opportunity for labor to combat, against which vigilance is exert its united ,influence behind the needed. An effective weapon against nation's war policies in Congress this danger is pressure upon all without any waiting for the con- Congressmen and Senators for such THE 1942 ELECTIONS-AND AFTER 1011 a centralized war economy as out­ able to the pro-war coalition of the lined in the Tolan-Kilgore-Pepper Roosevelt Democrats, the Willkie Bill to back the military offensive. Republicans and the labor and farm 3. The dangerous antagonism groups. which the Republican-Copperhead The labor movement helped the press has fostered between the cities President within his own party by and the countryside, between labor defeating the Farley insurrection in and the farm population, is fraught New York State. But, though suf­ with peril to the entire nation. fering a setback, these forces are (Defeatists made their biggest gains n,ot yet routed. The conspiracies of in rural areas.) Initiative by labor the Farleys and Vandenbergs within in overcoming this Fifth Column the Democratic and Republican tactic is essential. Parties create dangers which labor Practical attention must be given cannot ignore. to the problems of the farmer and Labor's economic and political small business man, in accord with initiative, expressing itself in com­ an over-all economic plan which mon activity for the enactment of will treat the economic problems of immediately necessary war meas­ various groups, not onesidedly and ures, both in Washington and in the piecemeal, but as part of an organic several states, will enable it to in­ plan. fluence the course of political events Labor, in fighting for centralized and realignments. war planning, should learn to pre­ The 1942 elections should have sent this proposition, not as a nar­ been, and could have been, a war row "labor matter" involving only mobilization, led by the Government the trade unions, but as a truly na­ and its allies in the camp of national tional matter vitally affecting the unity. Instead, the Copperheads economic and patriotic interests of were allowed to seize the advantage all classes, of industry, farmers, needlessly. With the unfolding of a small business men and others. Only "Lincoln policy" by the President­ by such a plan can these groups that is, of offensive on all fronts-­ find a solution to their economic the labor movement has the duty problems consistent with victory in of guaranteeing that this will be the the war. last election in which defeatists will 4. By its united pressure upon be permitted to operate openly in Congress immediately, labor can American politics. The fight for na­ balk the plan to form an appeaser tional unity behind the program of coalition between Hoover Republi­ victory must now be waged more cans and Martin Dies Democrats, resolutely and energetically than and help to create conditions favor- ever before. THE PACIFIC FRONT IN THE GLOBAL WAR

BY JAMES S. ALLEN

HE extension of the war to the blows at the Allies in the West, was T Pacific Front a year ago pre- due above all to the Soviet counter­ sented the United States and its Al- offensive on the Central Eastern lies with a series of new problems. Front which was already under way The first and key problem was to at Moscow when Japanese bombs establish the correct relationship of fell on Pearl Harbor. Hitler was suf­ the new front to the global war as a fering the heaviest defeat he had whole, in the first place to the deci- yet taken in the war. During the sive front in Europe. The second im- period from December, 1941, "to portant problem was to work out, March, 1942, when Japan was win­ within the framework of the re- ning its cheap successes in the col­ quirements of world strategy, the onies of the South Pacific, Hitler correct policy for defeating Japan was retreating on the Eastern Front, on the Pacific Front. Now that we suffering tremendous losses and have turned the first year of our ac- therefore unable to undertake any tive participation in the war it is important, even subsidiary, offensive well to examine to what extent we action elsewhere. have progressed in the solution of But the United States had been these problems. catapulted into the anti-Axis war The immediate effect of Japan's as a full-fledged belligerent, there­ attack beginning with Pearl Harbor by accelerating the mobilization of was to cause a serious diversion of overwhelming resources and power Anglo-American forces away from on the side of the United Nations. the central task of defeating Hitler Three weeks after Pearl Harbor the in Europe, to bring about a dis- Pact of the United Nations was persal of Allied forces over exten- signed in .Washington by twenty­ sive battlelines which reached six countries, symbolizing the po­ around the world, and to complicate tentialities of coalition warfare on still further the problem of a unified a global scale. Now, one year after Allied strategy. the Nipponese attack, the gathering That the Axis could not take full power of the anti-Hitler coalition is advantage of these initial benefits beginning to make itself felt not to deliver heavy and perhaps fatal only on the decisive Soviet front but " . 1012 THE PACIFIC FRONT IN THE GLOBAL WAR 1013 in the Anglo-American offensive in single strategy for defeating Hitler. North Africa, which marks the turn It is now a question of how to ex­ from the defensive to the offensive tend and develop offensive opera­ stage of the war. The Western Al­ tions already under way so that the lies are beginning to take advan­ objective of the two-front war tage of the opportunities created by against Hitler in Europe can be the great devastation inflicted upon speedily obtained. Hitler's armies on the Eastern Front The new possibilities opened by and the growing weakening and dis­ the African offensive are in them­ integration of the Berlin-Rome Axis selves the best answer to the prob­ caused by the successes of the Red lem of the relation of the Pacific Army. New possibilities have Front to the European battlefield. emerged for a coordinated offensive After twelve months of valiant against Hitler by the Anglo-Soviet­ struggle on the Pacific we have not American coalition in a two-front been able to alter basically the sit­ war on the European continent. uation on that front, although we As important as the immediate have made some improvements in objectives of the North African cam­ our position. But on the European paign are, the main significance of front, through the magnificent as­ that action is that it still further sistance and counter-offensive af the weakens the Axis in Europe, places Red Army, the possibilities have it on the defensive, causes it to been opened for a final crushing disperse its forces more thinly over drive of the United Nations upon extended and unfriendly areas, Hitler, whose defeat is a prerequisite brings closer the rift in the Halo­ for the isolation and destruction of German alliance and among the Japanese imperialism. Axis satellites, isolates the Vichy The real relationship between the regime still more completely from Pacific and the European fronts is the French people, arouses a new also demonstrated by the immediate wave of resistance within France practical effects of the Mediterra­ and all of subjugated Europe and, nean campaign. By gaining com­ therefore, improves the conditions plete control of the Mediterranean for the immediate opening of the it will be possible to cut down by second front in Europe. many thousands of miles the supply As Stalin pointed out in his No­ routes to Iran, India and China, thus. vember 7 speech, the Anglo-Soviet­ strengthening the Allied position in American coalition has become pro­ the Far East. At Stalingrad, where gressively stronger, while the Halo­ the Nazi objective of cutting off German coalition has become weak­ Central Russia from the Urals and er. The beginning of offensive oper­ outflanking Moscow was defeated, ations in Africa, occurring simulta­ the subsidiary aim of driving into neously with the epic struggles of the Caucasus and toward the Middle the Red Army, accelerates the prog­ East was also frustrated. Now the ress of unity among the Allies and defeat of Rommel's Akrika Korps brings closer the realization of a has annihilated the other end of the 1014 THE PACIFIC FRONT IN THE GLOBAL WAR pincers upon the Middle East, suc­ offensive moves and efforts to ex­ cessfully 'defended that strategic tend its domination are not ex­ area and prevented a possible junc­ cluded. ture of the Nazi and Japanese forces. The Berlin and Tokio ends * * * of the Axis are in a less favorable One of the main tactics of the position to coordinate their strategy, appeasers and defeatists is to try to while the Allies have improved create disunity and dissension their position for over-all coordina­ around the question of the "prior­ tion of the global war. ity" of the fronts. Thus, under Another important effect upon cover of a false "patriotism," the the Pacific Front is that the turn in Hearst press, the New York Daily the war on the European front re­ News and the Chicago Tribune ac­ strains Japanese military-fascism cuse the Administration of betraying · from further adventures, whether in the country by carrying the war to the direction of Soviet Siberia, India, Hitler instead of concentrating on Australia or the United States. The "our first front" in the Pacific. growing disintegration of the Ber­ After the launching of the African lin-Rome Axis also results in the offensive, which was a heavy blow weakening of the Berlin-Tokio con­ to defeatism, the pro-fascist press nection and tends to isolate Japan continued and even intensified the from the Axis as a whole. For, in same line of propaganda. The out­ launching their attack last Decem­ rightly defeatist cabal among the ber, the Japanese military-fascists Republicans openly opposed the new counted heavily upon Hitler being offensive. Thus, Rep. Maas, ranking able to continue offensive operations Republican member of the House in Europe, particularly against the Naval Affairs Committee and a Soviet Union. They joined in Hit­ colonel in the Marine Corps Reserve, ler's gamble upon trying to disunite in a nationwide broadcast defied · the Anglo-Soviet-American coali­ the Government and the High Com­ tion and thus preventing the emer­ mand by virtually demanding that gence of a two-front war. But just the war against Hitler be called off the opposite is happening. And with to save us from "defeat" on the the growing strength and cohesion of Pacific. the anti-Hitler coalition, Japan's But the defeatist and Munichite position in the Far East is weakened forces, the main body of whom is and the day is coming closer interested primarily in preventing when the full force of the United the defeat of Hitler and arranging a Nations, after having disposed of "negotiated peace," are not alone in Hitler in the West, will be brought propagating this line. They are to bear upon defeating Japan in joined by other forces, some of them the East. Therefore, Japan is forced in the win-the-war camp, who to adopt greater caution and tends waver dangerously on the border­ to concentrate upon defending her line of defeatism under the influ­ newly-won empire, even though ence of imperialist impulses. THE PACIFIC FRONT IN THE GLOBAL WAR 1015 Among the most active spokesmen It is to be noted that insistence representing this tendency is Joseph upon the "priority" of the Pacific C. Grew, former ambassador to front develops side by side with two Japan, who speaks almost daily to other points of emphasis. The first business and civil groups and over is that we must win the war largely the radio. His speeches are given by our own efforts, and not as the official status by the State Depart­ result of coalition warfare. The ment, which reprints them faithful­ other main point closely linked with ly in its official bulletin. The main this is that we must win in the burden of his numerous addresses Pacific mainly with our navy and is to impress his audience with the principally by reconquering . the great power, efficiency, fanaticism Pacific stepping-stones leading to and implacability of the Japanese. Japan. These ideas are planks of a It is remarkable that in his laudable single platform erected on the prem­ effort to impress the American peo­ ise that America's "Manifest Des­ ple with the seriousness and im­ tiny" and future hegemony must mensity of the war task before them rest on the Far East. Accordingly, he always manages to evade any no advantages are to be gained by serious discussion of the European winning the war as the result of fronts, and he paints Japan as even coalition with other Western pow­ more difficult to defeat than Ger­ ers, such as Great Britain, or with many. The logic of his remarks is the Far Eastern nations, such as that Japan is the main enemy, de­ China. manding our major concentration, The rejection of coalition warfare and he is meticulously careful to would lead not only to defeat in leave no other impression. Although Europe but to defeat on the Pacific of late he has begun to mention front as well. For victory can be some of our Allies in the war, his obtained on the Pacific front only main emphasis is that the United as a result of a global strategy States single-handed will have to which leads to the concentration of win the war on the Pacific. For the major power of the Anglo-So­ example, this is what he urged lead­ viet-American coalition in Europe ing publicists to tell the people in a against Nazi Germany. Within this speech before the Books and Au­ framework, we can win in the Pacific thors Luncheon in New York Oc­ only if our war effort there, largely tober 27: naval an~ air, is fully coordinated with the war effort of China which "We shall have to cross the seas holds the main land front against and defeat Japan. . . . They will Japan. Allied naval action in the not break of themselves. We shall Pacific is of great importance to have to do what no one has ever defend the approaches to Australia to de­ done before. We shall have and other existing Allied bases, and feat the Japanese in Japan.... "When we, by our own efforts, to protect and extend our lines of are adequately prepared we can communications to the Asiatic main­ and will strike for final victory." land. In addition to this, to the 1016 THE PACIFIC FRONT IN THE GLOBAL WAR extent that our naval arm drains ture of our prospects and orientate Japanese strength and forces her to toward a long and protracted war fight over vast expanses do we con­ against Japan. tribute to winning the war in the But unhappy experience, such as Pacific. But we cannot win the war we have had at Pearl Harbor and at there by grand naval battles alone. Singapore, Burma, and Indonesia, These have to be coordinated with provide lessons which have to be and contribute to the ·development learned and which the United Na­ of the land front in China, the key tions will be forced to apply out of front of the Pacific war. military necessity. Only as these Tl.te correct approach to the prob­ are applied will the splendid vic­ lem of Pacific military policy is tories of Midway, the Coral Sea and given by Admiral H. E. Yarnell, the Solomons bear full fruit in the now retired but having behind him unfolding of a victorious coalition long years of service in the Far policy on the Pacific front. East. He says: "In the war against Japan the • • • main effort must come from the Still another important compo­ mainland of Asia, which means nent of the "America First" ap­ China. Principally from that area proach to the Pacific front is oppo­ must be given the blows that will sition to the political and practical bring Japan to her knees. The man­ mobilization of the Far Eastern power and air bases are ready. All that are lacking are planes, guns peoples as our allies in the anti-Axis and munitions. war. It is no accident that the Presi­ "The naval operations in the dent and other national leaders like Pacific are contributory, of course, Wallace, Welles and Willkie, who to her final defeat. But a campaign understand that the main front is from that direction alone is a long against Hitler Germany and that and costly affair, with success the war must be won as a United doubtful. The early defeat of Japan Nations war, have at the same time hinges mainly on operations from understood the importance of Amer­ China." (Letter to The New York Times, Nov. 14, 1942.) ican-Soviet friendship and the need for a progressive program of co­ Unfortunately, this view is not operation with the colonial and shared by our Navy High Command semi-colonial peoples of the Far as a whole, although there are East. Much is still to be desired notable exceptions, nor is it yet our here, especially with respect to guiding policy for the Pacific front. China and India, but a beginning It is because they do not recognize has been made in the surrender• of the great anti.. Japanese power extra-territorial rights in China, in available among the peoples of the stepping up supplies to her and in Far Ea.st, that some of the high starting the first phases of military naval commanders on that front cooperation. But the Pacific-front­ paint so stark and pessimistic a pic- first groups decry such steps, for THE PACIFIC FRONT IN THE GLOBAL WAR 101'1 anything is to be fought which aids senior partner. The section now and stimulates the self-activity of published deals with Pacific rela­ the Far East peoples and, according tions. These reports are considerably to their narrow views, endangers the more than schemes for a post-war position of domination which they world. They are a statement of aims imagine the United States can win and program by the "American for itself in the Far East. Century" group of Henry R. Luce. An examination of the proposals • * * of this group makes· it clear that the progressive forces must engage Like freedom, the word imperial­ more and more in polemics against ism is subject to varied interpreta­ sectors who seek to make their own tions. One of the main obstacles to imperialist ambitions predominant the further development of friend­ in the conduct and objectives of the ship and common action between war. The report in question starts our country and China is the slow­ out by declaring that the Western ness with which our nation's spokes­ powers must surrender all their ex­ men are defining more concretely clusive rights or preferential posi­ what is meant by the "end of impe­ tions in Asia after the war. This rialism." The best definition, and looks like the "end of imperialism" one that means most, is supplied by ~but further reading reveals that deeds, such as the surrender of spe­ what is meant is the end of Britain's cial privileges in China. That was imperialist positions in the Far East immediately understood throughout and the inauguration of a new era the Far East and was the cause for of American hegemony. This is the great jubilation in China. pivot of this piece of "post-war In the meantime, others formu­ planning." At the end of the war, late programs and present views says the report, "the function of which may be misunderstood at British imperialism in the Orient home and abroad as representing will have been fulfilled. It must be the actual aims of our national replaced, not by a retreat to isola­ policy. One such program drawn up tionism-British, American, or Asi­ by the editors of Fortune, a not in­ atic-but by a new international consequential group in American framework in which the creative public and political life, deserves spirit of East and West can work special attention. They have pub­ dynamically together for a better lished Part II in their general proj­ world." ect defining the role which they The international authority estab­ envision for the United States in a lished as some extension of the post-war world. Part I, it will be United Nations after the war, ac­ recalled, dealt with Anglo-Ameri­ cording to the editors of Fortune, can relations and projected an "must derive its power from exist­ Anglo-Saxon domination of the ing power-from those nations world, in which the United States powerful at any existing time. For would play the role of a distinctly example, we recognize the possibil- 1018 THE PACIFIC FRONT IN THE GLOBAL WAR ity that, at some given time, the U.S. Pacific Highway," from our West may possess predominant power in Coast across the Pacific islands, in­ the Pacific-military, industrial and cluding all Japanese-held islands, financial." And it is on the supposi­ "which we shall take," on to the tion that the U.S. will become the Eastern terminal of Formosa. It principal "trustee" of United Na­ would be "impolitic" to restore tions' interests in the Pacific, that Formosa to China or to make it in­ the report bases its recommenda­ dependent because of its strategic tions. position. The poetic editors of For­ There is no need to enter upon a tune paint a glowing picture: detailed discussion of the specific proposals. It is sufficient to outline "Based on our Pacific Coast, them briefly to see that what is en­ Hawaii and Formosa, the great planes of the near future, with their visioned is U.S. imperialist domina­ easy ten-thousand-mile striking tion of the Far East, in crude con~ range, can dominate the , entire tradiction to the principles of the Pacific. Off the vast runways, out of Atlantic Charter, or, as Henry A. the cavernous and bombproof un­ Wallace more correctly termed it, derground hangars, they will rise at the United Nations Charter, with re­ a word from any of our strong spect to the self-determination of points in an umbrella of air power peoples. not merely over a single harbor or A new "international republic" is island, but over the whole vital to .be established, according to these trade route of the greatest ocean in the world. Under their bombsights American Centuryites, consisting of no aggressive move will get very far Thailand, British Malaya, all the in the Pacific of the future." British and Dutch islands in Indo­ nesia and Portuguese Timor. This Having thus presented the Far vast aggregation of 90,000,000 peo­ Eastern peoples with the promise of ple is to be ruled by a Governor a new type of umbrella, the worthy appointed by a supreme council planners foresee an era of good-will which in turn is appointed by na­ between Japan and the United tions having interests in the area. States, after Japan, of course, has All the private and public property had her due punishment. They do taken over by the Japanese is to be not propose to force the abdication restored to the pre-December 7, of the Emperor or any other con­ 1941, owners. Burma and Indo­ stitutional changes m Japan, for China are to be ruled as separate they foresee that the "honored" entities by international commis­ position of the throne may ·be of sions appointed chiefly by Great use to the United Nations. Britain, India, China and the United With respect to China, they view States. The Philippines are to be­ her as the center, the "Middle come independent, with the U.S. Kingdom" of the new Asia. As a assisting in their rehabilitation. concession to the new strength A key role in the proposed "New which China has acquired in the Order" is assigned to a "Trans- course of her long resistance to THE PACIFIC FRONT IN THE GLOBAL WAR 1019 Japanese aggression, they think that • at war while they politely dismiss she should be made into a "free and from their discussion one of the big­ strong nation," working, naturally, gest of the Pacific nations and our in close harmony with and depen­ greatest ally in the war. dent upon the United States. The great era of industrialization andre­ * * * construction which lies ahead for We are not interested in arguing China will be carried, out with the with Luce about the post-war world. · aid of the U.S., and preferably, they And' we would have only a passing do not hesitate to admit, through interest in the scheme if it were not private investment and monopoly for the fact that the promulgation of control. such views has a harmful effect and This is the general picture of what could play a dangerous and detri­ the Luce wing of finance capital is mental role in relations with our fighting for in this war. While it is allies and the prosecution of the true that the Luce wing is anti­ war. Any group which places such Hitler and js working for the defeat considerations as advanced by the of the Axis, it must not be over­ Fortune report to the forefront by looked that their position with re­ that act alone renders itself inimical gard to the colonies is not in keeping to the whole war effect. They create with the objectives of the liberation great obstacles from within to the war of the United Nations and is not unfolding of a correct war policy conducive to promoting unity of the not only for the Pacific Front but people of the United Nations~ for the decisive phase of the war Nowhere in the discussion does the against Hitlerism. Soviet Union enter into the scheme How can we hope to win allies of things on the Pacific, except among the Far Eastern peoples­ with respect to Korea-the matter China, India, Indonesia, Korea, For­ being left for further considera­ mosa, Indo-China, Burma, Malaya­ tion in a special report on Amer­ if we do nothing to allay their sus­ ican-Soviet relations. To the editors picions, sharpened by a Luce report, of Fortune it does not appear at that for certain influential groups in all incongruous that they "settle" the United States the "end of im­ the fate of China without the perialism" means American domina­ Chinese people and without the co­ tion? And yet, we must take spe­ operation of the Soviet Union, which cial steps to win them as allies if has long Asiatic borders with her the United Nations are to win the and which has been her most con­ war on the Pacific front. We do not sistent friend for the past quarter expect morals (morals will be found century, and the staunchest cham­ to fit the circumstances), but the pion of her national sovereignty and real and vital interests of the independence. Nor does it appear American people, which coincide contradictory to them that they take with the interests of all the peoples special care not to tread on the toes of the United Nations, to be the of an Emperor with whom they are guide to our Pacific policy. And as 1020 THE PACIFIC FRONT IN THE GLOBAL WAR we turn, better voluntarily than by and the liberation of nations, the force of events, to a correct military abolition of the colonial system. policy for defeating Japan we will Thus have even conscious impe­ have to adopt those policies which rialists been conscripted by history will assure us the great land allies for a war which is esesntial anti­ which America and the other imperialist." (p. 173) United Nations need for victory. Primarily because the United In his book Victory-and After, States has developed closer ties with Earl Browder shows that the "iron the Soviet Union, thereby strength­ necessities" o:f war are leading to ening the whole Anglo-Soviet­ the dismantling of the colonial sys­ American coalition, and because we tem. "It is not any supposed dis­ have finally entered upon the offen­ appearance of ... innate imperialist sive phase of the war which is tendencies from the United States bringing closer the second front in and Britain that makes it possible Europe, the end of our first year to characterize this war as a Peo­ finds us much closer to victory. The pl«i's War of National Liberation, progressive forces, including the but the fact that the war, breaking Communists, by sharpening up their out of the bounds of imperialism, struggle against the appeasers and has presented all nations, even the defeatists, by strengthening the imperialist powers, no alternative unity of the nation and the United between destruction at the hands o:f Nations, can remove and subdue the Axis or victory on the condition those forces which stand in the way of alliance with the Soviet Union of victory. THE STUDY OF MARXISM-LENINISM AND THE ROLE OF THE PARTY IN PROMOTING NATIONAL UNITY

BY SAM DON

I tice. The second point we wish to establish is that the reason the PROFESSOR LYMAN BRYSON Communist Party has proved to be of Teachers College, at the so correct in the past on all the vital Third Annual Conference on issues facing the nation and the la­ Science, Philosophy and Religion, bor movement is that its policies are deplored the separation of thought based on the Marxist-Leninist and action, declaring: teaching on the closest unity of "One of the most astonishing dis­ theory and action. coveries I have ever made in my The source of the separation of own life is that in all the long his­ thought from action, and the need tory of relations of policy makers and means for overcoming it, were in action and men of thought, no one succinctly stated by Earl Browder has ever studied the methods of when he declared in 1938: connecting thought with action. "Or if there is a treatise on the "Marxist-Leninist theory is over­ subject I find no one who knows of coming that long-standing split be­ it. I think you ought better get busy tween thought and action, between on the problem. It is a scientific theory and practice, which is one of problem." * the chief characteristics of bourgeois society. ." .. Only Marxism-Lenin­ We can assert at the outset that ism again restores the human mind there is more than one treatise on to its throne, creates a unified indi­ the subject of "connecting thought vidual and unified society, restores with action." In fact, there is a the tools to the workers, and re­ tested school of thought on this sub­ unites thought and action, theory ject. It is the Marxist-Leninist schoo~ and practice." * of dialectical materialism; and the We have been able to serve our very essence and heart of that phi­ nation and the labor movement, in losophy is the unity of thought and action, the unity of theory and prac- • Earl Browder, Th•ory as tt Guii• to Action, Workers Library Publishers, New York, 1938, ---;-;:;:~ ygr~ Times, Aug 31, 1942. p. 8. 1021 1022 THE STUDY OF MARXISM-LENINISM these crucial days, when we are pie's war. The cannibal monster let battling for the very survival of our loose by fascism is wiping out the nation from the menace of fascism, noblest achievements of the human because the policies we invite our mind and universal culture. The , fellow-citizens to examine and scientists of the Soviet Union, of adopt are well grounded in our France and the other invaded science. As Browder declared: countries are becoming one with the people in their heroism to "Our theory is the understanding crush the Nazi barbarians. How of the laws that govern history in could the American scientists stand its development, the laws of social change. We are interested in these aside? Their conference shows that laws, not from idle curiosity, but they are groping, searching. They because we find ourselves in a feel that their immense, accumulat­ rapidly changing world, torn be­ ed fund of knowledge stands some­ tween forces of reaction and retro­ how idle. They would like to get to­ gression on the ·one hand, and of gether with the men of action. This progress on the other; we find our­ is all to the good. Unfortunately, selves on the whole helpless victims they have not abandoned certain old of reaction except to the degree that prejudices. Fortunately, what they we arm ourselves with fundamental understanding, with theory. We find are searching for, the science of the that if our action is based upon om unity of thought with action, is own experience, if it is not illu­ available, is at hand. minated with theory, then it is self­ The scientists have learned the defeating, it runs into blind alleys, universal validity of the natural it loses its way. But with theory sciences, of physics, etc. But the as our guide, theory which sum­ same universal validity exists in the marizes the experiences of history, sphere of social science. There can which is the accumulation of work­ ing-class experience over the. gen­ be no "isolationism" in the field of erations, then our action draws into social science; there is no Chinese its support the deepest forces among wall between the progress of the the masses, it strikes out upon the natural and the social sciences, the broad highway of progress, it is in­ fundamental laws of each (without, spired by the confidence of sure however, mechanical lumping to­ knowledge." • gether) are unified in Marxism, in dialectical materialism. Professor Bryson's statement and the resolution adopted by the Con­ "Hence the science of the history ference on Science, Philosophy and of society, despite all the complexity Religion are signs of the times. The of the phenomena of social life, can conference deplores the separation become as precise a science as, let of thought from action; complains us say, biology, and capable of mak­ of "confusion" in the ranks of the ing use of the laws of development scientists. The scientists cannot but of society for practical purposes. be affected by the heroism of a peo- "Hence the party of the proleta­ riat should not guide itself in its •IIHI., p. 3. practical activity by casual motives, THE STUDY OF MARXISM-LENINISM 1023 but by the laws of development of that fascism is war. Understandini society, and by practical deductions the political-economic content of from these laws. . . . fascism in its drive for world con­ "Hence the bond between science quest, we pointed to its direct men­ and practical activity, between ace to the United States and conse­ theory and practice, their unity, quently, years back, raised the should be the guiding star of the party of the proletariat." * slogan of national security. The "era of the end of imperial­ ism" as an expression of deep stir­ * * rings of the broadest popular demo­ Today all the activities, all the cratic forces is being discussed at policies of the Communist Party the present time in the widest, have but one aim-to which all else circles of the population. The scien­ is subordinated, namely, winning tific understanding of imperialism, the war for our nation's survival. of the colonial-national problem, of But is it not worth while to consider post-war developments since 1918, that the Communist Party, though enabled us to arouse the people and small, could project policies corre­ sound the alarm of the menace of sponding with the national interests fascism. We understood the connec­ of the country and the class needs tion between the inner and foreign of the labor movement, because its policies of fascism in the Axis coun­ leaders are well versed in an ide­ tries, and its menace in all other ology which has resolved the con­ countries. flict between "relations of policy Our analysis had as its purpose to makers in action and men of shape policies that would halt the thought"? Is it not a fact that in the rise of fascism and prevent it from long history of the Party and espe­ reaching its objctive of total war for cially for the past decade, on every world conquest. Who would today major issue affecting the welfare deny that the realization of the pol­ of the nation, our Party and its icy of collective security would have leader Browder have proved to be prevented the disasters of fascism? so correct? Let us enumerate and Compare the records of the political consider a few of the outstanding parties in the United States and they cases. The annihilation of fascism is will show, beyond question, that the the outstanding issue today. Is it not Communist Party championed and an incontrovertible fact that of all invited all anti-fascist forces to join the political parties in the United in the realization of the policy of States, the Communist Party was the collective security. Is it not a fact first party which, more than a dec­ that our Party, of all parties, first ade ago, pointed to the danger of stood alone in exposing and com­ fascism and constantly explained batting the danger of Munichism? its brutal imperialist nature, and We were vilified because we cham­ pioned collaboration between the * Jooeph Stalin, Dialtctical and Historical United States and the Soviet Union, Mtllrrialism, lDternatioual Publuhe

1 i form of chores minus all the convic­ Party leadership, to "work on its 'j tion, enthusiasm and thrill that was own" will increase and multiply 1 generated at the State meeting, the effectiveness and efficiency of ~ minus the very policies that are the the general policies and its con­ j basis for the assignments and prac­ tributions toward national unity and lj tical tasks given to the branch. Is it win-the-war policies. The life of a Communist Party ~ 1jany wonder that at times these tasks '"don't click-that they become bur- branch should have that politicaL THE STUDY OF MARXISM-LENINISM 1035 educational quality that every mem­ book? First, that policy, corre.ct ber will feel that attendance raises policy will determine whether the one's stature as a citizen, as a mem­ United Nations win the war or ber of the working class. If the whether a Hitler victory will en­ membership will feel that presence slave the world and cancel out the at a meeting increases one's knowl­ achievements of civilization. Sec­ edge, the attendance will become ondly, the realization of correct regular and the manpower of the policy depends on routing the fifth branch will increase for the carry­ column, especially on the political­ ing out of the manifold tasks. ideological front, since the most The constitutional guarantee of sinister and most effective form of the Communist Party for every fifth column sabotage is the "sab­ member and his own duty is "to otage of the mind." The fascinating participate in t:P.e making of the quality of Comrade Browder's book policies of the Party" (Article 6, is that of constantly appealing to the Section 2). To emphasize we shall mind and heart of the people, repeat: our education should aid battling throughout the fifth col­ every member to participate in the umn's "sabotage of the mind" of making of Party policies for mass the people. leadership; in the very process of One is thrilled in following the making Party policies he will be­ presentation of the Communist come educated. viewpoint of the Party line in Our Party is in a fortunate posi­ Browder's book. Browder's analyses tion today in equipping every Party are not mere assertiovs; they are branch and every member with the the shaping and developing of the weapon that will enable them to Party position. His presentation of function as a political party; that the Communist viewpoint and the weapon is Comrade Browder's Party line has the heroic qualities book Victory-and After. Our pol­ of the men who know what they icies must become public issues; and are fighting for at the gates at to make them public issues we must Stalingrad and in the Solomon battle it out ideologically on all is­ Islands. It is in this spirit 'that we sues affecting the course of the war can make the Browder book a pub­ and the winning of the war. The lic issue in the country, a best sell­ book sets out to accomplish pre­ er; it is in this spirit that we must cisely that which is lacking in the adopt Victory-and After as the political activities of many of the textbook in all of our education, on branches and is insufficiently. de­ the ideological front; it is in this veloped in our mass propaganda­ spirit that the Party branches must namely, in the words of Comrade learn systematically to present the Browder, "the systematic presenta­ Communist viewpoint. tion of the point of view of the Events since its publication make Communist Party of the United the book ever more up to date. The States." fight for all-out war economy, the What is the very heart of the election results, the fight to repeal 1036 THE STUDY OF MARXISM-LENINISM the Poll Tax, the offensive in North * * * Africa, bear witness, not only to the deep truth and wisdom of The training of Communist Party Browder's new work, but to the personnel must have a war-time influence it already has begun to tempo. The education therefore exert on the course of events and must be of a nature that would in shaping public opinion. It is the make them immediately fit for bat­ public document and Party text for tle-to understand and learn to dis­ the duration. It should be used as play initiative in the application of such, studied and applied in carry­ the win-the-war policie~. The selec­ ing out and shaping Party policy. tion of personnel for training should There is a deep emotional quality correspond to the present per­ in the book because the scientific sonnel policies of the Party-name­ Marxist-Leninist exactness is en­ ly, the promotion for leadership of livened and nourished by deep shop workers, Negroes and women. patriotism and implacable hatred War-time tempo means rapid po­ for fascism, scorn and contempt for litical training. The character of everything that is indecent in our the education must consist of the body politic. The book aims to edu­ closest knitting-together of ideology cate and elevate the working class, and policy-the ability of success­ to strengthen its position in the na­ ful immediate application of Party tion's affairs, in the anti-fascist peo­ policy. Such education should lay ple's war. The book deepens the the foundation for self-study-read­ national consciousness of America. ing, to become well-informed, to It imbues the working class with become keen working class leaders. vision and faith; it gives the work­ It should impart the qualities and ing class that Marxian knowledge to habits of working class statesmen sustain it in all the trials to realize and tribunes of the people. It :was its destiny as the most consistent always a "sin" to have an academic anti-fascist force in the camp of approach in the training of person­ national unity. nel. Nowadays, it is more than a sin. The national democratic heritage We know that without women­ of our country, the rich annals of power on the assembly-line we can­ the American labor movement, the not win 'the battle of production. laws of the most advanced science­ Nor can we wm on the home front Marxism - Leninism - the world­ -in the civic war effort-without wide revolutionary experiences and the participation of the women. worldwide cultural heritage em­ Despite the slanders emanating bodied in Marxism-Leninism, em­ from the appeaser press, the women bodied in our Party, are eloquently are learning fast, and discharging and sagely expressed and developed nobly and efficiently their duties on by Comrade Browder in his book­ the assembly line and on the civic a book which is a decisive weapon war front. And the women have the in winning the war, in Victory-and right to expect and demand more­ After. to participate actively, and become THE STUDY OF MARXISM-LENINISM 1037 leaders as well, in the social and ership, an older, more experienced political life of the country; this is comrade be assigned to him for per­ especially true of the labor move­ sonal tutoring? It would be ad­ ment. visable to acquaint in advance new From the recent experiences in members of leading committees the Party, women comrades quick­ with the order of business, to give ly, efficiently and patriotically re­ them the background of problems placed men functionaries who have that will be discussed. Such an ap­ been called to serve their countcy proach will help the new committee on the battlefield. In many instances member to tie up his own valuable the women comrades display better mass experience with the problems administrative ability. But use in under discussion, enabling him administrative positions is not quickly to orient himself in the dis­ enough. Women comrades should be cussion and actively to participate assisted politically, through train­ in it. Personal attention, personal ing, to occupy the highest political tutoring, would avoid some sad ex­ posts in the Party and not merely periences of the past, where new relegated to administrative posts. members fell out because they did Opportunities for political training not get such systematic personal should be extended, especially to guidance. working class women. Frequent, systematic discussions * • • between State leaderships and their There never was a time in the personnel is the very heart of po­ history of mankind when entire na­ liticfll training. At such meetings tions embracing whole populations there should not only be a presenta­ brought forward all their energy tion of policy as of today, but as for national survival, for their fu­ much as possible a historical ture, for their democratic liberties, treatment and unfolding of policies as we see today. Split seconds, in should be introduced. Such meet­ the literal sense, in which Q.ecisions ings should be well prepared in ad­ are made by nations and millions vance by advising the comrades of people are decisive. Under such what to read in preparation for the circumstances, the maximum re­ meeting. Reading material on the lease of mental energy, clarity of issues which will come up and pre­ thinking, passion and devotion to paratorY thinking would encourage the cause of annihilating Hitlerism and facilitate enterprising discus­ is required. In this sense, education sions on the part of all comrades for policy in whil'h split seconds present. count and natbns and millions par­ When new comrades are drawn ticipate is the only test of education into leadership of various commit­ as expressed in the proper relation­ tees, special attention should be ship between ideology and policy. paid to them. Might it not be ad­ visable to establish a rule that when • • • a new comrade is brought into lead- Ideology is the forerunner of 1038 THE STUDY OF MARXISM-LENINISM policy; ideology is the pace-setter to action. The unity between theory for policy; policy in turn tested by and practice is not a mere matter the living response and experiences of unity between theory and o~gan­ of millions further enriches and en­ ization. It is rather the unity be­ livens ideology. The life-blood of tween ideology and the living ap­ Marxian methodology is the unity plication of policy. Such is the between theory and practice­ foundation upon which education in Marxism is not a dogma but a guide the Communist Party rests. WHAT ABOUT HITLER'S FINNISH ALLY?

BY JESSICA MATTSON

I when they overran Poland. The Nazi-minded regime allowed Hitler OR over sixteen months the to re-equip the Finnish army and to FFinns have fought as allies of the re-establish the new Mannerheim Nazi cutthroats. These sixteen Line in preparation for the. anti­ months have had many surprises in Soviet war, and Premier Risto Ryti store for the Finns. Today the Finn- even boasted, in his Diet speech on ish army is in Karelia, they have June 26, 1941, that Finland's army the Aunus and Viena provinces of was better equipped than in the war Soviet Karelia in their hands, they of 1939-40. have changed the name of Petroza- The myth about the invincibility vodsk into Aunuslinna, and yet their of the German army dominated victory and their dream of a Finland even before the Nazis came "Greater Finland" seem further to power in Germany. The ruling away than ever. A realization is circles upheld this myth with their growing in Finland that they have "glorification" of the deeds of Von lest the war together with their in- der Glotz's army that had helped dependence and are in a "tenant's the Mannerheim White Guards to position," with Nazi Germany the defeat the Finnish Workers' Social­ supreme lord and master. Wide- ist Republic in 1918 and initiate a spread disappointment and grum- regime of terror, wholesale murder bling are growing and have spread and concentration camps, such as to all strata of the population. Hitler is trying to impose on the When the Nazi-minded leaders of world today. Finland, the Mannerheim-Tanner- The rapid conquest of Norway, Ryh clique, hastened to make a the Lowlands and France strength­ secret alliance with Hitler immedi- ened this myth of invincibility. ately after the 1939-40 war, they of the German arms. When Pres­ were not only inspired by their mu- ident Risto Ryti, in his speech tual hatred of the Soviet Union, but to the Finnish Diet, officially , also by their belief in the invinci- acknowledged on June 26, 1941, bility of Nazi arms. General Walle- what Hitler had announced a few nius of the Finnish army had been days earlier, that Finland was in the an observer with the Nazi forces war with Germany against the So- 1039 1040 WHAT ABOUT HITLER'S FINNISH ALLY? viet Union, most of the people of Party, and the trade unions have Finland believed it would be a short not been won to support of the war, war. Hitler had promised the defeat and today a revolt is smoldering of the Red Army in six weeks. At ·within the Social-Democratic Party, most, they were assured, it would which officially is following Tanner. take three or four months. The The war did not find support majority of the Finnish people did among the peasantry as a whole. To not want the war and an alliance an extent the countryside was pas­ with Hitler even under the label of sive at first. The peasantry did not a defensive struggle. But active op­ feel the same degree of hostility position came almost wholly from toward the Nazis as the Finnish the ranks of the workers. The Finn­ workers, because the White Guard­ ish trade unions, regardless of their ists have continuously spread the pro-Tanner leadership, voiced their fable that the Germans helped to concern a few days before the Nazis save Finland and the peasants' land attacked the Soviet Union, pointing from the Reds in 1918. The peasants out that the Finnish government's were also taken in somewhat by the adventurous policy would plunge chauvinistic propaganda about tak­ the country into war, and demanded ing back the territory ceded in the an end to such a policy. When it peace of 1940; they were especially became known that the Social­ irked because the forcibly evacu­ Democratic chieftain, Vaino Tanner, ated inhabitants of the Karelian had secretly given his support to the Isthmus area had been sent by the Finnish fascist war alliance with Finnish government to the country­ Hitler, he lost support among the side to live at the expense of the workers. A meeting in Toijala in the peasants, who were anxious to be summer of 1941 attended by 800 rid of the burden caused by these people, of whom over 350 were evacuees. They believed that war Social-Democrats, unanimously de­ would end when the former border manded Tanner's expulsion from the was reached. But as the war Social-Democratic Party. dragged on, demanding greater and The Finnish Quislings thought greater sacrifices from the masses in they could suppress the workers' the countryside, their war-weariness demand for peace by wholesale ar­ grew and demands for peace have rests of the Social-Democrats, who grown louder. were critical of the government's When the government decreed the policy. Six Social-Democratic mem­ confiscation of horses for the armed bers of the Diet, including K. H. forces, over 20 per cent of the peas­ Wiik, the Social-Democratic Party's ants refused to obey the decree. In former secretary, and the leading the registration for military service, Finnish newspaper columnist, Yrjo over 25 per cent of the men in the Rasanen, were arrested and sen­ given class failed to show up in tenced to a long term of imprison­ many townships in the provinces of ment for "treason." But the rank Turku-Pori. In August, 1941, at and file of the Social-Democratic Hyvinkaa, a group of Schutzguards- WHAT ABOUT HITLER'S FINNISH ALLY? 1041 men refused to leave for the front. circles of Finland. It fetched loans The opposition to the war has since easily in Paris, London and New increased with the heavy casualties York in the days when Chamber­ suffered. Villages are becoming de­ lain-Bonnet appeasement held sway, pleted of men, horses and cattle. and it helped to find markets for The Finnish industrialists, finan­ Finnish lumber and pulp products. ciers and great landlords were the Anti-Sovietism was linked with the principal group in Finland that dream of a "Greater Finland," supported the war. To a great extent which to the Finnish lumber barons they also had the support of the has always been a "patriotic" slogan middle class in the urban communi­ for the coveted great timberlands of ties. The Finnisn bourgeoisie has Soviet Karelia. iong been rabidly anti-Soviet. The Therefore it was not surprising specter of the 1918 revolution has that the Finnish bourgeoisie and its always haunted them. The growth hangers-on should greet the joint and development of the SoTiet war with Hitler against the Soviet Unon have been their nightmare; Union. Not all of them were sup­ they feared it would become a bea­ porters of Nazism, but they were con for the low-paid and debt-rid­ sure they were on the winning side. den workers and peasants. Ever They believed that the Soviet Union since their independence in 1918, would be defeated and they would they have lavishly appropriated be able to achieve their dream of a funds to finance all kinds of agen­ "Greater Finland," and retain this cies for anti-Soviet propaganda and "Greater Finland," even should the launched numerous expeditions to Nazis Jater suffer a defeat at the capture the rich timberlands of hands of Britain and the United Soviet Karelia. Even during the in­ States. tervals when some measure of de­ The policy of Britain and the mocracy prevailed in pre-war Fin­ United States in the 1939-40 war land, anti-Soviet societies were had led them to believe that an alli­ encouraged. The Academic Karelian ance between these two countries Society held sway among the pro­ and the Soviet Union would never fessionals and the students, and the be possible. After the Nazi invasion notorious Lappo movement was fos­ of the Soviet Union, they were fur­ tered among the landowning class ther encouraged by the loud anti­ and the middle class in the urban Soviet editorials in the American and communities. Both these movements British press urging a "hands off" were fascist, avowedly admiring policy encouraging Hitler to defeat Nazism even before it came to the Soviet Union, in the course of power, and wielding great influence which Nazi Germany would itself in the leading circles of the govern­ be exhausted. Above all, they were ment parties, the press and the encouraged by American official ex­ army. pressions of sympathy for Finland. Anti-Sovietism has also been eco­ Failure of the United States Gov­ nomically profitable for the business ernment to condemn the alliance of 1042 WHAT ABOUT HITLER'S FINNISH ALLY? Finland with Nazi Germany until shattered. They see defeat staring very late in the war encouraged them in the face. these sentiments. During the sixteen months of war But today a change is taking place Finland has deteriorated economi­ in the ranks of the Finnish bour­ cally, until today it is on the verge geoisie and the middle class. Part of catastrophe. The textile industry of them are beginning to question is practically at a standstill for lack the policy of Mannerheim-Ryti­ of raw materials. The lumber and Tanner and Walden. They are be­ timber industry that employed ginning to express concern about 200,000 workers before the war has their future, as indicated by the re­ only 60,000 left. Germany monopo­ cent editorial in the newspaper lizes all of Finland's exports-tim­ Helsingin Sanomat written by the ber, copper, nickel, celluloid and former foreign minister, Eljas butter-and gives her nothing in re­ Erkko, which emphasized the im­ turn but promises of foodstuff from portance of Finland's independence, the other Nazi-occupied and plun­ as its "most prized possession" and dered countries. said it must not be traded for the The colossal war budget has "protection of a tenant's position." brought Finland to the brink of In September, 1941, when the Swed­ financial collapse. The cost of war ish Government had criticized Fin­ for Finland every month is about land's policy of dependence on two billion marks. The national debt Hitler and its aspirations for a has grown from $80,000,000 in "Greater Finland" and advised the August, 1939, to $560,000,000 in Finns to stay within their own March, 1942. Gold reserves which borders, the Helsingin Sanomat, on before the war had amounted to September 22, 1941, arrogantly re­ 1,177,900,000 marks, had sunk by plied: "We have a sacred right to the end of the winter of 1941-42 to Soviet Karelia and the Province of 171,000,000 marks. By March, 1942, Aunus," telling the Swedes to mind the Finnish mark had depreciated their own business. almost 40 per cent of its value. Why this sudden concern for the The war has cost Finland a huge future of Finland, as expressed by toll in men. Eighteen per cent of the the organ of Risto Ryti's own party? population has been mobilized to Certainly, it was these gentlemen keep the fourteen divisions in the who took part in making the secret field. Three hundred thousand have alliance with Hitler and inviting the been killed or wounded. Desertions Nazi troops into Finland. This sud­ from the army are growing. The den concern for the future of Fin­ labor situation is critical. The latest land was voiced by Helsingin Sano­ labor decree has prohibited any mat because great sections of the male from holding a clerical job if Finnish bourgeoisie and the middle he is under 65 years of age. class are worried about the. outcome By last winter and spring the food oi this war. Their faith in the in­ situation was hopeless. The meager vindbility of the German army is rations in the urban com:niunities WHAT ABOUT HITLER'S FINNISH ALLY? 1043 were "purely theoretical," as masters in their own house, as was acknowledged by the Finnish Min­ shown only recently when the ister in Washington, Hjalmar Pro­ Gestapo-dominated government po­ cope. The situation has improved lice banned the issue of the Sosiali­ slightly with this fall's harvest, but demokraatti, organ of the largest last year's harvest sufficed only party, for an editorial voicing con­ through December, and in January cern over Nazi domination in Fin­ and February even the seed grain land. The great majority of the was consumed. The much promised Finnish people today want peace shipments of grain from Germany and a break with the Nazis. As their were "held up" by ice on the Baltic demand grows louder, the Manner­ that never melted, as one of the heim-Ryti-Tanner clique depends Helsinki newspapers phrased it. more and more on Hitler to retain In face of this almost catastrophic their power and keep Finland in the economic situation at home and war. with Nazi victory further away than II ever, the sections of the Finnish in­ dustrialists and professionals that One of the least creditable phases did not wholeheartedly support the of American foreign policy has been alliance with the Nazis but aided it the position of our State Depart­ passively are becoming panicky. ment in regard to Finland. This With the Nazi failure to capture policy has been a source of con­ the Caucasus and Leningrad, as fusion to the win-the-war elements Hitler promised them this spring and of comfort to the defeatists and when he asked for additional troops proponents of negotiated peace, from Finland, their impatience has while serving· as an obstacle to com­ grown. They are not c2rtain of the plete confidence among the United defeat of the Soviet Union. With the Nations. Nor has this .vacilation continuation of the war, the Soviet aided in the encouragement and Union is emerging as a decisive fac­ rallying of the anti-Hitler forces in tor in the war and in the post-war Finland. peace. They see that the necessity of Our State Department waited waging war to defeat the Axis is until August 18, 1941, before it forging a greater unity among the made its first move to approach the United Nations. They no longer be­ Finnish Government with the pos­ lieve they will win in the event of sibility of making a separate peace. victory of the United Nations and The Finnish Government saw fit to therefore feel that Finland should ignore tllis advance·, and again we get out of her partnership with waited until October 3, before we Hitler, if she expects not to be called the matter to the attention treated as an Axis ally. of Mr. Procope. But it was not until On the other hand, they see that November 3 that State Se«'retary their country has come more and Hull sent his note to Finland de­ more under the domination of the manding an answer to the pro­ Nazis and that they are no longer posals made in August. The Man- 1044 WHAT ABOUT HITLER'S FINNISH ALLY? nerheim Government in Helsinki cover. The Finnish rulers only ridi­ answered Hull's note, as Berlin had culed this action. The conservative indicated earlier that it would, by and fascist-minded Uusi Suomi continuing its war. Although Mr. ironically remarked that "we have Hull had stated in his note that received from the United States fre­ should the Finnish Government quent advice as to how we should continue its war, we would consider make our war and how far our her no longer a free agent but a armies should advance"; the Ameri­ puppet of Hitler, we failed to follow can decision about the consulates up this warning with action. Hitler's "is most probably a similar ad­ visit to Helsinki in June, 1942, to monition." strengthen the hands of his Finnish Three and a half months have Quislings in the suppression of the passed since the action to close the rising peace sentiments of the peo­ consulates. The Finnish pro-Nazi ple and to demand a more active rulers have not heeded this new participation in the Nazi offensive warning any more than the previ­ against our Soviet ally, again woke ous ones. Their Minister in Wash­ up our State Department on this ington issues the same hypocritical issue. Mr. Hull astounded and dis­ statements as were put out a year mayed the victory forces by' a very ago, and the Finnish army continues lame statement, which whitewashed to fight side by side with the Nazis the Finnish Government and Man­ on the United Nation's most impor­ nerheim and thereby repulsed the tant front, the Eastern Front. They anti-war elements in Finland who have participated in Hitler's push on had looked forward to American the Don and the Caucasus, and re­ aid to get out of the war. Fortunate­ cently on Lake Ladoga, in the Nazi­ ly, Mannerheim's return visit to E'innish attempt to cut off Lenin­ Hitler and pronouncements from grad completely. Nazi subma­ Berlin dispelled any illusion that rines and planes continue to operate arose as to Mannerheim's and the from Finnish bases and to make Finnish Government's real stand. the Arctic route the most danger­ On August 1, 1942, our State ous to our convoys. Department was finally forced to We sing loud praises for the close the Finnish Consulates in the valiant defenders of Stalingrad, and United States which had been func­ our Office of War Information keeps tioning freely in leading war indus­ reminding us that the gallant fight trial centers for eight months after of the Red Army' has given us in­ we were at war with the Axis. Even valuable time to arm for safeguard­ at that late date our State Depart­ ing our security. We are told, "We ment did not find it necessary to are the United Nations; together we voice its condemnation of the Finn­ stand or together we fall." We all ish Nazi puppets, but explained that agree that the defeat of the Soviet the closing of the consulates was a Union would be catastrophic for the result of technical differences, which United Nations. Yet we have failed it had taken over a year to dis- to take effective measures to remove WHAT ABOUT HITLER'S FINNISH ALLY? 1045 the bw-den of the Finnish Army on will not permit us to offer what the Eastern Front and to clear ow­ they want, a victorious Hitler in Northern supply route to the Soviet Ew-ope. Union. How are we to retain the Herr Tanner, the acknowledged confidence of ow- allies and of the spokesman for the Finnish Quis­ anti-Hitler and liberty-loving peo­ lings, while in Berlin on September ples of Europe and of Finland with 20, 1941, spoke of the necessity of a policy that gives comfort only to establishing a United States of Hitler and his henchmen and by ow­ Europe, based on economic and po­ refusal to break off relations with Htical unification. He said such a Hitler's puppets, even though this is United States of Ew-ope could not dictated by the requirements· for be established without the complete victory? destruction of Bolshevism. The Finnish Mannerheimites have Is there any difference between spurned every advance made by ow­ Herr Hitler's and Herr Tanner's State Department. Yet we continue plan for the futw-e of Europe? It is to apologize for them and go out of the "new order" which the "genial cw- way in a effort to uphold the leader of Great Germany" is trying lie of Hitler's Finnish puppets, that to establish. they are fighting an independent Finnish rulers have stated time war. With this policy we are helping ~nd time again that they will not the Finnish Nazis to keep the Finn­ make a separate peace. Manner­ ish Army in the field against our heim, in his Order of the Day in ally and are not contributing to the September, 1941, stated that he crystallization of an anti-Hitler would not sheathe his sword until front in Finland. Only a clear break the whole of Soviet Karelia would and a declaration of war on Fin­ be in Finnish hands. Tanner, in his land now would serve the cause of speech at Viipw-i on May 13, 1942, victory of the United Nations. ridiculed the British and American Ow- State Department policy has claims that they are fighting for been guided by the wishful thought democracy, stating that "we in Fin­ that it will be able to entice the land despise that kind of artificial Finnish Mannerheim regime out of devotion to demoracy . . . we don't the Nazi orbit. Any such expecta­ even dream of a separate peace ... t;ons are illusory. The Finnish Man­ we don't hope for lasting peace nerheim regime can no more leave until the present Soviet Union is the folds of Nazism than the leopard defeated ...." can change its spots. Mannerheim, Some claim, in the face of every­ Tanner and the other Finnish pro­ thing Finnish leaders themselves Nazis have staked all on the vic­ have stated, that Finland would tory of Nazism. Hitler's victory make a separate peace, if the United would establish the order that they States and Britain would guarantee want to see realized even though it the provisions of the Atlantic Char­ would mean the enslavement of ter to her. These people think that Finland. The secw-ity of America the Finnish Government accepts and 1046 WHAT ABOUT HITLER'S FINNISH ALLY? respects the Atlantic Charter. The Hitler will decide the peace and Finnish newspapers have not any­ have founded their policy on Nazi thing complimentary to say about conquest and domination? As we the Atlantic Charter, unquestionably have seen, these pro-Nazi ruling expressing thereby the official gov­ elements do not even represent the ernment position, in view of the sentiments of the main classes in strict press censorship. They have Finland, and the continued recog­ stated that the Atlantic Charter has r..ition of these elements ·will never "nice words and promises that have help us achieve the only objective been over-used and are out-worn" which might, by any stretch of on which the people cannot rely. imagination, justify our current This caused the pro-Mannerheim policy, that is, get Finland out of the New Yorkin Uutiset, on November war. 14, 1941, to lament the fact that the Some newspaper columnists cite Finnish newspapers give cause for the fact that Finland has not de­ misunderstanding in America when clared war on the United States as they write statements like the fol­ a sign of weakness in the Finnish­ lowing: Nazi ties and as a proof of the in­ dependent role of the Finnish Gov­ ".After the present great changes ernment. However, the whole ques­ and hard experiences the permanent peace on the European continent at tion of Finnish relations with the least must be placed on new and United States, as far as the Man­ different foundations than those nerheim forces are concerned, will that have been tried and proved be guided by Hitler, who will con­ greatly disappointing." tinue to use the Finnish issue to weaken the United Nations war ef­ Columnist "Vaasan Jaakko,". in fort and to strengthen the pro-Axis Ilkka, organ of the Agrarian Party, Munich forces who cling to our was even more outspoken and ex­ Finnish policy as one of the avenues travagant: of a negotiated peace with Hitler. The time has come when we must "While the war leaders of Amer­ ica and England are conferring, also stop dilly-dallying with Fin­ figuring and planning a great thrust l;:md and bring our Finnish policy in and speak of all the nations of the line with our new offensive spirit, world joining the war, Germany policy, and action. Our position of doesn't say a word. It strikes down leadership and prestige in the the millions of the Russian army United Nations struggle cannot be and advances like a steamroller. founded on a refusal to meet these "Others jump and are frantic, the problems energetically and decisive­ most panicky already speak of ly and on slovenly capitulation to peace. And yet it is Germany that will decide that question." disruptive elements. It is about time that our policy and actions reflect Would our guarantees on the the position of President Roosevelt, basis of the Atlantic Charter satisfy who has linked Finland with Hun­ those who believe and hope that gary, Bulgaria, Rumania and Italy WHAT ABOUT HITLER'S FINNISH ALLY? 1047 in submitting to Hitler and doing The failure of our government to his bidding. place Finland in the same category as the other Axis vassals has been III utilized by the Finnish Manner­ heim agents as a source of con­ Despite the aforementioned weak­ fusion and indecision. Despite this, nesses of our Finnish policy, which the maJority of the Finnish-Ameri­ have given encouragement to the cans are supporting the United Na­ myth about Finland's "independent tions war effort. The "Finnish war," a good portion of the American issue" has aroused little interest public has evaluated the role Fin­ 1!~mong the majority, that is, the land is playing in this war in its second generation of Finnish-Amer­ correct light. They condemn the icans. They are an integral part of Finnish Government for giving aid their community and its war effort. to our enemy Hitler, and the senti­ Finnish national chauvinism has ment is ever increasing toward an not succeeded in getting a foothold open declaration of war against among them. Finland. The 365 outstanding The Committee of Finnish-Amer­ Americans who signed an Open ican Trade Union Leaders, organized Letter to the President last June in December, 1941, has made a sub­ urging a declaration of war on the stantial contribution, not only by Finnish Mannerheim regime, have helping to rally the Finnish-Ameri­ brought this question to the atten­ can workers to support the Admin­ tion of tlie American people and istration's win-the-war policy, but have received wide support.* Nu­ by raising the issue of Finland in merous commentators, newspaper the American labqr movement. Due columnists and newspapers have to the efforts of this committee and supported this demand. The Na­ its members, those C.I.O. locals, tional Maritime Union, many of Central and State Councils, and whose members have lost their lives some A. F. of L. locals, in territories near the coast of Finland, has de­ inhabited by Finnish-American manded action to safeguard the workers, have gone on record urging Northern supply route to the Soviet a declaration of war on Finland. Union. The immigrant Finnish-Ameri­ The recent C.I.O. Convention cans are divided into three main adopted a resolution calling "upon groups: those that actively defend the government of the United States the Mannerheim policy in Finland, treat the Axis-dominated govern­ those who have not taken a definite ment of Finland as the enemy of all stand, and the progressives who the United Nations." have always condemned Manner­ t.eim ever since the 1918 experi­ * It is regrettable that the impressive state~ ment of the 911 Protestant ministers issued on ences. October 27, calling upon the governments of the Realizing that they are losing the United States and the British Commonwealth to make war upon Vichy France, Franco Spain _and support of the Finnish-Americans all fascist states, failed to include by name Man· n"'heim Finland. which they had during the first 1048 WHAT ABOUT HITLER'S FINNISH ALLY? Finnish-Soviet War, the Manner­ the Lannen Suom.etar in Astoria, heim agents are trying to make the Ore. It has has not been chance that most of the opportunity that our the Lannen Suometar has no dif­ indecisive policy gives them. They ferent occasions published articles immediately label those who ques­ by a certain John I. Kolehmainen, of tion Finland's participation in the Heidelberg College, Tiflis, Ohio, war on the side of the Nazis as "sup­ which have been reprinted in New porters of Russia and the Reds." York under the supervision of Min­ Their argument is that the United ister Hjalmar Procope himself and States recognized the "dilemma" of mailed to the American press and "poor little Finland" and that only columnists, and the Catholic circles the interests of the Soviet Union close to Reverend Curran of Brook­ demand a break with Finland. But lyn. The same Mr. Pulli attacked these agents do not confine their the Open Letter to the President' effort to anti-Soviet propaganda and that was signed by the 365 leading Red-baiting; they slander our Brit­ Americans urging a declaration of ish ally, our President, and our war war on Finland as insignificant be­ policy, and attempt to arouse hopes cause many of the signers "were for an ultimate Nazi victory. Jews and Negroes." A certain section of the Finnish­ The main task of these papers is American press is actively engaged to "prove" that "Finland is fighting in spreading this Finnish-Nazi an independent war to safeguard propaganda. Lately it has been more her independence against the Rus­ covert, because of exposure by the sian attack" and that she is not an progressive press. In the East the aliy of Hitler. On November 21, nationalist New Yorkin Uutiset, a 1941, in this effort to vindicate Mannerheim supporter of long Mannerheim Finland, New Yorkin standing, and the Raivaaja, which Uutiset was even ready to attack supports the Tannerite wing of the our government's war policy. It Finnish fascists, are spokesmen for wrote: "Finland is the only country Finnish Minister Procope. In the that really honestly fights for hu­ Middle West, among them are the manity, justice and democracy. Re­ Paivalehti (Raivaaja's Mid-West gardless of that the United States edition) and the Amerikan Suome­ sent a warning to Finland to stay tar in Hancock, Michigan, organ of within its own borders.... It seems the Finnish Lutheran Synod, whose that America is not defending de­ politics are colored by a Finnish mocracy but British hegemony, not fascist-minded Reverend Kyllonen. justice but something else." · A unique situation exists on the These gentlemen, of course, West Coast, where a Tanner :.up­ ignore the facts that the Soviet porter, Eero Pulli, member of the Union is not only responsible for the Finnish Diet, a representative sent original independence of Finland, J:::.ere with the aid of the Finnish but has always sought to establish Government to whip the Finnish- and maintain friendly relations with . Americans into line in 1939-40, edits its little neighbor. After the 1939-40 WHAT ABOUT HITLER'S FINNISH ALLY? 1049 war, the Soviet Union made special press in the United States would efforts in this direction, but the like their readers to forget what Mannerheim Government replied they wrote about pro-Nazi tenden­ With the arrest and persecution of cies in Finland and about Nazi Finnish citizens who, under the cooperation before the Finnish Gov­ leadership of Dr. Mauri Ryoma, ernment considered it expedient to were attempting to improve rela­ deny it. In a long editorial on Oc­ tions between the two countries. tober 25, 1940, Raivaaja wrote: The Mannerheim clique, intent on "Hitler has prepared to give another pursuing a pro-Nazi policy, even blow through Finland. Latest re­ made an agreement to open Finland ports state that German soldiers are to the Nazis, who proved to be help­ at Finnish strategic positions. Or­ ful in keeping down the Finnish ganization of an attack against masses. The friendly attitude of the Leningrad is only a question of a few Soviet Union was shown in the fact , days." Later when the Finnish that, a short time before the Nazis Minister in Washington "denied" invaded the Soviet Union, a large that there were any German sol­ shipment of grain arrived from the diers in Finland, Raivaaja tried to U.S.S.R. to help feed the Finnish "prove" that all talk of Germans people. Even after the Nazis being in Finland was malicious launched their attack against the propaganda spread by the progres­ Soviet Union from Finnish bases, sive Finnish-American dailies, the Soviet air force bombed only Eteenpain and Tyomies. Yet when these Finnish air fields and ports the attack was launc}v"-l against the used by the Nazis. Full-fledged war­ Soviet Union, Raivaaja had to re­ fare between Finland and the Soviet port that, as the Finnish Govern­ Union developed only after the ment officially acknowledged, there Finns openly joined with the Nazis were five divisions of Nazi troops in war upon the Soviet Union. This in Finland. was recognized even by neutral In an editorial "Is Finland going observers in Stockolm, who ridi­ toward totalitarianism?" on Novem­ culed the Finnish claims of Soviet ber 24, 1940, the New Yorkin Uuti­ aggression, reminding them of the set quotes an editorial of a Finnish Finnish Government's own official newspaper Itsenainen Suomi and admission that there were five Nazi states that "in Finland they look at divisions stationed on Finnish soil. German Nazism with a different eye By its brazen alignment with Nazi than here in America. Here it is • Germany, the Mannerheim clique considered a danger to culture, in revealed the real culprit-B in the Finland according to the Itsenainen 1939-40 Finnish-Soviet war. In the Suomi as a defender of cul­ light of the present war the whole ture. . . ." It goes on to quote world can now see that the position Itsenainen Suomi: "The German of the Soviet Union in that war uprising and awakening has affected was completely misrepresented. all of the European countries, in its The pro-Mannerheim Finnish particular way also Finland. We 1050 WHAT ABOUT HITLER'S FINNISH ALLY? have the same aspirations to achieve does not support it today, although as the new Germany. We have of it has not yet made a complete our own accord and on our own break. Its leadership and its weekly national basis traveled along the organ, Tyovaen Osuustoimintal.ehti, same road as the German people. have not gone further than to ex­ Unconditional national defense, press hope that Finland would get placing serious responsibilities and out of this war. Its weakness is self-denial upon our youth, and a but a reflection of our indecisive Hellenic glorification of physical policy. A break with Finland would fitness have unified both of these rally most of the Finnish-Americans nations." Editor Rafael Sederholm for total war effort. of the Itsenainen Suomi goes on to Our policy must once and for all classify Hitler's war as a war for cleanse itself of all remnants that independence as the first Soviet­ encourage the dreams of the anti­ Finnish war was supposed to have Soviet circles in America, the been. The New Yorkin Uutiset was Hoovers and Vandenbergs, the Rey­ worried that this sort of open, noldses and Dieses, of keeping Fin­ bra.zen comparison would not go so land m reserve as a jumping off \Vell in the United States. And yet place for intrigue and possible fu­ today they claim that Finland, ture attacks against the. Soviet where they glorify the Nazi war of Union. This is an indispensable re­ conquest, is the "only country that quirement for the maintenance of is really fighting for democracy." mutual confidence and for the full­ An ever greater number of the est cooperation of all the United Finnish-Americans are beginning to Nations, not only for victory over condemn the role that Finland is Hitler, but for the post-war peace. playing in this present war. The Now that our country has definitely large membership of the Central gone over to the offensive, the Cooperative Wholesale in the Mid­ speedy readjustment of our Finnish dle West, which gave support to policy should be possible without Finland during the 1939-40 war, serious difficulty. THE FREE GERMANS TO THE GERMAN PEOPLE*

BY PAUL MERKER

German anti-fascist leader and former Reichstag member, for years one of the leaders of the underground struggle within Hitler Germany.

HERE are decisions in politics power by way of the backstairs of T which put character, morale, the President's Palace, we free Ger­ faith of convictions and patriotism mans, too, were faced with a simi­ to the highest test. German history lar decision. And again, we were has produced many men who, ex­ put to the test when Nazi plutoc­ pelled by reaction from their racy led the German people into the fatherland, had to make the hardest imperialist war of plunder. of decisions. * To gain freedom for their country * As a German Deputy I have they· were compelled to fight Ger­ sworn to serve my people to the many's governing regime and-to best of my knowledge and con­ all outward appear.ances-the coun­ science. To defend the eternal try itself. It was in England that principles of freedom and progress Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels was my rule of conduct in Parlia­ wrote their immortal contributions ment, in the hideouts of illegality, to the liberation of mankind. Hein­ in the underground struggle within rich Heine composed his deadly ac­ Germany and in the concentration cusations against German reaction, camps of Vichy France. And I act his glowing declarations for the in accordance with these principles German revolution, in Paris. Carl when today I greet this conference Schurz, a hero of the German demo­ against the Hitler terror, a confer­ cratic revolution of 1848, fought un­ ence which I consider a great con­ der the liberating banner of Abra­ tribution to the struggle against ham Lincoln. criminal Hitler fascism. When reaction pushed Hitler into The trenches of the struggle for freedom cut across all continents of * Speech delivered at the third session of the Assembly Against Nazi-Fascist Terror, at the the earth. Mexican democracy and Fine Arts Palace, Mexico City, Octo(,er 15, 1942. independence, therefore, are as The speerh was delivered in German and as here given is a translation from the Spanish text.) precious to us free Germans as to 1051 1052 THE FREE GERMANS TO THE GERMAN PEOPLE

~very Mexican citizen. We are people from the tremendous sacri­ duty-bound and determined to de­ fices of a new world war. Never :fend them with the same devotion had the Soviet Union any intention and the same enthusiasm. In the of attacking any people, and cer­ name of all free Germans, I wish to tainly not the German people. ·express again from this platform Despite this, Hitler basely at­ our thanks for the generous help tacked the Soviet Union. He knew which the Mexican government has that his criminal plans to conquer extended to our comrades interned the world were bound to fail as in France aTJ.d for the great hospi­ long as the Soviet Union, her tality accorded us. Asylum in Mex­ mighty economy and her brave Red ico was, for us, salvation from the Army remained in existence. For hands of the Gestapo and opportun­ this reason he sent his panzer divi­ ity to continue our more than ten­ sions against Leningrad, Moscow, year-old struggle against our deaaly and Stalingrad, destroyed the coun­ enemy, Hitler fascism. tryside, murdered millions of its Every free German abroad and peaceful inhabitants, and forced every enemy of Hitler within Ger­ · men, women and children-Rus­ many is filled with deadly hate sians, White Russians, Ukrainians, against Hitler fascism, which wiped Jews, Lithuanians, Latvians, Karel­ out all political rights of the masses, ians, Esthonians and Don Cossacks established a regime of terror with­ -by way of his Gestapo agents into in the country and plunged the peo­ slave labor against their own bleed­ ple into the war. This deadly hate ing fatherland. is accompanied by a deep shame for Humanity's worst enemies, Hitler the countless crimes and atrocities and his gangster accomplices, his committed by the Hitler forces in Gestapo and his hordes of S.S.­ the occupied countries and in the Elite Guards are to blame for the Soviet Union. indescribable atrocities committed throughout Europe and the Soviet * * * Union. As much to blame are ru' The Soviet Union has never been employers, the rulers of the monop­ Germany's enemy. She did not sign olist German economy, the large the Versailles Treaty. She was the landowners, the generals and high first big country which, after the state officials who largely belong to last World War, signed a pact of the same class. friendship with the German people. It was the Soviet Union which, dur­ * * * ing the time of the eco:'lomic crisis, Also responsible for these atroci­ secured work and bread for the ties is the entire German people­ German working masses through until it frankly breaks with Hitler large orders on German industry. fascism and in one front, together Through her policy of collective se­ with the Allies, rises against the curity the Soviet Union tried to save regime in armed struggle. the world and with it the German I am a representative of the Ger- THE FREE GERMANS TO THE GERMAN PEOPLE 1053 man workers, and I know them too the property of the Russian peas­ well to believe for one moment that ants? To destroy the homes of Rus­ in the majority they are for Hitler sian culture? fascism. But during the last ten When the German-Russian war years the German working class has began, it should have been the his­ left to a heroic minority the task toric moment for the German work­ of carrying on an active struggle ing class to increase its struggle against the Nazi regime, its terror of resistance. a hundredfold. Slowly and its war. and hesitatingly, this struggle has Hitler was able to murder thou­ increased during the last fifteen sands of revolutionary German months. Mass movements against workers and progressive middle­ Hitler fascism have not yet oc­ class people, to throw hundreds of curred. On the other hand, the thousands into concentration camps, German people's responsibility has to drive the Jewish population into grown much more terribly with death, and to ruin the peasants and each succeeding month. the middle classes. With the fire of Certainly, the terror machine in Nazi bombs, Hitler was able to wipe Germany is strong. A closely-knit out the old city of Guernica; to Gestapo net enmeshes the entire crush the independence of Austria country and covers the Nazi army. with his tanks; with his Gestapo But it is exactly because the Ger­ hordes to take the national freedom man working class is only slowly of Czechoslovakia; to murder 200,- growing conscious of its responsi­ 000 men, women and children in bility and its revolutionary tradi­ Poland; and to shoot thousands of tions, because it has not gone over hostages in France, Belgium, Nor­ to mass action against Hitler fas­ way, and the Balkans. But, with cism, that the growing Gestapo ter­ the exception of the illegal fighters, ror against the heroic minority the masses, of the German working (though their number is growing class remained practically silent continuously), becomes so terribly throughout. effective. The number of shootings When Hitler began his malicious of revolutionary workers is increas­ assault upon the Soviet Union, the ing daily in Germany. And the fear eyes of all the world were directed of this revolutionary minorrty has upon the German workers. Would caused Hitler, with the aid of the they also let themselves be ordered Petain-Laval regime, to take into to fight on this field of battle? his power the political refugees in Would they continue in the same France, including former Reichstag manner to build guns and airplanes? members Dahlem, Raedel, Rau, Would they serve this war machine Auerbach, Wagner and others. in order to destroy the socialist in­ The free Germans are working to dustry, built with the sweat and mobilize the masses of German blood of the Russian workers? To workers, of German soldiers, of set fire to the fields of the collective peasants and artisans, of Catholic farms, the harvests of which were and Protestant Christians and the • 1054 THE FREE GERMANS TO THE GERMAN PEOPLE masses of women against the war of war further threatens the future and against Hitler fascism. They of the German people and threat­ fight for the defeat of Hitler fascism ens its unity; that the overthrow and for the defeat of the entire and destruction of the Hitler regime Axis. They fight for the offensive and of the hundreds of thousands conduct of the war, for launching of Nazi criminals, and the elimina­ the Western Front that will aid the tion of the hidden masters of so­ Red Army in drawing out the Hit­ called National-Socialism, are the ler hordes and that will bring conditions for the liberation of the speedy victory to Britain, the subjugated peoples and for a free United States and all the Unifed Germany. We do not keep it from Nations. the German masses that the world In the Nazi fascist armies that demands of them actions against have assaulted the Soviet Union and Hitler and that these actions must other peoples, the free Germans see come before it is tcio late. nothing but bandits. They are for the destruction of the Hitlerites * * * and of every member of these in­ The Anglo-Soviet and U.S.-So­ vading hordes as long as they carry viet mutual assistance pacts and the arms against the peoples of the in­ Atlantic Charter constitute a pow­ vaded countries and do not sur­ erful weapon to be used by all free render. Germans. The free Germans are The free Germans fight against opposed to such concepts as that Hitler's fifth column; they are op­ Hitler fascism and the German peo­ posed to Hitler's infamous race ple are one. Such a conception is theory, directed against the great wrong, as is shown by the ten years majority of the peoples of the earth. of illegal struggle of the revolution­ They condemn Hitler's anti-Semit­ ary minority in Nazi Germany, by ism. the great dissatisfaction and the The free Germans are deadly steadily sinking war morale of the enemies of Hitler's plans to conquer German people. We are against the world, and they fight for the such a conception because its propa­ liberation of all the nations op­ gation is useful only to Hitler and pressed by Hitler and for the repa­ not to the anti-Hitler coalition of ratfon of the damage caused them. the United Nations. The free Germans in the Soviet We are for the reparation of the Union, in England, in occupied tremendous damages which the France and on the American con­ Nazi-fascist bandits caused in the tinent, try to convince the masses Soviet Union and in the subjugated of the German people and soldiers, countries, and for the punishment through radio and leaflets dis­ of all those who are guilty, begin­ tributed over Germany and the oc­ ning with the immediate bringing to cupied countries, that their future book of Nazi No. 3, Rudolf Hess. is threatened only by Hitler fas­ We do not keep it from the German cism and that every passing day people that it will have to shoulder THE FREE GERMANS TO THE GERMAN PEOPLE 1055 such economic retribution and all is related to that of the peoples of other reparations made necessary the Soviet Union, of Britain, of the by the depredations of the Axis Americas, of China, of all liberty­ marauders against any and all loving nations of the earth. members of the United Nations. On the other hand, we are for the right * * * of self-determination of the Ger­ We free Germans also use this man people and of all peoples in platform to appeal to you, the the regulation of their internal af­ masses of the German people. fairs after the war. For this self­ German workers, soldiers, wom­ determination will lead in Germany en! Rise up against the Hitler ban­ above all things to a real settlement dits. Turn your guns against them, of accounts with the Nazi regime, their Gestapo agents, their Elite its accomplices and its beneficiaries. Guard. Shoot down the murderers, The free Germans are for the plunderers and executioners like timely formation of the second mad dogs that are persecuting and front, which is as longingly awaited exterminating the masses of peo­ by the German anti-fascists as by ple in the occupied territories of the peoples of the Soviet Union, her the Soviet Union and in the other allies and by the peoples of the occupied countries. Use every op­ countries oppressed by Hitler fas­ portunity to surrender to the Red cism. Before the Munich com­ Army. Sabotage Hitler's war pro­ promise, a strong anti-fascist move­ duction and communications; work ment developed in Germany in op­ more slowly; leave your places of position to the robber war planned work during air attacks; organize by Hitler. The compromise of protest demonstrations and strikes. Munich gave Hitler the possibility Fraternize with your foreign fel­ of suppressing this growing move­ low-workers! ment, of inciting sections of the peo­ German workers, soldiers, wom­ ple against the Western powers, en! Realize that the terror of the and of executing the bloody Jewish Gestapo and the S.S.-Elite Guard pogroms. Today, under the influ­ exists not only in Germany. It is ence of the heroic resistance of the as sharp and even sharper in the Red Army and the guerrilla fight­ occupied territories of the Soviet ers, the anti-fascist movement Union, in occupied France, in Hol­ grows again in Germany and will land, Belgium, Norway, Poland, continue to grow. However, this Yugoslavia, and Greece. But in all movement will be impeded if the these countries the patriots success­ expectations of the German anti­ fully resist the invaders and cause fascists for a second front, which them immeasurable damage. Even will divide the forces of Hitler fas­ the brave working 'class of tiny cism and make possible the crush­ Luxembourg has attempted a gen­ ing pincer-offensive from east and eral strike against the Nazi barbar­ west, are disappointed. ians. The fate of the German people German workers,' soldiers, worn- 1056 THE FREE GERMANS TO THE GERMAN PEOPLE en! Realize that great sacrifices are causes to the masses of the German necessary to free yourselves in the people. struggle from responsibility for the Rise to the battle on the side of infamous crimes of Hitler fascism, the Soviet Union and all the United and to become free. But these sac­ Nations for the final destruction of rifices are much less in comparison Hitler· fascism and for the triumph to the sacrifices which Hitler's of humanity and progress in this predatory war in the Soviet Union world! INDEX-VOLUME XXI, 1942

AUTHOR INDEX

Allen, James S.-The Far Eastern Front Buck, Tim-National Unity for Total War, in the War Against the Axis, 143-162, 903-910, November. March; The New Role of China, 239- 249, April; Introduction to "For the Budenz, Louis F.-Review of Moscow War Fulfillment of the Rio Pledges· Reso­ Diary, by Alexander Werth, 477-480, lution of the Central Committe~. Com­ June. munist Party of Argentina," 360-363, May; India and the War, 422-434, Childs, Morris-Strengthening National June; The Pacific Front in the Global Unity In the Elections, 440-449, June. War, 1012-1020, December. Communist Party of Argentina, Central Alexandrov, Gregory-Delay In Initiating Committee-For the Fulfillment of the the Second Front May Spell Disaster, Rio Pledges, 3~3-373, May. 599-601, August. Communist Party of China, Central Com­ Amter, Israel-What We Can Learn from mittee-For Victory and Reconstruc­ the Soviet People, 71-80, January; Nor­ tion of World Peace, 748-750, Septem­ man Thomas-A Spearhead of Fas­ ber. ~lsm, 450-457, June; The War and the Communist Party, U.S.A.-Message to the New York Election Primaries, 732-735, Communist Party of India, 959-960, September. November. Communist Party, U.S.A., National Com­ Barnes, Ralph V.-Natlonal Unity and the mittee-In Tom Mooney's Name Let Coming Elections, 250-261, April; Us Build the Unity of American La­ France Will Rise Again, 467-476, June; bor, 195-197, April; Attack Hitler Inflation and Economic War Mobiliza­ Now! Open a Western Front In Eu­ tion, 736-747, September; Lessons of rope, 291-296, May; Enforce the Four­ the Primary Elections, 819-825, Octo­ teenth Amendment! Strengthen the !;er. War Effort by Abolishing the Poll Tax Berger, Hans-From Leipzig to R!om, 270- 380-384, May; Comrade Jack John­ 276, April; Ear! Browder and Ernst stone: Great-Hearted Leader of the Thaelmann, 307-309, May; On the Working Class, 347-348, May; The In-, 'l.'hird Anniversary of the Soviet-Ger­ dia Crisis, 675-677, September. man Non-Aggression Pact, 610-619, August; Mr. Hoover and "The Prob­ Darcy, Samuel Adams-Native Daughter­ lems of Lasting Peace," 751-766, Sep­ Communist Party Founder and Leader, tember; Our Nation Discovers the So­ 849-856, October. viet Union, 886-893, November. Davis, Ben Jr._;The Communists, the Ne­ Browder, Earl-Should the United Stdes gro People and the War, 633-639, Au­ Government Join In Concerted Action gust. Against the Fascist States? 22-37, Dennis, Eugene-America and the . United January: Collective Security, 126-130, Nation•. 114-124, March; For a Second March; Victory Must Be Won, 592- Front in Europe; to the Offensive 598, August; The Anglo-Soviet-Ameri­ Against Hitler, 199-213, Aprp; The can Alliance and the Anniversary o! Seco,nd Front and the Winter of 1942- June 22, 483-484, July; On the Anni­ 43, 894-902, November. versary of the Patriotic War of the Digby, Robert-For Farmer-Labor Unity In E:oviet Union, 485-490, July; The Com­ the Elections and In the Food-for-VIc­ munist Party and National Unity, tory Campaign, 620-632, August. 679-691, September; Telegram to An­ gelita Checa, 767-768, September; The Dimitroff, Georgl-Tom Mooney: One of Economics of All-Out War, 791-808, Aml'rlca's Finest Sons, 198, April. October; Twenty-five years of So­ Don, S!Lm-The Study of Marxism-Lenin­ viet Power, 867-868, November; One Ism and the Role of the Party in Pro­ Year Since Pearl Harbor, 976-984, De­ moting National Unity, 1021-1038, De­ cember. cember. 1057 1058 INDEX

Douglass, Frederick-Negroes and the Na­ Kallnln, Mlkhall-Stalln and the Patriotic tional War Effort, 264-269, April. War, 1000-1004, December. Dutt, R. Palme-Strategy for Victory, 721- 731, September. Landy, A.- Review of "VIctory - and After," by Earl Browder, 937-966, Eden, Anthony-Speech on the Occasion November. of the Signing of the Soviet-British I.indsay, William-Soviet-American Friend­ Mutual Assistance Treaty, 576, July. Rhlp: the Contribution of "Mission to Editorials-The Thirty-First Anniversary Moscow," 179-192, March; For & Con· ot "New Masses," 95-96, January; To­ carted Offensive Against Hitler, 336- ward Labor Unity, 99-113, March; 346, May. Labor Must Act to Open a Western Front Now, 387-401, June; No Delay Magi!, A. B.-Lessons From Our W~r of In Opening the Western Front, 579- Independence, 277-288, April; Lesso.ns ;;91, August; Pedro Checa-one of of the Civil War for Our Day, 644-662, Spain's Best Sons, 767-768, September; August. The Invaders Must Be Fought in All Occuplsd Countries, 835-840, October; Mattson, Jessica--What About Hitler's The Stalin-Churchill Meeting and Finnish Ally, 1039-1050, December. After, 809-815, October; To the Offen­ Merker, Paul-The Free Germans to the sive! 771-790, October. German People, 1051-1066, December. Ercoll, M.-In the Name of the Italian Meyers, Frank-Thomas Jefferson-'-Leader People, 81-91, January. of the Nation, 622-633, July; Review of "Reason and Revolution," by Her­ Fischer, Ernst-The People's Front of bert Marcuse, 663-672, August. Yesterday-The National Freedom Minor, Robert-Lenin and the Globe War, Front of Today and Tomorrow, 841- 3-21, January; The Nation and the 848, October. Wa.r, 38-66, January; The Birthday of Flynn, Elizabeth Gurley-We Salute Com­ Earl Browder, 297-306, May; A Bld­ rades Bloor and Whitney! 548-552, dle's-Eye VIew of the War and the July. Communist Party, 507-621, July. Ford, James W .. -FOreword to "Negr.oes Minton, Bruce-Production for VIctory, and the National War Etfort," by 171-178, March. l<'rederick Douglass, 262-264, April. Molotov, V. M.-Speech on the Occasion Foster, William Z.-Trade Unions In the of the Signing of the Soviet-British War Emergency, 57-70, January; Mutual Assistance Treaty, 676-676, Browder Warned America, 125-126, July. March; The Rio de Janeiro Confer­ ence, 131-142, March; John L. Lewis "Pravda"-A Historic Stage In the Strug­ and the War, 497-606, July; The War gles of the Freedom-Lovln~r Peoplell, and Labor Unity, 708C720, September; 491-493, July; Three Years of War, The Miners' Convention,. 911-921, No­ 816-818, October. vember. Francis, Jean-A War-Time Tax Program Ross, Carl-Let Freedom Ring for Earl for Victory, 226-338, April. Browder, 163-70, March. Green, Gil-The Course of the War and Ryerson, Stanley B.-Canada Votes for the Present Tasks, 214-224, April. Total War, 468-466, June.

Hans, B.-The Second Front and the Ger­ Schneiderman, William-The California man People, 374-379, May. Elections, 602-609, August. Smith, Harold-Review of "Victory Historic Documents-See this heading In Throu,;h Air Power," hy Alexander ·de the subject Index. Seversky, 857-864, October. Howard, Milton-The President's E'conomle Stalin, Joseph-Qrder of the pay on May War Plan, 435-439, June; The 1942 Day, 1942, 402-407, June; On the Anti­ Elections, 1006-1011, December. Hitler Coalftion of the United Nations, Hudson, Roy-Labor and the National War 494-496, July; Letter to Henry Cas­ .Effort, 310-323, May; The C.I.O. Con- sidy on Second Front, 967, November; vention, 986-999, December. · The U.S.S.R. and thA Anglo-Soviet, American Fighting Alliance, 963-972, December; Order of the Day to the Jerome, V. J.-One Year Since June 22, Red Army and the Soviet People on 408-421, June; The Twenty-Fifth Anni­ the Occasion of the Twenty-Fifth An­ versary of the Soviet Power, 869-886, niversary of the October Revolution, November. 972-992, December. Letter to· Asso­ Johnson, Oakley-Review of "The .soviets ciated Press Representative, ITenry C. Expected It," by Anna Louise Strong. Cassidy, November 14, 1942, 974, 975, 92-96, January. December. INDEX 1059

Tolchenov, M.-Five Years of the Sino­ Williamson, John-Strengthen the National Japanese ,War, 640-643, August. War Effort by Building the Party, Urlzar, I.-Jose Dlas: His Exemplary Life 324-335, May; Strengthening Commu­ and Work, 349-359, May; Spain and nist .Collaboration in National Unity, the Second Front, 553-568, July. 692-707, September; The Role and Problems of a People's Cadre of Win­ Weiss, Max-on the Occasion of Dimitroff's the-War Leaders, 826-834, October. Sixtieth Birthday, 534-547, July. Welles, Sumner-Statement on U.S.-Chl­ Wortls, Rose-Trends In the A. F. of L., nese Relations, 957-959, November. 922-936, November.

SUBJECT INDEX

The following key shows the pages covered by each Issue. 1- 96, January 289-384, May 577-672, August 865-960, November 97-192, March 385-480, June 673-768, September 961-1072, December 193-288, April 481-576, July 769-864, October

Abolitionists, 648. Roosevelt foreign policy, 33; trends IJI., Abraham Lincoln Ba.ttallon, 297!. 922ft. Adams, Carlyle, 705. American Labor Party, In 1942 election, Adams. Samuel, 76, 280. 1009. Addams, Jane, 550. American Legion, 49. Africa, defense of, 554; American Revolution, 271ff, 859. African offensive, 976, 986, 1010; impor­ uAmerikan Suometar," 1048~ tance of, 1013; Stalin on, 975. Anglo-Soviet-American coalitions, aim of, Agriculture, and the war effort, 6ZOff; 100 3; and discussion of post-war plan­ C.I.O. on, 992; see also Farmers. ning, 766; arld United Nations, 982; Airplane Industry, 172. Browder on, 483!, 693, 598; forge solid Alabama, 381. unity, 535; great step forward, 679f, A Ieutian Islands; 583. .682; grows stronger, 1013; powerful Alexandrov, George, 377. weapon for Free Germans, 1054; Stalin Almeria, Spain, 846. on, 975; strengthening of, 773f; see also America First Committee, 61, 76, 137, 284. Soviet-U.S. Agreement. American Committee to Aid British La- Anglo-Soviet Pact, Pravda on, 4Dlff; text bor, 60f. . of, 573ft. American Federation of Labor, and Inter­ Anglo-Soviet Trade Union Committee, 110, national trade union unity, 542, 584, 311, 899!. 714ff, 788ff. 932ff, 998; and 1942 elec­ .Anti-Semitism, 79, 295. tion, 588f.,. 823; and trade union unity, Anti-Sovietism, 179!, 207, 463, 669, 611, 757f, lOll, 641. 711ff, 930ff; and war effort, 886ff, 981, 1042. 311ft; and western front, 390; con­ Appeasement, results of, 148ff, 220. demns Lewis, 621; local and central Appeasers, C.I.O. exposes, 993; in civil war, bodies speak out for offensive military 646; In .Congress, 265, 258; main tactics action, 928f; membership Increase, 926; of, 1014; new methods of, 252ff; ob­ 1941 ·convention, 58ff; 1942. convention, . struct national unity, 120; oppose trade 922ff; responsibilities of progressive union unity, 103; see also Defeatists; forces In, 316f; supports poll tax re­ Fifth Column; Negotiated peace. peal, 924, 927; supports Roosevelt eco­ Aranha, Oswaldo, 138. nomic procram, 924!, 929; supports Arcentlna, and strucgle against H!tlerlsm, 1060 INDEX

360ft; and the war, 132; defeatists in, Bridges, Harry, 77, 507lf. 914. 303; political situation, 140; Socialist Bright, .John. 657. Party, 457. Br!ll, A. A., 168. Arkansas, poll tax In, 381. British empire, changes during war, 951. Arnold, Benedict, 283f. British Labor Party, 29. Asia, and the war, 143ft. Brooks, C. Wayland, Hlf, 777, 819. Atlantic Charter, 567, 884, 1046, 1054. Browder, Earl, and economic plannln&' for Atlantic conference, 39f. war, 782ft; and Thaelmann, 307ft; Atrocities; see Fascist atrocities. birthday of, 297f; campaign for free­ Attucks, Crispus, 76, 282. dom of, 55f, 70, 163ft, 197, 220, 295, 312, Austria, 25. 325; compared to .Jefterson, 287; Im­ Automobile Industry, 77, 172f. portance of his "Victory-and After," Aviation, significance In war, 774, 857ft. 1035f; on American foreign policy, 300; Azad, Abu! Kalam, 431. on American-Soviet relations, 179, 191f, 546f; on Anglo-Soviet-American coali­ Babcock, H. E., 629. tion, 584; on China, 246; on character Baldwin, Hanson W., 827. of war, 1020; on Communist position Bankhead, Senator, 623. on the war, 692ft; on defeatists, 860, Ba.rd, Ralph A., 985. 945; on fascist aggression. 163; on France, 301, 981; on Herbert Hoover, Barry, William, 733, 776, 819. 803f; on keys to victory, 579, 691, 857, Baruch, Bernard M., 796, 801. 885; on Martin Dies, 595; on Negroes, Battle far production, 171ft; and role of. 636; on Marxism-Leninism, 1021f; on working class, 659; Browder on, 782; organization, 327f, 697; on red-batting, farmers and, 625f; importance of, 45f, 698; on Spanish civil war, 298tf; on 204, 217, :339; ln Canada, 909; integral trade union unity, 52, 100, 719f; "Vic­ part of offensive, 728f; meaning of, 793f; tory-and After" (rev.), 938ft; warned obstacles must be removed, 684; re­ America, 125f. sults of, 48 3; sabotaged by Lewis, 500ft; trade unions and, 62f, 319; Brown, .John, 76. women and, 861ff; see also Industrial Brownson, Orestes, 653. Conversion. Bryant, William Cullen, 651. Beard, CJia.rles A., 28, 645f. Bryson, Lyman, 1021!. Beaverbrook, Lord, 45, 338, 416. Buck, Frank, 604. Belgium, anti-Hitler struggles in, 969. Buck, Pearl S., 889. Benes, Eduard, 881. Buck, Tim, 459ft; 465. Bennett, .John .J., 780. Bukharln, N., 874. Benson, Rep., 822. Bukovlna, 883. Bernard, Francis, 278. Bunge, Augusto, 303. Berquist, 1008. Burma, 1016, 1018. Bessarabla, 883. Burr, Aaron, 629. Biddle, Francis, attack on Communist Par- Business-as-usual forces, 174; see also De... ty, 507ft. featlets. Big business, and national unity, 251. Business men, must combat appeasers, 257. Bill of rights, .Jefferson on, 526. "Business Week,u 488. Blackwell, Allee Stone, 705. Butler, Benjamin F., 267. Bliven, Bruce, 126. Byelorussia, 883, 971. Bloor, Ella Reeve, salute to, 548ft. Cacchlone, Peter V., 325. Blum, Leon, 274ft. Cadres, In army, industry, and civilian de­ Bolivia, Amer. aid to, 136. fense, 826ft; In Communist Party, 224, Bolshevik Party: see Comriuinlst Party of 1036f; Stalin on role in Soviet Union, the Soviet Unlori. 830. Bonds, sale of, 740. Cagoulards, 469. Book reviews, "Defense Will Not Win the California, elections In, 602ft, 1006tf. War," by W. F. Kernan, 336tf; "Mis­ California Shipbuilding Corp., 928. sion to Moscow," by .Joseph E. Davies, Canada, and the war, 458ft, 903ft. 179ft; "Moscow War Diary," by Alex­ Canadian Commonwealth Federation, 906. ander Werth, 4771f; "The Problems of Cannon, Clarence, 623. a Lasting Peace," by Herbert Hoover Capital .gains taxes, 236. and Hugh Gibson, 751ft; "Reason and Carr, Coward Hallett, 872. RevolutiOn," bY Herbert Marcuee, Cass, Lewis, 653. 6631f; "The S<:>vlets Expected It," by Cassidy, Henry C., Stalin's letter on Afri­ Anna Louise Strong, 92tf; "Victory­ can offensive to, 976; Stalin's letter on and After," by Earl Browder, 938ft; western front to, 957. "VIctory Through A!r Power," by A. P. Castillo, 132. de Seversky, 857ft. · Catholic church, attitude toward Soviet Boone, Daniel, 76. Union changing, 935; In Canada, 464; Boucher, .Jonathan, 284. In Italy, 83; in Latin America, 133. Branch work; see Communist Party, Chamberlain, Neville, 35, 128, 614, 810. branch work. Channing, Edward, 652. Brandt, Edgar, 469. Checa, Pedro, 767f. • Brazil, and the war, 40. Chiang Ka!-shek, 144, 240, 979f. INDEX 1061

Chiang Kai-shek, Madame, 861. Communist Party, U.S.A., and agriculture, "Chicago Dally News," Hlf. 626; and labor unity, 719, 788; and "Chicago Tribune," 441, 445, 889, 993, 1014. national unity, 679ft, 692ft, 1021f; and Children, wartime problems concerning, Negro people, 633ft; and problems of 855. war economy, 791ft; and 1942 election, Chile, Amer. aid to, 136. 261. 781, 825, 1009; and patriotism, China, and African oftenslve, 1013; must 613ft; and trade unions, 107, lllf; and be treated as partner, 204; extraterri­ women workers, 856; Biddle's state­ toriality_ and, 1016; "Fortune" plans ment on criticized, 507ff; branch work, for, 1018f; new role of, 239ft; relations 332f, 701, 1033!; In California election, with U. S., 957f, 979f, 983; resistance 608f; In New York election, 73ij; legal to Japan, 154f. status, 698.; must assume Initiative, Chinese-Japanese war, 242, 640ft, 748tf. 323; national committee on the war, Church6s, and the war, 50. . 38ft; on India, 959f; organization, 695; Churchill, Winston, 686, and western front, policy based on Marxism, 1032; policies 905; conference with Stalin, 678, 809ft, based on national interests, 644; rec-­ 971. ord of, 947; recruiting, 223, 329f, 694f; Civil rights, In U.S.S.R., 875. role In war eftort, 53f, 214ft, 221ft, Civil war (U. S.), labor's role In, 262f; les- 323ft, 332, 396f, 418, 701; role of cadres, sons for our day, 644ft. 826ft; social composition, 328ff; sub­ Civilian defense, 251, 366, 828. ordinates everything to war effort, 594, Civilian morale; see Morale. 596f, 682ft, 1023; tasks In trade unions, Class collaboration, 106. 921. Clausewltz, Carl von, on military tactics, Company unions, attempt to revive, 918. 421; on nature of war, It, 21, 344. Concerted action; Ree Collective security. Clemenceau, Georges, 11. Confederation of Latin American Workers, Cliveden set, 208. 142. Closed shop, 67. Congress of Industrial Organizations, 50; Coal mining Industry, manpower problem and California elections, 605f; and In, 919. International trade union unity, 997; Co.bden, Richard, 657. ._nd jurisdictional disputes, 318; and Coffee, John, 822, 1009. labor unity, 99ft, 504, 540f, 711ft; and Collective security, 12, 151; Browder on, Labor Vict<>ry Board, 109; and 1942 22ft, 126ft. election. 588f, 780; and war eftort, Colonial peoples, and United Nations, 160; 311ff; and western front, 390f; con­ anol the war, 123f, 215, 239lt, 1016; demns Lewis, 621; In Illinois primary, Browder on, 1020: Communists cham­ 443ft; 1941 convention of, 58ff; 1942 pion cause of, 1029; "Fortune" and, convention of, 985ff; on farmers, 992; 1019; our failure to mobilize for de­ on Finland, 789; on labor-management fense, 147f. committees, 991; on mobilization for total war, 989f; on natlon·al unity, 831; Combined Labor VIctory Committee; see on Negroes, 991; on second front, 987; Labor Victory Committee. on trade union unity, 995; on wages. Committee of Finnish-American trade 990; on women. 991f; supports Roose­ union leaders, 1048. velt foreign policy, 33; United Milie Committee to Promote Unity of the Trade Workers disatllllate from, '9111'f. Union Movement, 716. Committees ot Correspondence (Revolu­ Congressional elections; see 1942 elections. tionary War), 281. Connecticut, results of elections In, 1006f. Communism, distinguished from utopian­ Conscription, 49, 262ft, 462. Ism, 873. Construction Workers Organizing Commit- "The Communist," 224, 834. tee, 318. Communist Manifesto, on proletarian de­ Continental Congress, 281. mocracy, 8 71. Copper Industry, 176. Communist Parties, In Latin America, 139, Corporation taxes, 227, 230. 982f. Corson, John J., 852. Communist Party of Argentina, 140f; 360ft. Cost of living, 64ft, 226, 991. Communist Party of Canada, 459ft, 904ft, Coudert, Frederick R., 681. 982. Coughlin, Charles, 621. Communist Party of Chile, 982f. Craw.ford, Kenneth, 684ff. Communist Party of China, 80, 155f, 243, Cripps, Stafford, 117f, 426f. 246, 749f, 979f, 983. .Czechoslovakia, 613, 838, 881f, 969. Communist Party of Cuba, 983. Communist Party of France, 846, 981. "Daily Worker," 327; and the Negro peo­ Communist Party of Germany, 375. ple, 636; importance of, 222, 701, 834, Communist Party of Great Britain, 330f, 915; on Mrs. Roosevelt, 699; on tax 427, 705. program, 237; on wage control, 218; see Communist Party of India, 430, 959f, 982. also "The Worker." Communist Party of Spain, 350. 565f. Dairymen's League, 630f. Communist Party of the Philippines, 151. Daladler, 274ff, 469. Communist Party of the Soviet Union, 3f, Davies, Joseph E., 74, 411; "Mission to 876, 881. Moscow" (rev.), 179ft. 1062 INDEX

Davis, Jet'lerson, 266t'l, 636f. Price-control; Profits; Rationing; Sev­ Dawson, William L., 446. en point economic program: Taxation. Dean, Sllaa, 306. Economic Stabilization Board, 991. Dean, Vera Mlcheles, 685f. Edmondson, Ray, 317, 443. Debs, Eugene V., 466. Educhtlon, In U.S.S.R., 878. Decatur, Stephen, 515. .Educational work, In the Party, 10331!. Declaration of Independence, 523. Elections: see 1942 elections. "Declaration of Rights of the Peoples of Ellender, Senator, 623. Russia," 880. Ellsberry, Julius, 76. Defeatists, activities of, 292, 302, 437f, 481; Emancipation proclamation, 65(f. alarmed by campaign !or Browder's re­ Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 661. lease, 168f; and New York election Engels, Friedrich, 1061; Interest In U. S., campaign, 733; attempt to destroy 1029; on freedom, 7; on Jeaders of unity, 311!, 594; boldness. of, 78 7; struggle against Feudalism, 1027; pre­ Browder on, 660, 945; delay second dicts world war, 8. front, 7721'l; exposed by C.I.O., 992f; Erkko, Eljas; 1042. In American civil war, 650, 655; In Erwin, K .• 376. Congress, 76, 255; ln Latin America, Esthonia, 883. 365; In Republican Party. 1006; John "Eteenpaln,,. 1049. L. Lewis and, 4971'l; must be smashed, Ethlcpia, 25, 613, 881. 70, 79, 330. 417; main tactics of, 988, Europe, anti-Hitler struggle ln•. 836f, 1003. 1014f; Norman Thomas and, 451ft; Excess-profits tax, 227, 230t'l, 740ff. principal enemy, 35; seven-point pro­ Experts, military, 411. gram, 744; see also Appeasers; Fifth Extra-territoriality, 1016. column; Negotiated peace. De Leon, Daniel, 875. Democracy, in SoYiet Union, 16, 871ft; Factionalism, Inter-union, 68!. Marx on winning battle of, 871; so­ Fagan, Pat, 918. cialism highest form of, 1033; social­ Fair Employment Practices Committee, Ist, 871. 634. Democratic centralism, 1033. li'ar East: see Asia; also names of spe- Democratic Party, 251f, 258, 995; and na­ cific countries. tional unity, 940; defeatists In, 821; Farm bloc, 624f. in California, 605t'l; in civil war, 650; Farm Bureau, 622f, 6281'l. In Illinois primary, 444; in New York Farm prices, 436. State, 7761'l. Farm Security Administration, 621f. Deme>cratlc Union of Spain, 564. Farmer-labor unity, 620t'l. Denmark, anti-Hitler struggles in, 969. Farmers, C.I.O. convention on, 992; in Cal­ Dennis, Eugene, 336. Ifornia election, 608; In civil war, 652; Dewey, Thomas E., 590. In Illinois primary. 448f; problems of, Dialectical materialism, 5; Stalin on, 667, 1011: see also Agriculture. 1022f. Farmers Educational and Cooperative Diaz, Jose, 566: life and work, 349t'l; on Union of America, 630f. role of Communist Party In guiding Farmers Union of the New York Milk peoples' struggle, 352. Shed, 630. · Dickerson, Earl, 444. Fascism, Communist struggle against, 1030; DickiLson, Anna, 2€'4. Dlmitrot'l on, · 842f; In Italy, 82; pro­ Dickinson, John, 280. gram of, 1003: results of, 816t'l. Dictatorship of the proletariat, 16t'l, 871f. Fascist atrocities, 971, 1063. Dieguez, lsldoro, 566. J<'asclst demagogy, Stalin on. 403. Dies, Martin, 302. 308, 590, 660, 819, 945: Fe·deralists. (U. s. hlst.), 286. Browder on, 596: In Illinois primary, Federated Malay States, 169ff. 448. Felghan (Ohio rep.), 777, 822, 1009. Dlmitrot'l, Georgi. and Leipzig trial, 270ft; Fifth column, 275; and Nazi strategy, 1024; on anti-fascist front, 846; on fascism, comloated by labor movement, 399; de­ 842f; on International working class stroyed In Soviet Union, 411; fought by unity, 641; on proletarian internation­ Free Germans, 1054; hinders western alism, 536f; on role ot: Communists, .front, 207; In Latin America, 137f; 847; on working class as leader, 639; must be fought, 219: see also Defeat­ sixtieth birthday of, 53 4t'l. Ists, Appeasers. Dollar-a-year men, 799. Fight for Freedom Committee, 60f. Douglas Aircraft Corp., 853 Finland, ally of Hitler, 1002, 1039t'l; C.I.O. Douglass, Frederick, 76, 637, ·639, 649, 663. convention on. 789; economic condition, Dubinsky, David, 687, 923. 1042f; middle classes In, 1042; peas­ Durer, Albrecht, 1027. antry ln. 1040: praised as ally by Hitler. 942: relations with U. S., 1043!; Social-Democratic Party of, 1040; Eastman, Max, 611f. trade unl!)ns and, 1040: war with So­ Economic planning, for all-out war, 736t'l, viet Union. 617. 791t'l, 953ff; C.I.O. and, 989f; must be F1nns, In the United States, 1048ff; In Hit­ extended, 1010: Pepper-Kilgore bill and, ler's arm les, 974. 978; see also Agriculture; Inflation; First International, 1028. INDEX 1063

Fish, :Hamilton, 171, 302, 681, 732!, 776, Hartford convention (U. S. hlst.), 532f. 819, 1006. Hawaii, 129. Fletcher, J. F., 705. Haywood, Allan, 997. Flynn, Elizabeth GurlPy, 856. Hegel, review of "~easonand ~evolution," Food-for-victory campaign, 624tf. by H. Marcuse, 6631't, Ford, Leland, 604, 1009. Heil, Gov., 1008. "Fortune'" magazine, 1017ff. Heine, Heinrich, 1051. Fosdick, Harry Emerson, 168. "Helslngen Sanomat," 1042. Foster, William Z., on A. F. of L., 585, Henderson, Leon, 6 4. 587; on trade unions, 105; on western Herndon, Angelo, 170. front, 412. H•ss, ~udolf, 1054f. Fourteenth amendment, 380ft'. Higginson, Thomas W., 648. France, anti-Hitler struggle In, 838, 969, Hill, George, 303. 975; Browder on, 301, 977, 981; foreign HlJlman, Sidney, 995, 997. policy, 127; German military strength Hinsley, Cardinal, 935f. In, 835; people's front In, 844; rela­ Historic documents, Letter of Premier tions with Soviet Union, 612ft'; role of Stalin on Henry C. Cassidy, 957; mes­ def~atlsts In, 680; will rise again, 467ft'. sage of Communist Party, U.S.A., to Franco, Francisco, 566, 977. Communist Party of India, 959f; om­ Franco-German war, 600. cia! announcement of Churchlll-Stalln Franklin, Benjamin, 1026, 1028f. conference, 678; statement of Sumner Free Germans, and German people, 1051ff. Welles on U. S.-Chlnese relations, 957f. Freedom, Engels and Lenin on, 7. Historical materia1ism, 5; see also Dialec­ French Canadians, o.nd the war, 462:!. tical materialism. "History of the C.P.S.U.," on dictatorship Galloway, Joseph, 280. of the proletariat, 18f; on Marxism­ Gandhi, Mohandas, 429!. Leninism, 1032f. Gannett, Frank, 1006. Hitler. Adolf, 378f, 883, 898f; threatens Garrison, William Lloyd, 888. destruction of Soviet Union, 971. Gearhart, Bertrand W., 604. Hltlerite state can and must be destroyed, Georgia (U. S.), 381f. 971. German people, and second front, 374tf; Holland, see Netherlands. Free Germans and, 1051ft'. Hoover, Herbert, Browder on, 303f; leader Germany, and Riom trials, 270ft: army, of defeatists, 946; "Problems of a 404f, 409; dominates Italy, 87; mili­ Lasting Peace" (rev.), 751ff. tary strategy, 721; strength of army Hours of labor, 48, 321. on eastern front, 967; weaknesses of, Housing, 78, 794. 409; working class In, 1'053. Howard, Harry P., 452. Gibraltar, 554. Howe, Qvincy, 29. Gibson, Hugh, "Problems of a Lasting Hudson, ~oy, 112. Peace" (rev.), 751ft'. Hull, Cordell, 1044. Global war, see World anti-fascist people's Hungarians, in Hitler's armies, 967, 974, war. 1002. Goebbels, Herman, 272, 378. Hutcheson, William L., 61, 317, 586, 71llf, Gompers. Samuel, 934. 876, 913ft, 998. Goss, Albert S., 629. Grafton, Samuel, 774!. Great Britain, foreign policy, 127; rela­ Ibarruri, Dolores, 565; on Jose Diaz, 369. tions with U.S.S.R., 611; taxes in, 233; Ickes, Harold L., 890. text of agreement with u.s.s.~ .. 572ft'; Ideologies, differences In should not pre­ see also Anglo-Soviet-American agree­ clude joint actton against common ments. fascist enemy, 970. Greece, anti-Hitler struggles In, 969. Ideology, and pol!cy, 1038. Green, John, 705. Imperialism, 1017. Green, William, 1010; and aid to Soviet Income taxes, 228, 236. Union, 583, 593, 924; at A. F. of L. India. and African campaign, 1013; and convention, 923; on battle for produc­ the war, 240f, 422, 4591f, 1018; British tion, 46. position on, 158; Communist Party, Grew, Joseph C., 1014f; on U. S.-Soviet U.S.A., on, 675ft', 959f; need for changed relations, 890. policy toward, 215; resources of, 160f; Grogan, William, 936. United Mine Workers fall to support, Gross, Courtland S., 853. 914; United States and, 433ft. GuerrllJa warfare, 74, 407, 409, 837ft'; in Indonesia, 1016, 1018. American civil war, 661; In China, 244, Industrial conversion, 172. 641; in Norway, 838; in Soviet Union, "Infantry Journal," 860. 409, 416, 838, 974, 1000!; in Yugo­ Intlation, and war economy, 65, 225, 736ft', slavia, 838f; see also Anti-Hitler 793, SUO; see also Price-control. struggle under names of countries. Ingalls, Laura, 284. Inter-American Conference, 360ft. Hale, Nathan, 75!. International trade union unity. A. F. of :Harriman, W. Averell, 74, 811. L. and, 542, 584, 714f, 788f, 932f; 1064. INDEX

C.I.O. and, '188t, 997t: Jack Tanner on, parties; Trade union unity; Trade 867f, 923, 933: Importance of, 69. unions; Working· class. International Working Men's Association, Labor participation on government boards, 1028. 68, 63f, 110, 786, 802f, 990. Internationalism, of Red Army, 419f; of Labor Party (Great Britain), 29. Jefferson, 527f; proletarian, U, 636f, Labor unity; see International trade union 848. unity; trade union unity. Iran, and African campaign, 1013. I,abor VIctory Board, 99ff, 108, 316, 711. Isolationism, Browder on, 24f. Labor Victory Committee, 320f, 995f. Italians, In Hitler's armies, 967, 974, 1002. Labor's Non-Partisan League, 4.43. Italy, and the war, 811!; eltect of African LaFayette•. Marquis de, 306. offensive on, 976. LaGuardia, Fiorello, 220. 111tsenainen, Suomi," 1049. ..Lannen Suometar," 1048. "Izvestia," on Stalin-Churchill meeting, Latin America, and Rio de Janeiro con­ 813. ference decisions, 363ff; and the war, 21, 40, 63f, 131ff; Communist Parties In, 982f; defeatists In, 365; fascist ac­ Jackson, Andrew, 690. tivities in, 567; fifth column In, 137f; Japan, and western front, '126: direction see also names of Individual countries. of aggression, 129; pre-war relations with U. S., 148ff; significance of at­ Latin American Confederation of Labor, tack· on U. s .. 143; underestimation of 789. strength, 977; see also Chinese-Japa­ Latvia, 883. nese wa.r. Laval, Pierre, 297, 467ff. Jefferson, Thomas, 287, 1026, 1028f; and League of Nations, 9. Declaration of Independence, 623!; and Lee, Arthur, 661. l"rench revolutiOn, 166ff; and Louisiana Leipzig trial, 270ff. Purchase, 630; as leader of n.atlon, Lenin, V. I., and the global war, 3ff; In­ 622ff; and U. s. constitution, 626f; terest in U. S., 1028f; on American 1812 offensive policy, 632!; foreign pol­ revolution, 286; on Basle resolution, 9; Icy of, 30; Internationalism of, 527f; on dictatorship of a revolutionary on American position In l"rench revo­ class, 18; on different types of wars, lution, 130; on American revolution, 9f; on freedom, 7; on opportunism, 625; on Bill of Rights, 626; was de­ 106; on organization, 4; on Soviets as nounced as red, 679. highest type of democracy, 8 71f; on Jensen, Merrill, 279. United States of Europe, 15; on war, Jews; see Anti-Semitism. 19, 93, 1030f. Johnson, Hewlett, 689. Lewis, Alfred Baker, 705. Johnson, Hiram, 604. Lewis, John L., 50, 67f; acth·ities at Mine Jordan, VIrgil, 687. Workers convention, 911ff; and de­ Johnstone, Jack, death of, 347f. teatists, 479ff; and farmers, 621, 628f; Jugoslavia; see Yugoslavia. and Illinois elections, 443f; and the Jurisdictional disputes (trade union), 67, war, 497ff, 911ff; as appeaser, 509; at­ 318, 924. tempts to split labor, 101ff, 254, 256, . Juvenile d~linquency, 866. 317, 393, 461, 455, 711ff, 913; C.I.O. 1941 convention and, 61f; C.I.O. on, 996; red-baiting by, 540. Kaiser shlpbulldlnlf plant, 927. Libby, Frederick J., 24ff. Kelley, William D., 264, 779. Libya, 88, 724. Kelly, Colin, 76. Lincoln, Abraham, 779; on right of people Kenny (Calif. elec.), 606f, 822, 1008. to revolution, 517f; on working class, Kernan, W. F., "Defense Will Not Win the 419; opposed extension of slavery, 651; War" (rev.), 336ff. was denounced as red, 680. Kilgore-Pepper bill, 977. Lindbergh, Charles A., 19f, 61, 284. King, Mackenzie, 458ff, 908t. Lippmann, Walter, 546, 696. Knight, 0. A., 706. Lithuania, 883, Kolehmainen, John I., 1048. Litvinov, Maxim, 203, 205, 337, 613, 569, Korneichuk, Alexander, 879, 881. Knudsen. William S., 47. uLos Angeles Times," 603. Kraus, Michael. 285. Louisiana Purchase, 530. Krystalsky, George, 326. Lovestone, Jay, 31. Ku Klux Klan, 76, 634. Lovett, Robert A., 887. Kuomintang, 246, 980, 983. Lowell, James Russell, 661. Luce, Henry R., 413, 687, 10171!. Labor, key to production problem, 797. Luther, Martin, 1027. Labor Day, 708. - Lyon, Matthew, 165f. Labor-farmer unity, 620ff. Labor-management committees, 592!, 909, MacArthur, Douglas, 342f, 411!, 886. 926, 931; C.I.O. on, 991. McClellan, George B., 268, 664; Labor movement, 620!; combats fifth col­ McCormick, Anne O'Hare, 216. umn, 399; must become active polit­ McCormick, Robert, 446. Ically, 994, 1010; see also Communist McCulloch, Andrew, 729, INDEX 1065

MacKeachnle, Douglas, 136. Murray, Philip, 46, 174, 995, 997, 1010. McKeough, Raymond S., 442; 447. 1\lusaolinl, Benito, 81. MacLelsh, Archibald, 890. McNaughton, A. G. L., 730. Napoleon I, 81, 90, 967. McNutt, Paul, 862. National Association of Manufacturers, McPherson, Edward, 779. 396. Maas, RPpresentative, 1014. National Anti-Japanese United Front, Maginnis, Thomas H., 284. 2431'l. Maisky, Ivan, 337. National Catholic Rural Life conference, Malaya, and the war, 159tr. 622. Manchuria, 25. National Council of Farmer Cooperatives, Mannerhelm, Baron, 977. 628. Manpower problem, C.I.O. on, 990f. National front, In Europe, 839f; people's Mao Tze-tung, 245. front and, 84ltr. Marcantonio, Vito, 509, 734, 776, 822; In National Grange, 628. 1942 election, 1009. National income, 742. :Marcuse, Herbert. "Reason and Revolu­ National Maritime Union, 1047. tion" (rev.), 663tr. National minorities, In Soviet Union, 879tr. Marshall, George C., 729f. National question, In Spain, 561. Marx, Karl, 1051; interest In U.S., 1029.; National unity, and elections, 4401'l, 820; on American civil war, 646f, 653, 655, and tax program, 225; and the war, 657; on "the battle of democracy," 871; 250tr; as base of military activity, on Benjamin Franklin, 1028; on Com­ 277if; Browder and, 304; C.I.O. and, m unlsts and nation, 516, 518; on pro­ 987; Communist Party and, 679tr, letariat and foreign policy, 31f; on 692tf: enemies of, 48f, 638f; farmers socin.lism and Communism, 188; on war and, 621; Importance of, 594, 660.; as exemplifying impact of means of Amer. in civil war, 650f; in ·canada, production on organization of labor, 903tr; ·In Latin America, 142; In 13f; on working class rule, 871. United Nations, 118; in Soviet Union, Marxism, relation to Hegel, 665. 73; labor and, 60f, 99tr, 250tr, 3101'l, Marxism-Leninism, and role of Party, 442tr, 536tr, 621tr, 708tr, 744, 7851'l, 828f, 1021tr; Browder on, 1021f; History of 906f, 91ltr, 922tr, 948f, 1031f; meaning the C.P.S.U. on, 1032; reveals varied of. 334, 396f, 9431'l; must be strength­ aspects of the war, 599f; Stalin on, ened, 42f, 221, 821; role of Party In 5f; Stalin's contribution to, 1001f; promoting, 1021tr. see also Dialectical rna terlalism; His­ National wa.rs, see War. torical materialism. Negotiated peace, 21, 120. 417tr, 754; see Mason, Noah, 448. also AI-peasers; Defeatists. Matthiesen, li'. 0., 70 5. Neg'l.·o women, 854. May Day, Manifesto of national committee, Negroes, and the war, 52tr, 223, 2621'l, 322, 291f; Stalin's order of the day, 402tr. 543, 597, 633tr; C.I.O. on, 991; Commu­ Mediterranean Sea, 1013. nist Party and, 331; drawn Into In­ Mexico, 40, 136. dustry, 931; honor Bloor and Whitney, Michigan, r .. sults of elections In, i.006f. 549; In A. F. of L., 925, 927; In Ameri­ Middle classes, in California election, 607!; can revolution, 282; In California, 607; In Italy, 85; in Spain, 560. In Illinois primary, 444f; In Party l\1ikhallovich, General, 980. work, 834, 1036; In trade unions, 997; Military experts, 411. see also Scottsboro case; White chau­ Milner-Gibscn, Thomas, 667. vinism; Poll taxes. Mllton. John, 670. Nehru, Jawaharlal, 427. Minor, Robert, on trade unions and the Nelson, Donald M., 176, 217f, 802, 827. war. 104; on western front, 339. Netherlands, anti-Hitler struggle in, 969. Mississippi, 382f. "New Masses," 31st anniversary, 96f. Moldavia, 971. "New Republic," 684. Molotov, V. M .. at conference In Washing­ "New Statesman and Nation," 158. ton, 569, 970; on Soviet foreign policy, New York, results of elections In, 1008f. 615f; statement on Soviet-British Mu­ .. New York Age," letter to,. 636ff. tual As•lstance Treaty, 575. "New York Daily News," 889, 993, 1005f, Montalembert, 1027. 1014. Mooney, Tom. 168, 195tr, 850, "New York Herald Tribune," 211f. Moore-Brabazon, 722. i'New York 'rimes," anti-Sovietism of, 888; Morale, 178; cadres and, 828; in Germany, on calls to aid Soviet Union, 869f; on 377; of Red Army,· 416, 1002f; of So­ change to offensive action, 199; on viet ·people, 870; of United Nations, India, 243; deprecates role of Soviet 387. Union in blocking Nazi conquest of Moreno, Luis Roldan, 557. Britain, 883f. Morgan, Lewis Henry, 15f. "New York World-Telegram," 774. Morgenthau, Henry, 229!. "New Yorkln Uutlset." 1046, 1048f, Morris. Gonvern~ur, 282. Newspapers; see names of specific news- ·Moslem League, 424tr. papers. Muenzer, Thomas, 872. 1942 elections, 588; and national unity, Murray Industrial Council plan, 63, 77, 803. 2501'l, 440tr; and the war, 732tr; C.I.O. 1066 INDEX

on, 993; farmer-labor unity and, 6201'f; criticism, 8 79; on Soviet patriotism, In California, 6021'f; in Illinois, 4401'f, 613. 777; In New York State, 732f, 775f, Price control, 78, 218f, 3211'f, 436ft, 737ft; 819; in Ohio, 777; in Pennsylvania, see also Seven point economic pro.rram. 777, 819; lessons of primaries, 8191'f; Prices, In war economy, 806. ·results of, 1005ft; see also California; Primary elections; see 1942 elections. Illinois; New Ycrk. Priorities, and planning for war, 7 97. "Non-Intervention," 881. Procope, Hjalmar, 1043, 1048. Norway, anti-Hitler struggle in, 838, 969. Production; see Battle of production. Nursery schools, a. wa.r problem, 866. Profiteering, 64l'f, 176. Profits, control of, 234, 321; in seven point Oblomovism, 870. program, 436ft; place of in war econ- O'Connell Peace B111, 33. omy, 806; Increase In, 226. · October Revoluion, 868, 87lf; Stalin on. Proletarian international!sm; see Interna- 963!, 972f; see also U.S.S.R. tionalism, proletarian. Offenshe warfare; Clausewitz on, 421; eon .. Puerto Rico, Browder on, 597f. ducted by Red Army, 964; need for, Pulli, Eero, 1049. 771ft; policy of Red Army, 420; see· Purchasing power, 737ft. also African offensive; Second front. Pyatakov, 612. Office of War Information, 1044. Quebec ~Province), 461ft, 910. Ohio State Federation of Labor, 789, 929. Quezon, Manuel, 161. Olson, Cuthbert,· 606ft, 776. O'Neal, Edward, 623; 629. Railroad Brotherhoods, and 1942 elections, Opportunism, Lenin on, 106. 682f. Organization, Browder on, 327f, 697; "Raivaaja," 1049. Lenin on, 4. Raltovsky, Christian, 7 4. Randolph, A. l'hillp, 638. Paclllc front, and the war, 10121'f. Rapp-Coudert Committee, 1026. Paclllsm, 19, 61. Rasanen, Yrjo, 1040. Paine, Thomas, 281, 287, 894, 1026, 10~8f. Ratlonnllsm, 666. "Palvalehti," 1048. Rationing, 218f, 3211'f, 436ft, 7381'f, 798, 991. Parker, Ralph, 877. Reconstruction, post-war; see Post-war Parsons, Edward L., 168. world. Parusans; see Guerrilla warfare. Red Army, achievements, Uft, 201, 408f, Pa.rty building; see Communist Party, 477; belittled by "experts," Ul; char­ U.S.A., Party building. acter uf, 14, 416, 964, 973, 1025; of­ Patriotism, 6131'f; in U.S.S.R., 414, 840, 877. fensive action of, 71!, 420f; J. E. Patterson, Rep., 822. , Davies on, 183f; '"Pravda" on, 121; Patterson, Robert V., 986. source of strength of, 93, 416f; Stal!n Pavlichenko, Lyudmlla, 869, 871. on, 404; Stalin's May Day Order to, Payroll taxes, 226. 1004; will fulfill its task, 976. Peace; see Negotiated peace; Post-war Red-baiting, as tool of Hitler, 33, 680, world. 97Y, 10?.4; Browder on, 696, 698; by Peace front, 882. John L. Lewis, 602ft; decl!ne of, 325, Pearl Harbor, 976, 1016. 936; ·freedom of C.I.O. Convention Pegler, Westbrook, 639, 780. from, 999; in Latin America, 140, Pennsylvania, 1942 election In, 777, 819, 370f; new campaign of, 488; va. cam­ 1006f. paign for Browder's release, 167f; Pennsylvania State Federation of Labor, within A. F. Of L., 62. 789. Religion, and Soviet Union, 889; and the People's front, and national front, 8411'f. war, 60; persecution of in Spain, 561; Pepper anti-poll-tax blll, 380ft. 01ee also Catholic church; Churches. Pepper, Claude, 216f, 890. Republican Party, 26lf, 259; and defeatists, Pepper, George Wharton, 168. 8-21, 946; defeatists in, 1014; in Call­ Pepper-Kilgore Bill, 977. fornia, 6021'f; In Illinois, 44ll'f; in 1142 Perry, Ralph Barton, 891. elections, 690, 1005ff; in New York Petain, Henri, 467ft. . State, 776; origin of, 647, 649. Petty bourgeoisie; see Middle classes. Reuther, Walter, 996. Philippines, 1018; reasons for our defeat Revolutionary Wa.r (U.S.), lessons from, m, 146l'f; threatened by Japan, 129. 277ft. Pintschovlus, Karl, 377. · Richmond Shipyard Co., 928. ·Pitcher, Molly, 7ji, Rio de Janeiro conference, 131ft, 360ft, .Planning; see Economic planning. Riom (France) trial, 214l'f. Plekhanov, G. V., on role of Individual, 4. ltoblnson. Earl, 684. Plummer, William, 631. Rogers, Will Jr., 1009. Poland, anti-Hitler struggle In, 838, 969; Roosevelt Administration, and 1942 elec­ Soviet policy toward, 615. tions, 777l'f; John L. Lewis fights, Poletti, Charles, 1009. 498!. Poll-taxes, 295, 924, 927, 993. RooPevelt, Eleanor, 698!, 809f. Post-war world, 117f, 210f, 489f, 669, 699, Roosevelt, Franklin D., addresses letter to · i 48ft. 964l'f; "Fortune" plan for, 1017f. C. I.O. Convention, 985; and France, "Pravda,"' on Red Army, 121; on self- 476; and 1942 election, 821; and the INDEX 1067

United Nations; 114; and Western Shlpplnl' Industry, 77. :..'ront, 814, 906; on battle tor produc­ Shvernllt, N., 998!. tion, 46; on defeatists, 253, 831; on Siam; see Thailand. farm unity, 622; on fascist aggression, Slce, Adolphe Eugene-Marie, 474. 116, 126; on Hitler's plans,. 200; on how Smgapore, 1016, 1029. the war will be won, 896; on western Sino-Japanese war; see Chinese-Japanese front, 900f; statement on Soviet­ war. American agreement, 669; on United Skoropadskl, General, 72. Nations, 248f; pledges redeeming of Slavery, and Civil War, 2651f,. 645. Philippine freedom, 167; see also Slovaks, In Hitler's armies, 967. Seven-point economic program. Small business men, problems of, 1011. Rubber, 631. Smith, Alfred, 889. Rum.anians, in Hitler's armies, 974, 1002. Smith Bill, 65, 101. Rus•ell, Richard, 623. Smith, Gerald K., 621. Russia, and American Civil War, 666. Smith, Howard, 819. Rus•lan War Relief, 477. Smith, Matthew, 918. Rykov, A. I., 74. Social-Democracy, 185, 271, 450ft, 538f, Ryti, Ri•to, 1039lf. 732, 763; see also Second International. Social Insurance, In U.S.S.R., 875. Sales taxes, 229, 737f, 741ft. Socialism, centralized war economy is not, Saltonstall, Gov., 1006. 804; as source of Soviet strength, 416f, Samuel, Emery, 464. 868; highest form of democracy, 1033; "San li'rancit~co Chronicle.'' 603. In one country, 874; nature ·of, 187!. Sayre, Francis, 151. Socialist construction, 873ft. Schlesinger, A. M., 279. Socialist culture, 877ft. Schmitt, Karl, 672. Socialist democracy, 415f, 871ft; economic Schneiderman, William, 170. foundation for, 873ft. Shurz, Carl, 1051. Socialist Party of· Argentina, 457. Scientists, ahould examine Marxism, 1022. Socialist Party, U.S.A., 450ft; defeatist role Scottsboro case, 634f. of, 151l'f; spreads contusion, 783. Second front. absence of aids Hitler, 965ft, Sokolsky, George E., 509, 774. · 973, 1002; and anti-fascist struggle In Solomon, Chalm, 76. Europe, 835ft; and winter of 1942-43, Sons of Liberty (Revolutionary War), 894ff; C.I.O. on, 987; central Issue of 279ft. war, 904!; demanded by working class. Sorenson. Charles E., 852f. 389ft, 583, 928ft; essential for victory, South Carolina, 382ft. 976; Free Germans and, 1055; German Southern States, before Civil War, 6441f. people and, 374ft; In relation to Afri­ Sovi<'t-Brltlsh Agreement, text, 672ft. can campaign, 727; Kernan book and, Soviet culture, U.S. Interest in, 1026. 336ft; labor's responsibility In open­ Soviet democracy; see Socialist democracy. Ing, 311, 314, 387f; National Commit­ SoYiet-Finnlsh war, 617. tee manifesto on, 291ff; nature of op­ Soviet-German Non-Aggression Pact, 94, po.uents of, 867; need tor offensive ac­ 411, 610ft, 882f; Stalin's explanation tion, 771ft; opinions of army leaders of cited, 1001. on, 729f; possibilities for, 408ft; re­ Soviet-Nazi wa.r, anniversary of, 485ff; sources adequate for, 123; Stalin o.n, · lessons from, 71ft; Stalin's May Day 964, 976; strategy for victory, 721ft; order, 402ff; one year since June 22, supported by A. F. of L. bodies, 928ft; 408ft; see also World war. text of Stalin's letter, 957; Spain and, Soviet patriotism, 413, 840, 877. 553ft; urgpnt need for, 41!, 199ft, 215, Soviet power, as the form of workers' 412, 579ft, 599ft, 675!, 771ft, 810ft, state, 872f; 26 years of, 867ft; see also 894ft, 939; will be opened, 981. Dictatorship of the proletaroat. Second International, Sf; see also Social­ Bnvlet society, tested by the war, 973. Democracy. Sov1et Union; see U.S.S.R. ' Sectarianism, 54f. Soviet-U.S. Agreement, 370f; confirms his­ Self~crlticlsm, 75, 79, 879. toric ties, 619; text of, 569ft; vital to Self-determination, 158, 1055. American Interests, 645f; see also Ang­ Serbian army, 201. lo-Soviet-American agreements. Seven-point economic program, 435ft. 584, Soviets, as the higher form of democracy, 589, 734, 832; and agriculture. 628; 871. and war effort, 736ft; hindered by Re­ Spain, 841; and second front, 553ft; ~en­ publicans, 1007; sabotaged by defeat­ nomic conditions, 559f; people's front Ists. 783; supported by A. F. of L., In, 844; results of embargo against, 924f, 929. 28; Soviet aid to, 881. Seversky, Alexander, "Victory through Air Power" (rev.), 857ft. • Spanish Falange, 138. Seymour, Horatio, 779, Sparks, Jared, 281. Shaw, Anna, 650. Spartacus, 872.' Sherman, William Tecumseh, 16. Stakhanovism, 7 4, 870. Shcherbakov, 121. Stalin, Jos;oph V., and the patriotic war Shell, Bernard J., 869. agAinst fascism, 1000if; as leader of Shop stewards, 177, 331. United Nations, 896; Beaverbrook on, Shotwell, J~t.mes T., 168. UG; conference with Churchill, 678, 1068 INDEX

8091f; Davies on, 186; Interest In u.s., Illinois primaries, 442f; In Latin Amer­ 1028; letter on western front, 895ft, Ica, 139; In pre-fascist Italy, 83; In 957; on African .offensive, 975; on U.S.S.R., 73, 876; In war economy, cadres, 830; on character of Hitlerism, 802ff; cadres In, 828f; must act to 12; on dialectical materialism, 667, hasten opening of western front, 211f, 1022f; on fa'scist demagogy, 403; on 387ff; must build support for United Germany's weaknesses, 409; on Soviet Nations, 118; must consider economics Union in United Natlone, 419; on Marx- of war, 79lff; must take Initiative on 18m-Leninism, 5f; on reasons for initial war Issues, 217, 267; role of Commu­ Nazi advance, 44; on equality of na­ nists In, 327, 701; ehould work for tions in Soviet Union, 880; on Red solution of Indian crisis, 677; see also Army, ~08f; on Second Front, 964ff, names of particular unions and federa- 975; on socialism, 188; on Soviet for­ tions. . eign policy, 514; on Soviet war aims, Treason, utterances of at New Yo.rk meet­ 414; on united front of peoples, 884; ing of big Industrialists, 978; see also on United Nations, 494f; predicts vic­ Defeatists; Fifth column. tory, 202; Willkle on, 869. Trot~kyites, 184, 340, 612tf, 718, 783, 87 4, Stalingrad, Importance of battle of, 867. 1026, 1037. Stassen, Harold, 1006. Tubman, Harriet, 76. State Department; see U.S. State Depart­ Tukhachevsky, 74. ment. Tyler, Watt, 872. Strategy, of fascist Germany, 966; for vic­ "l'yomlea," 1049. tory, 721ff; Strategy, Importance of, "Tyovaen Osuustolmlntalehti," 1060. 120: see also '\\"orld war. Strll

peace, 210f, 690; and Far East, 144tf; Wallace, Henry A., 415, 660; Browder on, and France, 473tf; and India, 675tr; 189; on firth column activities, 558; attempts to disrupt, 450, 582; can de­ on people's revolution, 886f; on war feat Axis, 291ft, 338, 619, 904; coalition alms, 704, 830. of democratic nations, 40; common fate Wal!enlus, General, 1039. depends on opening western front, Waller, Odell, 634. 894f; divergence of strategical per­ War, Clausew!tz on, 19, 21, 344, 421. spectives within, 726; Latin America War bonds, sale of, 740. and, 365; leads democratic peoples, 73; War, first world Imperialist, 967f. must be strengthened, 830; must mo­ War Labor Board, 718, 784. bilize colonial peoples, 152f, 159f; must war of 1812, 532f. plan joint strategy, 134; opportunity War Production Board, 746. facing, 897;. problems of, 950tr; rep­ Warren, Earl, 6021'f. resent progressive humanity, 16; Warren, Fred, 1008. Roosevelt on, 248f; Spain and, 565; Washington, George, 283. Stalin on, 494f; trade unions and, "Washington Times-Herald," 993. 716f, 786; U.S.S.R. and, 419, 867f, Wavell, Achlbald, 144, 723. 882, 896; U. S. and; 1141'l; Wallace's Welles, Sumner, 1311'l, 905, 983; Browder speech and, 489f; and Yugoslavia, 980; on, 48 91f; emphasizes Importance of growth of, 1012; see also Second Front; Athtntic Charter, 567; on U.S.-Chlna. World anti-fascist people's war. rela tiona, 95 7f. United St'l.tes, and concerted action against Werner. Max, 342. fascism, 22ff, 126ff; and India, 433tr, Werth, Alexander, 11MoScow War Diary, 960; and United Nations, 38ff, 110, (review), 477tf. 114ff, 161, 1991'l, 214tf, 288, 29ll'l, 3871'l, Western front; see Second front. 419ft, 483ff, 494tr, 579tr, 592ff, 619, 677, "Wheat Industry, 622f. 690, 752tf, 771tf, 867f, 884f, 8941'l, 938ff; Vlrhlte chauvinism, 241. Army, 801, 827; changing attitudes to­ Whitman, Walt, 651. ward Soviet Union, 410tr, 867, 869, 886tr, Vl'llltney, A. F., 705. &92f; common Interests with U.S.S.R., Whitney, Anita, 5491f, 8491f. 179, 191, 410, 619; Congress, 258, 795, Wickard, Claude, 623, 626. 1007ff; economic program for war, Williams, T. Harry, 653. 218f, 225tr, 435tr, 6201'l, 736ff, 79ll'l, Wiik, K. K .. 1040. 953f; Jefferson as leader, 5;!2tr; lessons Wlllkle, Wendell, 603; Browder on, 868; of Civil War, 644ff; lessons of revolu­ .and Illinois election, 446; and 1942 flonary war, 277tr; 1942 elections and election,. 821, 1006; on Republiean national unity, 250ff, 4401f; policy to­ Party, 252; In campaign for Browder's wa~d Spain, 567; pre-war relations release, 170; on Stalin, 869; on U. S. with Japan, 1481'l; progressive wars In, foreign policy, 20f. 1031; relations with China, 957f; rela­ Wilson, C. E., 172. tions with France, 474; relations with Wisconsin. results of election In, 10()8. Finland, 1043f; relations with Latin Wolfe, Bertram, 31, 34. America, 131ft, 368f, 557; relations Vl'omen, and battle for production, 8511f; with Soviet Union, 1791'l, 191f, 420, in A. F. of L., 927; C.I.O. on, 991; 569ft, 619, 688f; State Department, need for In Industry, 853f, 931f; In 208, 417, 9571'l, 1043; text of agreement Party work. 833f, 1036; in trade with U.S.S.R., 5691f; see also Anglo­ unions, 997; In U.S.S.R., 875f; and the Soviet-American coalition; Battle of war, 78, 322, 607. production; Economic planning. for Wood, Robert A., 284. war; National front; National unity; "Worker, The.'' campaign for, 328; circu· Seven·Point economic program; Trade lation of, 706; Importance In mining unions; Working class; names of or­ areas, 915; on trade union unity, 719; ganizations and government agencies; ~e also· 41Daily Worker." 1942 elections. Workers' Sta.te; see Dictatorship of the United States of Europe, Lenin on, 15. proletariat; Soviet power; Soviets; Uruguay, 134. U.S.S.R. Utley, Freda, 20. Working class, and national unity, 60f, Vaillancourt, Emile, 463. . 99ft, 2501f, 310tf, 417, 4421'l, 5361'l, 6211f, Valandigham. Clement L .. 656. 7081'l, 744, 78511', 828f, 906!, 911tf, 9221'l, Vandenberg, Senator, 1006. 948f, 103lf; and . people's front, 846; Van Doren, Carl, 283f. and U.S. Civil War, 6561'l; demands Venezuela, and the war, 40. west.,rn front, 3891'l, 583, 928tf; Dimit­ Versailles treaty, 10; 1052. roff on, 539, 541; development In u.s., Victory Labor Board, 218. 648; In Germany, 1053; In Italy, 91; Vinci, Leonardo da, 1027. in U.S.S.R., 73, 876, 93Sf; In U. S., 1029; Virginia, 382f. mu•t lead In changing country's pol­ Vultee Aircraft Co., 853. Icy toward colonial people, 16lt; re­ sponsibilities of In war, 417, 420, 78 fi.tf. Wages, and war effort, 218, 321, 792tf, 806f; World a.ntl-fasclet people's war, a just C,I.O. on, 990; In seven-point program, war, 210; Browder on keys to victory, 4361'l, 742f; 592ff; cadres of win-the-war leaders, Wallace, :Fred s., 627. 8261f: California elections and, 6021'l; 1070 INDEX

Canada and, 458tr, 903tr; China and·, 323ft, 332, 418, 396f, 701; Spain and, 247, 748tr; compared to American Revo­ 5531!; Stalin-Churchill meeting and, lution, 659; compared to revolutionarY 809ft; Stalin on Soviet war alms, 414; war, 277; compared to U.S. Civil War, Stalin's May Day order, 402ff; strategy 659; economic mobilization for, 736ft, for victory, 721ft'; tax program for, 791ft, 953ft; far-eastern front In, 143ft; 2251f;. three years of, 816tr; trade Finland and, 1039ft; France and, 467ft; ,unions and, 45, 501f, 571f, 78, 104ff, India nnd, 240f, 422ft, 459ft; invaders 293f, 310f, 324, 418, 593, 708ft, 90Gf; must bo fought in all countries, 635ft; See also Battle for production; Seven­ Kernan's book and, 336ft; Laatin Amer­ point program; National Unity; United Ica and, 131ft; Lenin and, 3tr, 1030f; Nations; Second front; Anglo-Soviet­ the nation and, 38tr; need for educa­ American coalition; Post .. war world; cation on character of, 222; Negroes see also names· of specific wars. and, 52ft, 223, 262tr, 322, 543, 597, Woll, Matthew, 686, 718, 91Str, 935, 998. 633ft; New .York elections and, 732tr; • Party building and, 324ff; predicted .Yugoslavia, 838, 883, 969, 980. by Engels, 8; review of Hoover's Yarnell, H. E., 1016. uProblems of a lasting peace," 751fT; Yergan, Max, 636. • growing role of people in, 925; role Youth, drawn Into Industry, 931f; In cam­ of Communists in, 53f, 214tr, 221ft, paign for Browder's release, 169f. STATEMENT OF 'l'HE OWNERSHIP, :M,\NAGEMENT, CIRCULATION, ETC., REQUIRED BY THE ACTS OF CONGRESS OF AUGUST 24, 1912, AND :MARCH 3, 1933, OF THE COMMUNIST, published monthly at New York, N. Y., for October, 1942.

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