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Spaziofilosofico 1/2014 © SpazioFilosofico 2014 – ISSN: 2038-6788 SPAZIOFILOSOFICO 1/2014 Fondatori Enrico Guglielminetti Luciana Regina Comitato scientifico Enrico Guglielminetti (Direttore) Silvia Benso Gianfranco Dalmasso Ugo Perone Luciana Regina Brian Schroeder © 2014 SpazioFilosofico Tutti i diritti riservati ISSN: 2038-6788 2 © SpazioFilosofico 2014 – ISSN: 2038-6788 Gli articoli filosofici della rivista sono sottoposti a blind review. La pubblicazione è subordinata per ogni articolo all’approvazione dei valutatori anonimi esterni alla direzione e all’accoglimento di eventuali richieste di revisione. 3 © SpazioFilosofico 2014 – ISSN: 2038-6788 SPAZIOFILOSOFICO 1/2014 EDUCAZIONE a cura di Enrico Guglielminetti e Luciana Regina © SpazioFilosofico 2014 – ISSN: 2038-6788 INDICE L. REGINA, L’educazione che c’è. Editoriale 11 L. REGINA, On current education. Editorial 13 TEORIA E. BESOZZI, L’educazione “possibile” dentro la crisi 17 G. MADDALENA, Gesto completo: uno strumento pragmatista per l’educazione 31 S. NOSARI, L’agire educativo come apprendistato del possibile 43 A.M. MACCARINI, Che cosa significa “personalizzare” l’educazione? La Bildung globale emergente tra flourishing e enhancement 51 C. KATZ, The necessity and limits of thinking for oneself 61 POLITICHE E. GUGLIELMINETTI, L’educazione come “oltre accessibile”. Una proposta di riforma del sistema educativo 79 E. GAMBA, Emergenza antropologica, emergenza educativa 91 PRATICHE A.-M. SCHULTZ, Moving outside the cave: using Plato’s Protagoras as a model for cultivating citizens of the world 115 F. VERCELLONE, L’educazione estetica nella civiltà dell’immagine. Alcune riflessioni 131 N. CURTO-C. MARCHISIO, Generare percorsi culturali nella comunità. Verso la fine della pedagogia “speciale” 135 P. BIANCHINI, Il libro per la scuola tra didattica, politica ed economia 145 STUDI C. DANZ, Erziehung des Menschengeschlechts. Eine Erinnerung an Lessings gleichnamige Schrift 155 A. CRISCENTI GRASSI, Condorcet. Istruzione, potere, libertà nei Mémoires sur l’instruction publique (1791-92) 163 M.C. MORANDINI, L’educazione nazionale tra ieri e oggi: uno sguardo ai manuali di storia 173 Sugli Autori/About the Authors 183 8 © SpazioFilosofico 2014 – ISSN: 2038-6788 EDUCAZIONE © SpazioFilosofico 2014 – ISSN: 2038-6788 L’EDUCAZIONE CHE C’È EDITORIALE Ciò che rende urgente interrogare il concetto di educazione è il suo dilagare in ogni ambito della realtà, il suo perdere i confini ben delimitati che aveva in precedenza, il suo presentarsi come indispensabile e allo stesso tempo come estremamente problematico. Educare ed educarsi ovunque, in ogni età della vita, viene visto come una priorità, giustificata da ottime ragioni, quasi tutte negative, legate a crisi di vario genere che fanno capo ai concetti di fiducia e di affidabilità. L’educazione non viene più considerata solo e semplicemente come l’azione di trasmissione di saperi e valori dall’adulto – genitore, insegnante, guida spirituale, comunità – ai membri ancora immaturi del gruppo, né come un periodo preparatorio con un inizio e una fine, dedicato all’apprendimento e all’assorbimento, concluso il quale si è pronti per assumere il proprio ruolo nella società. Un’analisi comune e generalmente accettata di questo fenomeno lo collega al tramonto dell’autorità, al politeismo dei valori, alla complessità e al cambiamento. Le fonti educative non sono affidabili perché sono nel passato, e il passato è in discontinuità con il presente. I problemi non si consumano attraverso le soluzioni trovate per risolverli, non danno luogo a repertori riutilizzabili, perché hanno una nuova inquietante/entusiasmante natura, che consiste nel loro sprigionare ulteriori e discontinui problemi. Il cambiamento nella discontinuità, dunque, sembra lo snodo centrale delle questioni che ricadono sull’educazione e sull’educabilità, stringendola e stringendo la sua concettualizzazione in una morsa che ne spiega l’inevitabilità e l’instabilità, l’estrema rilevanza e la quasi irrilevanza. Il cambiamento sarebbe talmente capillare e imprevedibile da richiedere una quota costante di adattamento e di apprendimento, quindi di educazione. Ma se l’educazione è richiesta da condizioni ambientali mutate e in continuo mutamento, la competenza sempre ancora da educare è quella che meno di tutte può essere trasmessa, perché non è in possesso di qualcuno che può disporne, consolidarla, plasmarla in modelli e infine trasferirla. Questa consapevolezza non impedisce, anzi intensifica lo sforzo di trasformare materiali di esperienza in strumenti educativi, che è incessante e quasi ossessivo. Si tende a uniformare tutti i contesti in cui esiste l’esigenza di apprendere cose nuove a quello della produzione di risultati e della progettazione per obiettivi e indicatori. Occorre dimostrare che si serve a qualcosa, che si sta vendendo una merce buona, soppesabile, quantificabile, che darà frutti tangibili e fruibili dall’utente, che l’impatto dell’educazione c’è, non è fumo. Non dimentichiamo poi che il nostro clima culturale ed estetico ha anche molta nostalgia per il fumo – pensiamo all’indimenticabile sceneggiatura di Paul Auster per Smoke («le cose più preziose sono più leggere dell’aria») – e che l’intreccio fra queste istanze avviene nonostante l’incompatibilità, con effetto straniante. 11 Come in molti casi umani si applica l’automatismo dell’edificazione: si fa come se il bisogno estremo, generato dalla crisi, di avere mezzi sempre più adeguati per affrontare la vita, la convivenza, il lavoro, la durata prolungata e la flessibilità di tutti e tre, generasse di per sé le risorse per l’adeguamento. Salvo poi rendersi conto con accenti critici radicali che le risorse non sono affatto adeguate (e come potrebbero?). Il punto è che ciò che dovrebbe essere – in senso esigenziale – non accade affatto necessariamente. Le cose più interessanti che si sono viste in questo tempo nel campo pedagogico in senso lato non risiedono, ci pare, nei tentativi di riportare a forza ordine e disciplina, suggerendo paure di disfunzionamenti di vario genere. Esseri umani accelerati, riempiti di competenze “avanzate” e privati del tempo per sostare, riflettere, cercare, pensare, accorgersi, riconoscersi, attraversare i deserti, sono impediti di trovare il loro modo per farsi educare dalla vita e dalla morte, dalla verità e dalla sua mancanza, dalle esperienze e dai sentimenti, dai fallimenti e dalle alterità, perché la strategia cui sono indotti è aggrappata all’ottusa intenzione di dilazionarne l’incontro. Affinché ciò che è reale e potente, nelle cose, nelle persone e nelle idee, dischiuda le sue potenzialità educative occorrono ricostituenti di vuoto, ma non basta. Chiamare a raccolta coraggio e pazienza, fatica e incoscienza, e non smettere di cercare di pensarle, queste virtù, in relazione a ciò che tocca loro di affrontare di volta in volta. Perché non è più lo stesso coraggio quello che occorre per essere padri e madri, o maestri, o persino padroni, in questo tempo, ma si è ugualmente padri e madri, e maestri, e persino padroni, non solo di sé. Ci si trova ad esserlo e a dover reinventare il coraggio, e lo stesso per le altre virtù. Lo slalom fra la necessità di storicizzare i concetti, raccogliendo dal tempo i tratti che li riplasmano continuamente in quanto nozioni comuni, e quella di vigilare sulla loro portata di verità, sulla loro natura non solo espressiva ma rivelativa (per usare la distinzione di Pareyson), affidata al tempo per la rivelazione ma non tutta esaurita nella realtà contingente che la ospita, è lo sforzo che facciamo sempre in queste pagine. In questo senso, le potenzialità del concetto di educazione, quelle che sono in grado di riaprire il reale quando quest’ultimo appare asfittico e nella morsa storica di contraddizioni che spengono le motivazioni, non vanno costruite, ma protette. Non dobbiamo, in altre parole, tener fermo a un concetto storico di educazione – quello del dizionario – e cercare qualcuno cui applicarlo, o qualcosa da insegnare comunque (ammaestramenti, pile di manuali su come si fa qualcosa). Né anestetizzare nelle giovani generazioni la conflittualità che chiede educazione, ma non quella che c’è. Il compito è quello di difendere e lasciar dischiudere ciò che di eterno e di eternamente trascendente il reale c’è nelle idee. Ma quella trascendenza interna ai concetti si dischiude a contatto con il reale delle aspirazioni, quello che aspira a superarsi. L’educazione che c’è non soddisfa, ma non tanto le esigenze del mercato o del lavoro, quanto il suo stesso concetto: su questo cerchiamo di lavorare. Luciana Regina 12 © SpazioFilosofico 2014 – ISSN: 2038-6788 ON CURRENT EDUCATION EDITORIAL What urges us to question the concept of education is its spreading to all realms of reality, its losing the well-defined boundaries that characterized it previously, its self- presentation as unavoidable and at the same time as extremely problematic. To educate oneself and others everywhere, at all stages in life, is seen as a priority that is justified with great reasons, most of them negative, tied to crises of various nature ultimately having to do with trust and trustworthiness. Education is no longer considered simply as the action of transmission of knowledge and values from the grown-ups (parents, teachers, spiritual guides, community) to the yet immature members of a group; nor does education appear as a preparatory period with a beginning and an end, a period devoted to learning and assimilating at the end of which one is ready to take up one’s own role within society. A common and generally
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