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The Slaves of the Hebrews R The Slaves of the Hebrews R. Yonatan Cohen, Congregation Beth Israel In Memory of Eli Resnikoff, z”l and Edith Schickman, z”l Shabbat HaGadol 5778 1. הגדה של פסח Passover Haggadah, Magid Section .1 ַו ָיּ ֵרעוּ ֹא ָתנוּ ַה ִמּ ְצ ִרים ַו ְי ַענּוּנוּ, ַו ִי ְתּנוּ ָע ֵלינוּ The Egyptians dealt harshly with us and oppressed us; they imposed heavy labor ֲע ֹב ָדה ָק ָשׁה. [...] upon us. (Deuteronomy 26:6). […] ַו ִי ְתּנוּ ָע ֵלינוּ ֲע ֹב ָדה ָק ָשׁה. ְכּ ָמה ֶ ֹשׁ ֶנּ ֱא ַמר: ַו ַיּ ֲע ִבדוּ ִמ ְצ ַר ִים ֶא ְת־בּ ֵני ִי ְשׂ ָר ֵאל ְבּ ָפ ֶר. They imposed heavy labor upon us." ‐ As it is stated, "And they enslaved the" children of Israel with breaking work." (Exodus 1:11). 2. ויקרא פרשת בהר פרק כה Leviticus 25:39‐43 .2 לט) ְו ִכי ָימוּ ִאָחי ִע ָמּ ְו ִנ ְמ ַכּר ָל א 39 And if your brother becomes destitute with you, and is sold to you, do not work ַת ֲע ֹבד ֹבּו ֲע ֹב ַדת ָע ֶבד: מ) ְכּ ָשׂ ִכיר ְכּ ֹתו ָשׁב ִי ְה ֶיה ִע ָמּ ַעד ְשׁ ַנת .him with slave labor ַה ֹיּ ֵבל ַי ֲע ֹבד ִע ָמּ: As an employee or a [hired] resident, he shall be with you; until the Jubilee year 40 מא) ְו ָי ָצא ֵמ ִע ָמּ הוּא ָוּב ָניו ִע ֹמּו ְו ָשׁב ֶאל .he shall work with you ִמ ְשׁ ַפּ ְח ֹתּו ְו ֶאל ֲא ֻח ַזּת ֲא ֹב ָתיו ָישׁוּב: Then, he shall leave you he, and his children with him, and he shall return to his 41 מב) ִכּי ֲע ָב ַדי ֵהם ֲא ֶשׁר ֹהו ֵצ ִאתי ֹא ָתם .family and resume the status of his fathers ֵמ ֶא ֶרץ ִמ ְצ ָר ִים א ִי ָמּ ְכרוּ ִמ ְמ ֶכּ ֶרת ָע ֶבד : For they are My servants, whom I brought out of the land of Egypt they shall not 42 מג) א ִת ְר ֶדּה ֹבו ְבּ ָפ ֶר ְו ָי ֵר ָאת ֵמ ֱא ֶהי: .be sold as a slave is sold 43 You shall not rule over him ruthlessly; you shall fear your God. 3. חזקוני, ויקרא כ״ה:מג:א Hizkuni (13th Cen., France), Leviticus 25:43 .3 לא תרדה בו שנה בו לפי שעון זה מצוי. You shall not rule over him ruthlessly” – this command is repeated for this sin is“ commonplace. 4. רש"י, ויקרא כ״ה:מג Rashi (1040‐1105, France), Leviticus 25:43 .4 לא תרדה בו בפרך. ְמ ָל ָאכה ֶשׁא ְל ֶצוֹר, ְכּ ֵדי ְל ַענּוֹתוֹ, אַל ֹתּ ַאמר לוֹ, ָה ֵחם ִלי ֶאת You shall not rule over him ruthlessly”: Unnecessary jobs, for the purpose of“ ַהכּוֹס ַה ֶזּה ְוהוּא ֵאינוֹ ָצ ִרי, ֲעדוֹר ַתּ ַחת ”,tormenting him. For example, do not say to him: “Warm up this drink for me ַה ֶגּ ֶפן ַעד ֶשׁאָבוֹא; ֶשׁ ָמּא ֹת ַאמר ֵאין ַמ ִכּיר when you do not need it; or “Hoe under this vine until I come back” [while you ַבּ ָדּ ָבר ִאם ְל ֶצוֹר ִאם ַלאו, ְו ֵאוֹמר ֲא ִני לוֹ intend not to return] (Siftey Chachamim on verse 53)]. Perhaps you will say, “No ֶשׁהוּא ְל ֶצוֹר, ֲה ֵרי ַה ָדּ ָבר ַה ֶזּה ָמסוּר ְל ִל ֹיבּו, ָל ַכ ֶנ ֱא ַמר " ְו ָי ֵר ָאת" (שם). one really knows whether it is necessary or not, and I say that it is necessary!” This matter is held [secretly] in a man’s heart [for no one knows his true intentions]. Therefore, Scripture states, “and you shall fear your God” [for He is privy to all inner thoughts] (Torath Kohanim 25: 86). 5. רמב"ם, הלכות עבדים, פרק א:ו Rambam (1135‐1204, Egypt), Mishneh Torah, Hilchot Avadim 1:6 .5 ואיזו היא עבודת פרך? זו עבודה שאין What is excruciating labor (avodat farech)? Labor that has no limit, or labor that is לה קצבה ועבודה שאינו צריך לה, אלא תהיה מחשבתו להעבידו בלבד, שלא unnecessary and is asked of the servant with the intent to give him work so that he יבטל. מכאן אמרו חכמים שלא יאמר לו: will not remain idle. Based on the above, our Sages said that a master should not 'עדור תחת הגפנים עד שאבוא', שהרי לא tell a Hebrew servant: "Hoe under the vines until I come," for he has not placed a נתן לו קצבה. אלא יאמר לו: 'עדור עד limit on the work asked of him. Instead, he should tell him: "Hoe until this and this שעה פלונית או עד מקום פלוני'. כן לא יאמר לו: 'חפור מקום זה', והוא אינו time," or "until you reach this and this place.” Similarly, he should not tell him "Dig צריך לו. ואפילו להחם לו כוס של חמין in this place," if he has no need for that activity. Even telling him to warm a drink for או להצן ואינו צריך לו, אסור. ועובר עליו him, or to cool one off for him, if he does not need it, is forbidden, and reflects the ב'לא תעשה', שנאמר: 'לא תרדה בו violation of a negative commandment, as Leviticus 25:43 states: "Do not impose בפרך.' excruciating work on him." Thus, a Hebrew servant may be compelled to perform only a limited and necessary task. 6. רמב"ם, הלכות עבדים, פרק א:ט Rambam, Mishneh Torah, Hilchot Avadim 1:9 .6 כל עבד עברי או אמה העבריה חייב A master is obligated to treat any Hebrew servant or maid servant as his equal with האדון להשוותן לו במאכל ובמשקה בכסות ובמדור שנאמר כי טוב לו עמך regard to food, drink, clothing and living quarters, as implied by Deuteronomy 15:16 שלא תהא אתה אוכל פת נקי והוא אוכל for it is good for him with you." The master should not eat bread made from fine" פת קיבר אתה שותה יין ישן והוא שותה flour while the servant eats bread from coarse flour. The master should not drink יין חדש אתה ישן על גבי מוכין והוא ישן aged wine while the servant drinks fresh wine. The master should not sleep on על גבי התבן אתה דר בכרך והוא דר בכפר או אתה דר בכפר והוא יושב בכרך cushions while the servant sleeps on straw. Nor should the master live in a walled שנאמר ויצא מעמך city while the servant lives in a village, or the master live in a village while the servant lives in a walled city, as implied by Leviticus 25:41: "And he shall leave you." מכאן אמרו כל הקונה עבד עברי כקונה אדון לעצמו On this basis, our Sages said: "Whoever purchases a Hebrew servant purchases a master for himself." 7. רמב"ם, הלכות שבת, פרק כ:יד Rambam, Mishneh Torah, Hilchot Shabbat 20:14 .7 אדם מצוּוה... על שביתת עבדו ואמתו. Just as a person is commanded that his animals rest on the Sabbath, so too, he is ואף על פי שהן בני דעת ולדעת עצמן עושין, מצוה עליו לשמרן ולמנען commanded that his servants and maidservants rest. Although they have the power מעשיית מלאכה בשבת, שנאמר: 'למען of thought, and act according to their own volition, [their master] is obligated to ינוח שורך וחמרך ָוינפש בן אמתך והגר' watch over them and prevent them from performing [forbidden] labor on the (שמות כג, יב). Sabbath, as [Exodus 23:12] states: "Thus your ox and your donkey may rest, and the son of your maidservant and the foreigner may find repose." 8. דברים פרשת כי תצא פרק כד Deuteronomy 24:15 .8 יד) א ַת ֲע ֹשׁק ָשׂ ִכיר ָע ִני ְו ֶא ְב ֹיון ֵמ ֶאַחי ֹאו You shall not withhold the wages of a poor or destitute hired worker, of your 14 ִמ ֵגּ ְר ֲא ֶשׁר ְבּ ְאַר ְצ ִבּ ְשׁ ָע ֶרי: טו) ְבּ ֹיו ֹמו ִת ֵתּן ְשׂ ָכ ֹרו ְוא ָת ֹבוא ָע ָליו .brothers or of your strangers who are in your land within your cities ַה ֶשּׁ ֶמשׁ ִכּי ָע ִני הוּא ְו ֵא ָליו הוּא ֹנ ֵשׂא ֶאת You shall give him his wage on his day and not let the sun set over it, for he is 15 ַנ ְפ ֹשׁו ְוא ִי ְק ָרא ָע ֶלי ֶאל ְי ֹק ָוק ְו ָה ָיה ְב poor, and he risks his life for it, so that he should not cry out to the Lord against ֵח ְטא: ס .you, so that there should be sin upon you 9. בבא מציעא קיב ע"א BT Bava Metzia 112a .9 ואליו הוא נושא את נפשו מפני מה עלה For what reason did this laborer ascend on a tall ramp or suspend himself from a זה בכבש ונתלה באילן ומסר את עצמו למיתה לא על שכרו ?tree and risk death to himself? Was it not for his wages 10. קיצור בעל הטורים על שמות א:יג Kitzur Baal HaTurim (1269‐1343, Spain), Exodus 1:13 .10 בפרך בפה רך שאמר להם בנו לכם ערים Bafarech” (breaking work) – through soft spoken words [verbal manipulation, a“ לשבת: play on “be’feh rach” meaning literally, a soft mouth] by telling them they would be able to build their own cities to dwell in. 11. מנחם בגין, שידור עם קום מדינת Menachem Begin (1913‐1992), from his broadcast upon the establishment of .11 ישראל ב"קול ציון הלוחמת", מוצאי the State of Israel in the “Voice of Fighting Zion”, Saturday night, 6 Iyar 5708, 15 שבת, ו' באייר תש"ח, 15 במאי 1948 May 1948, translation by Yonatan Praff במדינתנו פנימה יהיה הצדק השליט .Israeli politician, founder of Likud and the sixth Prime Minister of Israel העליון, השליט גם על שליטיה.
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