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Rainfed Agriculture in Northeast Thailand

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Rainfed Agriculture in Northeast Thailand Soil, Water and Crop Managernert Systems Rainfed Agriculture in Northeast Thailand 1, 'I jLV ti. I U.S. Agency Kho'i Kaen . U.S. Department of Agriculture 1 for international University 'forI Developmentn The First KKU-USAID International Seminar Soil, Water and Crop Management Systems for Rainfed Agriculture In Northeast Thailand Proceedings of the workshop at Khon Kaen University Khon Kaen, Thailand February 25-March 1, 1985 Editors: C. Pairintra, Khon Kaen University K. Wallapapan, Kohn Kaen University J. F. Pan', USDA/USAID, Beltsville, Maryland, USA C. E.Whitman, USDA/USAID, Beltsville, Maryland, USA KKU USDA/USAID Cooperative Research Project Dryland Agriculture Project The opinions expressed here are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the policies or views of the United States Department of Agriculture. Washington, DC August 1988 Foreword Late in 1983, an agreement was reached between the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAI"') whereby ARS would provide technical input to USAID projects in need of expertise fer improving soil and water management in dryland or rainfed agricultural systems. This decision reflects not only a growing awareness that such systems provide most of the world's basic food crops, but that increased production is often limited by constraints in soil and water management. It also indicates renewed interest in improving the productivity of subsistence level farmers in semiarid regions where dryland aad rainfed agriculture is practiced. The USDA/USAID Dryland Agriculture Project emphasizes the technology for soil moisture management, and is directed toward three geographic regions where there is a critical need to increase the production of diversified agricu!tural crops, i.e., the Near East (or Middle East), Sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia. The Northeast Region of Thailand, which encompasses the Korat Plateau and 17 Provinces, is the poorest region in the Kingdom, both agriculturally and economically. The major constraints to agriculture in this region are coarse-textured, sandy soils that are inherently low in fertility, low in soil organi: matter, and low in their water holding capacity. Rainfall patterns are erratic and crops are subject to moisture deficits and stress from drought that can occur even during the rainy season. It is logical then that USAID should be concerned with improving soil, water and crop management systems for rainfed agriculture in Northeast Thailand. We seek to accomplish this th~rough cooperative research with Khon Kaen University and the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, and its Department of Agriculture and Department of Land Development. More specifically, we hope to foster research projects that will lead to improved soil management techniques, increased water conservation and storage, and improved crop calendars that would allow the selection and/or sequencing of crops for more efficient use of water. Anson R. Bertrand, Ph.D. Director, Office of Agriculture Science and Technology Bureau USAID Washington, DC Preface The workshop on "Soil and Crop Management Systems for Rainfed Agriculture in Northeast Thailand" was held at Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand on February '25-March 1, 1985. h was co-sponsored by Khon Kaen University (the official host institution), the Department of Agriculture (DOA), the Department of Land Development (DLD), Kasetsart University, the Northeast Rainfed Agricultural Development Project (NERAD), and the 'USDA/USAID Dryland Agriculture Project. The objectives of the workshop were threefold: I . To review and discuss major problems and constraints in soil/water/crop management in rainfed agricultural systems with particular reference to Northeast Thailand. Regional experiences from Sri Lanka and India were also presented. 2. To review available data bases and cuirent research activities, and to develop strategies for resolving major problems through research and agrotcchnology transfer. 3. To consider the development of an effective and comprehensive research and training network which includes scientist-to-scientist linkages between national/regional scientists and with U.S. scientists working on similar problems of dryland or rainfed agriculture. The data base document, distribated to the workshop/seminar participants, was compiled by the Department of Soil Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok. It summarizes the research which has been done in Thailand in various aspects of soil, water and crop management that are relevant to future agricultural research and development projects in the Northeast region. Hopefully. this document, as well as the technical papers in these proceedings, will be of considerable value to those scientists who will be working on high priority problems of the Northeast. Such problems and constraints to agricultural production and stability in the Northeast region can biest be overcome through meaningful cooperation among Thai University scientists and those researchers in the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives. It is hoped that linkages with U.S. scientists working on similar problems will also contribute to this goal of increasing the productivity and stability of rainfed agriculture in Northeast Thailand. Chaitat Pairintra, Ph.D. Kovit Wallapapan, Ph.D. Vice-Rector fbr Administration Faculty of Technology Khon Kaen University Khon Kaen University Khon Kaen, Thailand Khon Kaen, Thailand James F. Parr, Ph.D. Raymond E. Meyer, Ph.D. Soil Scientist and Coordinator Project Monitor and Soil USDA/USAID Dryland Agriculture Scientist Project USAID/S&T/AGR Beltsville, Maryland, USA Washington, DC, USA In.. Acknowledgements The editors would like to acknowledge the assisuince of Mr. John A. Foti, Director, Office of Agriculture, USAID, Bangkok (now with USAID, Cairo) who provided invaluable counsel and advice to the Organizing Committee which helped to ensure a highly successful and productive Workshop. We would also like to thank Jean Newcomb, Information Staff, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, for her many significant cortributions during the course of piblication. These include designing the cover, assisting with the format, supervising the final layout, and sering as a technical consultant to the printers and contractors. Table of Contents Foreword .................................................................. A.R. Bertrand Preface ................................................................... iii C. Pairintra,K. Wallapapan, J.F. Parrand R.E. Meyer Acknowledgem ents .......................................................... v Abbreviations .............................................................. x Section 1: Background Information on Northeast Thailand Soil and W ater Resources in Northeast Thailand .................................. 2 S. Panichapong Physical Environments and Soil Profile Characteristics of Northeast Thailand ......... 14 C. Mongkolsawat, R. Katawetin, T. Tulapitak and C. Pairintra Overview of Rainfed Agriculture in Northeast Thailand ........................... 24 I.A. Craig and U. Pisone Section I: Agroclimatology and Cropping Systems Agroclimatology in Northeast Thailand ......................................... 40 N. Vorasoot Recent Advances in Agroclimatological Research in the Semiarid Tropics ............ 50 S. M. l'irmani Soil and Water Management in a Farming Systems Project ........................ 54 C. Alton Rainfall Analysis for Rainfed Cropping Systems in Northern Thailand ............... 60 M. Ekasingh, S. Buranaviri\'akuland S. Sukasem Cropping Systems Trial Results from the Northeast Rainfed Agricultural Development Project (N ERA D ) .......................................................... 7 1 LA. Craig Soil, Water and Crop Management Practices for Rainfed Agricultural Systems in Northeast T hailand .......................................................... 85 V. Limnpinuntana Soil and Water Management Research Experience in the Central Region ............. 95 C. Tongyai and T Na Nagara Soil and Water Constraints and Management in Rice-Based Cropping Systems of Songkhla Lake Basin ....................................................... 10 1 Y. Crozat, A. Sithi-Chareonchai and R. Apakupakul Soil, Water and Crop Management in Rainfed Agriculture: The Indian Experience ... IlI J. Venkateswarht An Overview of Land and Water Conservation and Management Under Rainfed A griculture in Sri Lanka .................................................... 132 H. Somapala Section III: Soil-Water Relationships Methods of Characterizing Soil-Water Relationships ............................. 142 P.W. Unger and J.L. Steiner Water Requirements and Water Use Efficiency of Crops ......................... 154 B.A. Stewart and E.L. Skidmore Recommended Water Conservation Practices for Northeast Thailand ............... 168 N. Tongtawee Current On-Farm Water Conservation Practices for Agricultural Soils in Northeast Thailand ..... .... .... .............. .. .... ....... ......................... 17 1 P. Sittilwong vii Soil-Moisture Relationships in Agricultural Soils of Northeast Thailand ............. 173 C. Mongkolsawat and R. Katawetin Hydraulic Properties of Major Northeast Soils ............................ 189 HydromorphologicalS. Akatanukul Survey and Mapping of the NERAD Project for Tambon Kwang Chon, Phu Khieo District, Chaiyaphum Province of Thailand ..................... 202 P. Promojanee, V. Engkagul, M. Liengsakul and C. Farmers'
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