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Alžběta Novotná PHENOTYPIC VARIABILITY of GENETIC RESOURCES of LACTUCA L., THEIR ECOBIOLOGY and EXPLOITATION

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PALACKÝ UNIVERSITY IN OLOMOUC FACULTY OF SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY Alžběta Novotná PHENOTYPIC VARIABILITY OF GENETIC RESOURCES OF LACTUCA L., THEIR ECOBIOLOGY AND EXPLOITATION PH.D. THESIS Ph.D. Program of Biology – Botany Supervisor: Prof. Ing. Aleš Lebeda, DrSc. Olomouc 2011 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my deep and sincere gratitude to: My supervisor Prof. Ing. Aleš Lebeda, DrSc. for his professional supervision, invaluable suggestions and guidance from the very early stage of this research up to this moment. Futhermore I am heartly thankful to him for thorough reading of this thesis and all my publications and for his valuable advices. My adviser RNDr. Ivana Doležalová, Ph.D. for her detailed and constructive comments, and important support throughout this work. Doc. Ing. Eva Křístková, Ph.D. for reading all publications and giving her critical comments and invaluable advices about them. Dr. Milena Kršková and Mgr. Tomáš Berka for their guidance in statistical analysis. Finally, I wish to thank to my family and to my best friend and fiancé Cesar Montalvo, M.Sc. for helping me get through the difficult moments, their patience, and for all the emotional support, help, and caring they provided. Zlín, February 24th 2011. Alžběta Novotná BIBLIOGRAPHICAL IDENTIFICATION Author’s first name and surname: Mgr. Alžběta Novotná Title: Phenotypic variability of genetic resources of Lactuca L., their ecobiology and exploitation Type of thesis: Ph.D. Thesis Department: Department of Botany Supervisor: Prof. Ing. Aleš Lebeda, DrSc. The year of presentation: 2011 Abstract: This Ph.D. thesis is focused on five various topics related to the Lactuca spp. germplasm, their phenotypic variation and ecobiology, as well as utilization in lettuce breeding. The first one is the development of L. sativa descriptor with 55 morphological characters created on the base of long-lasting observations of morphological and phenological variability of lettuce. The main topic is the study about morphological variability of achenes of Lactuca serriola L. (prickly lettuce) genetic resources in relation to different eco-geographical conditions. We evaluated achenes of L. serriola populations originating from six countries (Czech Republic, Germany, the Netherlands, United Kingdom, Slovenia, Sweden). Totally 8 quantitative morphological features relating to the achene body and pappus were searched. According to the achene morphology is possible to distinguish both L. serriola forms (f. serriola and f. integrifolia). Achenes of f. serriola are shorter, thinner, with shorter beak, lower length/width index and higher number of ribs in comparison to f. integrifolia. High significant differences between Slovene and Swedish populations were found in case of length and width of body, length of pappus bristles and pappus area. Significant positive and negative correlations were found between evaluated morphological features and studied eco-geographical factors. Based on morphology of L. serriola leaves, which is the third topic, only L. serriola f. serriola was recorded in Czech populations, whereas in United Kingdom forma integrifolia was clearly dominant. The next topic is related to study eco-geographical distribution of wild Lactuca spp. in North America - USA and Canada. More than 340 seed accesscions of 7 wild Lactuca spp., one hybrid and an undetermined Lactuca sp. were sampled during some collecting and exploration missions which were undertaken in the first decade of this century. These germplasm accessions were further used in morphological and molecular studies and in research about downy mildew resistance. The up to now knowledge from last 25 years of intensive study of the genus Lactuca L., other plans and directions in this field of research are summarized in the last topic. Keywords: achene, biogeography, breeding, descriptor, distribution, ecology, genebanks, germplasm, Lactuca sativa, Lactuca serriola, lettuce, morphology, prickly lettuce, seed Number of pages: 176 Number of appendices: 0 Language: English BIBLIOGRAFICKÁ IDENTIFIKACE Jméno a příjmení autora: Mgr. Alžběta Novotná Téma: Fenotypová variabilita genových zdrojů rodu Lactuca L., jejich ekobiologie a využití Druh práce: Doktorská disertační Katedra: Katedra botaniky Školitel: Prof. Ing. Aleš Lebeda, DrSc. Rok obhájení práce: 2011 Abstrakt: Předkládaná disertační práce je zaměřena na 5 různých témat týkající se genových zdrojů rodu Lactuca L., jejich fenotypové variability, ekobiologie a praktického využití ve šlechtění kultuního salátu (L. sativa). První část pojednává o souboru popisných morfologických znaků L. sativa. Soubor, který obsahuje 55 morfologických charakteristik, byl vyhotoven na základě dlouhodobého pozorování morfologické a fenologické rozmanitosti této významné listové zeleniny. V další části předkládané disertační práce jsou shrnuty dosavadní výsledky studia morfologické variability rozmnožovacích propagulí (nažek) genových zdrojů lociky kompasové (L. serriola) ve vztahu k různým ekogeografickým faktorům. Byly zde hodnoceny nažky populací L. serriola pocházející ze 6 zemí Evropy (z České republiky, Německa, Nizozemí, Velké Británie, Slovinska a Švédska). Studovali jsme 8 vybraných kvantitativních morfologických znaků těla nažek a jejich chmýru. Podle námi dosažených výsledků je možné i na základě morfologie nažek rozlišit obě listové formy L. serriola (L. serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia). Nažky formy serriola jsou kratší, užší, s kratším zobánkem, nižším indexem tvaru a větším počtem žeber než nažky formy integrifolia. Při studiu nažek L. serriola pocházejících ze Slovinska a Švédska byl prokázán statisticky signifikantní rozdíl v délce a šířce těla, v délce štětin chmýru a jeho ploše. Statisticky signifikantní pozitivní i negativní korelační závislosti byly prokázány mezi studovanými morfologickými znaky a vybranými ekogeografickými faktory. Ve třetí části jsou uvedeny dosažené poznatky hodnocení morfologické variability rosetových a stonkových listů populací L. serriola z České republiky a Velké Británie. Výsledky ukázaly, že v České republice byla dominantní L. serriola f. serriola, zatímco ve Velké Británii byl zaznamenán výskyt jen formy integrifolia. Další část je zaměřena na průzkum ekogeografického rozšíření planých druhů rodu Lactuca L. v Severní Americe, tj. v USA a Kanadě. Během výzkumně-sběrových expedic, které byly uskutečněny v těchto zemích v letech 2002-2008, bylo získáno více než 340 semenných vzorků 7 planých druhů rodu Lactuca L., jednoho křížence (L. canadensis x L. ludoviciana) a jednoho blíže neurčeného planého druhu lociky. Tyto genové zdroje byly rovněž využity v dalších morfologických a molekulárních studiích a také při studiu rezistence planých druhů locik vůči plísni salátové (Bremia lactucae). V poslední části jsou shrnuty dosavadní poznatky intenzivního výzkumu rodu Lactuca L. za posledních 25 let a rovněž jsou zde nastíněny směry budoucího výzkumu v této oblasti. Keywords: biogeografie, deskriptor, ekologie, genové banky, genové zdroje, Lactuca sativa, Lactuca serriola, locika kompasová, morfologie, nažka, rozšíření, salát, semeno, šlechtění Počet stran: 176 Počet příloh: 0 Jazyk: anglicky CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................9 2. AIMS OF THE PH.D. THESIS......................................................................................12 3. LITERATURE OVERVIEW.........................................................................................13 4. RESULTS .......................................................................................................................31 4.1. Development of Lactuca sativa descriptor ..................................................................32 4.1.1. Křístková, E., Doležalová, I., Lebeda, A., Vinter, V., Novotná, A. (2008) Description of morphological characters of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) genetic resources. Hort. Sci. 38: 113-129..........................................................................................33 4.2. Morphological variability of Lactuca serriola achenes...............................................50 4.2.1. Novotná, A., Doležalová, I., Lebeda, A., Kršková, M., Berka, T. (2011) Morphological variability of achenes of some European populations of Lactuca serriola L. Flora 206: 473-483 (DOI: 10.1016/j.flora.2010.09.012). ..................................................51 4.2.2. Novotná, A., Doležalová, I., Lebeda, A., et al. (2011) Morphology of achenes of Lactuca serriola from Slovenia and Sweden. (in preparation)...............................................63 4.3. Morphological variability of Lactuca serriola leaves..................................................89 4.3.1. Lebeda, A., Doležalová, I., Křístková, E., Novotná, A. (2007) Comparative study of variation of some morphological characteristics of Lactuca serriola germplasm collected in Central Europe (Czech Republic) and the British Isles (England, U.K.). In: Bullitta, S. (Ed.): Plant Genetic Resources of Geographical and „other“ Islands (conservation, evaluation and use for plant breeding). Proceedings of the XVII Eucarpia Genetic Resources Section Meeting; 30 March – 2 April 2005, Castelsardo (Italy). CNR-ISPAAM sez. Sassari Publisher, Sassari, Italy, pp. 95-96 (Abstract). ISBN: 88- 901771-3-6...........................................................................................................................90 7 4.4. Distribution, ecogeography and ecobiology of germplasm
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    National List of Vascular Plant Species that Occur in Wetlands: 1996 National Summary Indicator by Region and Subregion Scientific Name/ North North Central South Inter- National Subregion Northeast Southeast Central Plains Plains Plains Southwest mountain Northwest California Alaska Caribbean Hawaii Indicator Range Abies amabilis (Dougl. ex Loud.) Dougl. ex Forbes FACU FACU UPL UPL,FACU Abies balsamea (L.) P. Mill. FAC FACW FAC,FACW Abies concolor (Gord. & Glend.) Lindl. ex Hildebr. NI NI NI NI NI UPL UPL Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir. FACU FACU FACU Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl. FACU-* NI FACU-* Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. NI NI FACU+ FACU- FACU FAC UPL UPL,FAC Abies magnifica A. Murr. NI UPL NI FACU UPL,FACU Abildgaardia ovata (Burm. f.) Kral FACW+ FAC+ FAC+,FACW+ Abutilon theophrasti Medik. UPL FACU- FACU- UPL UPL UPL UPL UPL NI NI UPL,FACU- Acacia choriophylla Benth. FAC* FAC* Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd. FACU NI NI* NI NI FACU Acacia greggii Gray UPL UPL FACU FACU UPL,FACU Acacia macracantha Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. NI FAC FAC Acacia minuta ssp. minuta (M.E. Jones) Beauchamp FACU FACU Acaena exigua Gray OBL OBL Acalypha bisetosa Bertol. ex Spreng. FACW FACW Acalypha virginica L. FACU- FACU- FAC- FACU- FACU- FACU* FACU-,FAC- Acalypha virginica var. rhomboidea (Raf.) Cooperrider FACU- FAC- FACU FACU- FACU- FACU* FACU-,FAC- Acanthocereus tetragonus (L.) Humm. FAC* NI NI FAC* Acanthomintha ilicifolia (Gray) Gray FAC* FAC* Acanthus ebracteatus Vahl OBL OBL Acer circinatum Pursh FAC- FAC NI FAC-,FAC Acer glabrum Torr. FAC FAC FAC FACU FACU* FAC FACU FACU*,FAC Acer grandidentatum Nutt.