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www.jungsteinSITE.de Zusammenfassung Thomas Aline and Chambon Philippe Parisin the basin around 4500 BC necropolis „Passythe type“ The first monumental cemeteries of western Europe : exceed exceed 300 sometimes systems, mixed or enclosures, palisade tumuli, whether tation would have no later equivalent in Europe. These constructions, manifes funerary “enclosures”gianta including as which appeared, Abstract identifizieren ziehungen können. Statusbe repetitive und diverse wir die für Gruppen menschlichen frühesten den mit BC Jahrtausend 5. des Gräberfelder frühesten die korrespondieren Fall jeden Auf Folien. als Figurationen, passive als denn mehr nicht wohl dienten Individuen Andere werden. pretiert inter Jäger als Objekte beigegebenen der aufgrund die umgeben, Individuen anderen von ist Element Dieses bezeichnet. „Eiffelturm“ als hoc ad Basis, breiter mit Knochengerät signium:angespitztes ein In enigmatisches ein durch und ausgestattet Charakteristika schen physi originären mit oftmals werden, herausgestellt Element rales zent ein kann Monumenten anzusprechenden männlich als den In Spiel. ins Attribute ihre und Individuen bestatteten der Gender das Monumente, der Anordnung und Morphologie die bringt klusionen Ex und Assoziationen von Untersuchung Eine evoziert. Wilde, das gesprochen, genereller oder Jagd, die die ist, assoziiert Attributen konsistentenmit welches Moduls, elementaren eines Repetition die Gräberfelder dieser Analyse strukturelle eine zeigt sieht, ordnung Gesellschafts hierarchischen einer Ausdruck als Individuen für wenige Aufwand hohen solch einen die hinausgehend, Interpretation Länge von 300 eine durchaus überschreiten Anlagen gemischte oder gen Palisadeneinhegun Hügel, es seien Konstruktionen, Diese würden. druck der keinBestattungssitte späteres Äquivalent in Europa haben Aus als die „Einhegungen“, gigantischen mit zusammen berfelder, on the basis of the accompanying objects. Other individuals proba individuals Other objects. accompanying the of basis the on hunters interpreted individuals as other by figure surrounded is This Tower”.“Eiffel an called trivially base, wide a with instrument bone and characteristics accompanied by an enigmatic insignia: a pointed central figure is thus distinguished,withsometimes original physical a monuments, male the In attributes. their and individuals humed and of arrangements phology the monuments, the gender of the inmor the play into brings exclusion and association of exercise An wild. the broadly, more and hunting evoking attributes, consistent with associated module, elementary an of repetition the shows ies analysis these cemeter of structural hierarchicalsociety, a reflecting sic interpretation, which highsees investment in a few individuals as m en-on-eit rcenn m 50 C alece Grä zahlreiche BC 4500 um erscheinen Seine-Yonne-Gebiet Im In the Seine-Yonne basin at around 4500 B.C. numerous cemeteries m, m, enthalten Über die klassische aber wenige Bestattungen. m in length but contain very few burials. Beyond the clas ------October 19th, 2010October www.jungsteinSITE.de Philippe Chambon and Aline Thomas The first monumental cemeteries of western Europe

October 19th, 2010 2 est monuments never monuments include thanest more one. of graves tobut isit isnotnote predictable, important that the long largest largest of the Passy monuments, more than 280 the by illustrated well norm, the is monument par burial one fact, In ble of I-II Balloy, with eight (or nine) axial graves, remains exceptional. they were all, or almost all, revealed through excavation. The ensem that suggest Balloy, can of we sector main the Passy,in Gron, and at by its depth. axial gravesNonetheless, areburied: deeply most often thus and site, the of erosion the by conditioned always is burial a of quite likely that many graves have not been preserved. The discovery is 1997).It (Duhamel thirty than less Passy 1997),and (Mordant ials bur forty of around only contained creation cemetery Balloy The the monuments. in involved investment the and population burial small, as at (Yonne),very Gron Fenard, at or the Noue again at Vignely. was cemetery the because or (Seine-et-Marne), at Vignely Bergers aux be or (Yonne), cause the site was largely Escolives-Sainte-Camille destroyed at before as excavation, as at the Porte required, work of amount andBalloy, excavations have been only intermittent, either due to the inubian the Paris Neolithic Basin. can be attributed to the Cerny associated culture, the ultimate finds stage of the Dan The B.C. 4300 and 4700 between millennium, 5th al. 1997). absoluteThe dates of these sites converge around the mid- et (Delor other each from kilometres thirty to (fig. twenty spaced 1), known now are cemeteries the monumental twenty In about individuals. Basin Paris deceased few a only to dedicated earthworks, huge occasionally these of nature funerary the revealed et-Marne) Neolithic (Mordant 1998). The excavations at Passy and Balloy (Seine- middle the of vision classic the modified (Yonne),completely Passy of district the above taken photographs aerial in before years thirty of a number of character immense and enigmatic seen features, first repetitive statuses. and diverse identify can we which for groups human earliest the to 5thcemeteriesthe ofmonumental case,the millennium correspond any In foils. like rather figurants, passive than more no as served bly Various publications have often made a correlation between the between correlation a made often have publications Various investigated.cemeteriesPassybeenfewhavestillthan Very Other Neolithic and funerary the both of 1980s the in revelation The Rots MANCHE Dissa F leur Loire y

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Saô ne 100km - - - - - N führt). aufge zusätzlich (Städtenamen bungen Gra wenige erkannt, Luftbilder über meist Fundplätze, 20 etwas Gräberfeld); zelnen Eben von Caen, Die Centre West (mit einem ein Becken, Pariser zentrale das Gebiete: frankreich Nord in Passy von Gräberfeld Das 1: Abb. ditionally). ad names city (modern excavations few photos, air on recognized mostly sites, 20 about cemetery); Cen single (one West tre Caen, of plain Basin, Paris central north in France ern cemeteries Passy The 1: Fig. drei unzusammenhängende unzusammenhängende drei – three discontinuous areas: areas: discontinuous three – ------www.jungsteinSITE.de Philippe Chambon and Aline Thomas The first monumental cemeteries of western Europe

October 19th, 2010 3 et (Bernardini shell scallop one with shells anodonta of pile large and canine, canid a and shell a of composed pendant a fragment, bracelet stone a bone, from made awls two and hammer polishers three tool, forked antler, perforated a deer red of and made a sheath blades, flint large of set a knife, backed one tranchets, two arrowheads, twelve pots, quality: urious unusually an high number of Weobjects. must not, contained however, 4.1) exaggerate their lux (burial Passy of grave “Grossgartach” The poor. rather seem goods grave associated the monuments, the grave of goods Scarcity ideology Funerary superficial. andthusdata, is itself the of reading superficial a on relies conclusion a Such question. in society the in inherited was status hierarchical that conclude dren, egory of clearly identifiable objects (fig. of clearlyobjects identifiable 2). egory Only ofone burial object. (graveegory 5) more yielded than one cat graves have no whatsoever,objects and thirteen thirteen others only one case, cat this In flakes. and sherds out leaving objects, tifiable iden only consider we if further increases graves of types these of proportion The awl. one an or arrowheads few only a as such contained object, of type ten and artefacts, no contained twelve axial, as identified burials twenty-seven the among Nonetheless, graves. axial produced monuments the of all not cemetery, this of sectors treme example in this sense. Due to heavy erosion in two of the three ex most the is Balloy materials. perishable from made those all out rules this and objects, preserved discussing only are we Obviously, objects. no even or two, or one only yielded that graves of dozens of objects. range clude awide rowheads, but still no exotic Finally,elements. two burials at Gron in ar grave5.1,isof impressivenumber an objects contained whichof number considerable a with burial other only the Passy, At period! ly comparable. What a differencewith the spondylus, in theprevious rough is shell, fossilized a not is it if shell, scallop the of origin The 300 to 200 of distance the Neolithic, the ing dur pots of circulation the for evidence little is there though ever, How region. Rhine the from comes probably 3), (stage culture sen Rös the to attributed since pots, the of One sophisticated. are none and materials distant or rare from made are none numerous, deed al, or at least important, social position, we must recognize that this this that recognize must we position, social important, least at or al, exceptionan held monuments these in buried individuals the that idea the accept we if Therefore, period. this the during Armorica to way all circulated objects these though axe, Alpine single a duced sup a pro havenot cemeteriesmonumental these origin, of Aegean posed ornaments shell spondylus with associated often burials were Neolithic, early the during While ornaments. body as shells used sea the for except environment, immediate the in available All strate circulation the of raw materials and materials objects. were male and female subjects female of and presence male the on based which, hypotheses, classic the reiterate not will We concerned. individuals the to status particular a tribute at to sufficient is within, buried population small the and siderable, con surely but unknown is which monuments, the of construction Relative to the considerable effort involved in construction of construction in involved effort considerable the to Relative If we exclude grave 4.1 at Passy, the grave goods do not demon not do goods grave Passy,the 4.1atgrave exclude we If the than reality the of representative less are burials four These h cnrs bten h nme o pros eesr fr the for necessary persons of number the between contrast The 1 , along with sometimes very young chil young very sometimes with along , al. 1992). While these objects are in are objects these 1992). While al. km is not extraordinary. extraordinary. not is km ------1 at Gron are female. are at Gron male a 360.2 360.1 and burials and skeleton, now is individual, gartach Gross so-called the Passy, at 4.1 ial method method probablilistic metric the and 2002), (Bruzek method classic macroscopic the both using and bone coxal on the Based data. previous some vise re to us led has corpus Cerny entire the of analysis anthropological Our «DSP» «DSP» – (Murail 2005), bur 2005), (Murail – - - - www.jungsteinSITE.de Philippe Chambon and Aline Thomas The first monumental cemeteries of western Europe

October 19th, 2010 4 Man and the wild wild the and Man associated gravethe goods. of quality or quantity the in reflected not is status mature individuals, four men and another adult of undetermined undetermined of adult another and men four individuals, mature im two to correspond These arrowheads. with burials seven tained arrowheads are present in two male burials. The Passy cemetery con they inand threecases are At arrowheads. Gron, atedwithartefacts, Atwomen. Balloy, within graves, the axial four only males are associ of the corresponding groups?ology How,tors. ide of therefore,the we can not consider itas areflection fac dietary of independent is graves the in hunting, or world, wild boar becoming less frequent than red deer. The overemphasis of the note a modification in representation,species with aurochs andwild (Jeunesse leneuve-Saint-Germain is assemblageseven from settlements reduced relative to that of Vil like those by which it was preceded. The role of hunting in the faunal society, agricultural an is culture Cerny economy. The the in change even or quadrangular opening. with adeformed andpots cro-pots mi include they settlements: in find we what of representative not and monuments the suggestive,inless arerarewhich are objects, ic relatedto hunting areworld fewthewild a flint or Ceram tranchets. The exceptions are inrare. fact The only tools that do not toseem be way? this in classified be artefacts the all Can Balloy. at prey of bird a of claw the and Gron, at molar bear another Vignely, at axis wolf a on made pendant a and molar bear pierced a are objects unusual more the Among teeth. pierced and canines, suidae on made dants pen deer, red of canines vestigial the include ornaments body the shells, pierced to addition In scapula. cervid a from made is Tower” “Eiffel an called trivially object enigmatic the and metapodials, vid cer from made often most are polishers and chisels awls, frequent, are canines suidae species: wild of those almost are tools and ments the in found orna body of manufacture the in materialsused frequently animal The graves. most artefact lithic the points, projectile through evoked directly is Hunting world. wild the to linked still are artefacts the activities, hunting to related directly not 1997). When (Sidéra ideology funerary huntingthe ofin importance the showing sential key to their interpretation (at the Cerny conference in 1994) by heads are exclusively male objects (p objects male exclusively are heads Faced with these disconcerting artefacts, I. Sidéra provided an es an provided Sidéra I. artefacts, disconcerting these Facedwith The image of the hunter recurs frequently in these burials. Arrow burials. these in frequently recurs hunter the of image The a to correspond not does burials the in hunting on emphasis The 1 / Arbogast 1997).however,do, WeArbogast < 0,0001): there are none with none are 0,0001):there 2 ------Chambon/Pétillon 2009). Chambon/Pétillon D. Mordant, Zeichnungen P. Pihuit/Inrap, n. von (Fotos 3 Grab Balloy, in Bogen, einem möglicherwiese und Pfeilspitzen mit Mann junger Ein Jägers: eines Darstellung (2)ter. Schul der bei nahe “Eiffeltum-Spatula” die begleiten Vogellangknochen einem von re loy, Grab 5: ein suidae canine und eine Röh Der “Eiffelturm-Mann”:Das FallbeispielBal Abb. 2: Zwei regelmäßige Assemblagen 2009). Chambon/Pétillon ter af Pihuit/Inrap, P. drawings Mordant, D. by (photographs 3 grave Balloy, a at bow, probably and arrowheads, with man young a hunter: the of image the (2)der. shoul the to close spatula, tower the Eiffel accompany bone long bird a from grave man: caseofBalloy, the tower” “Eiffel The assemblages recurrent Two 2: Fig. 5; a and suidae canine a tube made (1) – – (1) - - - - - www.jungsteinSITE.de Philippe Chambon and Aline Thomas The first monumental cemeteries of western Europe

October 19th, 2010 5 present. objects only the not are arrowheads the cases, these of both In one. 114graves two; only 123 Escolives-Saint-Camilleonly and containof grave3 and arrowheads, three contains only Balloy at grave7 ment: ing is that these are not in quivers, fact or even actual hunting equip is accompanied by projectile points, as at Gron. What is more surpris gender, At due Vignely,topreservation. bone poor yet another male Balloy, male graves andchisels in two at Vignely. at graves female two in found were Awls activity. particular a with associated clearly not are lissoirs and chisels awls, - arrowheads like - un since objects bone the of function the determine to difficult is such a sampling be anecdotal? In the absence of use-wear analysis, it (discoid)bead shaped found in the triple burial 148 could at Vignely: and shell pierced molar), (bear tooth pierced a of trio the consider dental in a different Incontext. of thecategory curiosities, wecan re accias considered be likely would Balloy at grave9 of shell dentalis only The necklace. a form not do Gron at 356grave of children two the of older the with associated littorina two The arrowheads. the as problem of type same the raise ornaments body top.The on ably burial 352 at Gron, the pots are placed often outside the in grave, prob As norm. the be to seem not does Balloy of 46 burial in cro-pots mi three the of case the and individuals the with associated rectly tion is(Müller uncertain et ble eighth example, although due to poor its preservation identifica the Yonne, from contexts, is a valleys.proba There and Marne Seine Cerny in all known, are examples Seven cemeteries. monumental in only found are objects 2001).These Mordant 1993; (Carré spatulas anthropomorphic as considered often objects Tower” “Eiffel mous arrowheads. Moreover, at Gron and Balloy, the physical characteris physical the Balloy, and Gron at Moreover, arrowheads. wild species (red deer) they are not as explicitly related to hunting as hunter the of role The individuals. the of status the designate and insignia an as serve They attribute. an of role the them gives nature parsimonious and repetitive their category. functional existing an doubled it or function, short-lived new, a served object this ther Ei after. or before either parallels, no have cemeteries monumental from Towers” “Eiffel These Passy. at cases three the in bone long a differ ent, even as all far as the blank is concerned: a scapula in fivecases, and are eight the because piece the of morphology detailed the determine not did Function unknown. remains thus Tower” fel (Sidéra 1997).used was “Eif end the pointed of function precise The figurines,I. Sidérademonstrated that they were hafted and that their bon theless comparable in all to aspects a monumental (Chamcemetery none is which Vignely, at Bergers aux Porte the from object the for except sites monuments, with All burials.areassociated known with in found were objects these of Passy,all at context of out found ple infound theform Balloy interrupted ditch enclosure, exam and one are always a preExcept for near themore,found head. object these Further herbivores. large of scapulas unworked contain graves the of none and scapulas, from made are objects these of majority The Tower”.“Eiffel an of presence the suggesting strongly head, of side werecloseto found scapula left the remainsthedeer where red a of Arrowheads are the most suggestive object. Ceramics are not di not are Ceramics object. suggestive most the are Arrowheads aty oe oe reat eevs pca cnieain te fa the consideration: special deserves artefact bone one Lastly, Although the “Eiffel Although“Eiffel the a of bones from spatulasthe Tower” are made domain, specific a evoke goods grave these though Ultimately, / Lanchon 2003). Though these objects are often interpreted as interpreted often are objects these 2003). Though Lanchon al. 1997). It comes from burial 352 at Gron, ------www.jungsteinSITE.de Philippe Chambon and Aline Thomas The first monumental cemeteries of western Europe

October 19th, 2010 6 al image of ahunter (Chambon tics of the individuals they accompany do not correspond to the usu The general pattern general The scenography A monumental analysis, awls this the isbone andchisels. for the case not sufficiently characterize activity. particulara Lacking functional a do present objects the or activity, precise a evoke not does eteries Either the absence or of a objects remarkable situation in these cem ers, particularly at Balloy and Vignely, the distinction is more difficult. ated with the main burial at Balloy (Chambon and we could propose a similar interpretation for the children associ can also include at adolescents three Vignely,simultaneously buried we but Gron, at graves double the in individuals the for case the is no more than an accessory role, or a role beyond their capacities. This the other individuals appear much more discrete. Some seem to play sociated with immature subjects. of graves Passy, they the are nonetheless much more frequent, and sometimes as in arrowheads of presence the exclude not does er” “Eiffel Tow an of presence the Finally,though equipment. principal 13 with its constituting monument, pieces second the with sociated as primarily are arrowheads the bow, a using from him prevented is not strict), but in addition to the fact that his pathology would have association (the arrowheads two include do individual principal the than the individual in grave 5 (fig. robust 2). At more Gron, theburied objects with much are who adults young are they hunter: a of age tion, their physical characteristics correspond more closely addi to the im In individual. principal the surround they secondary: still is it position, important an occupy weapons hunting with associated als At Balloy, importance. individu thatclearisthe it though secondary are dedicated to only a small number of individuals: the majority majority the individuals:contain in asingle the central burial located axis. of number small a only to dedicated are 8 around is which circular. The only relatively constant dimension is their interior width, are still too numerous. reconstruction of hypotheses the though elevation, in variations to hamel (Du mound giant the to palisade simple the from oscillatingother, as vary much from one site to another as from one monument to an data The preserved. is elevation no since determine to difficult is ies er and form a unit. compact The initial appearance of these cemeter togeth close very located are monuments the Vinneuf, or Escolives (Duhamel areparallel broadly of more modest monuments (the longest just over 60 m long), which forms. The more homogeneous site of Balloy contained three groups of variety great a present and pattern fan a in arranged are they m; the smallest of which is less than 20 monuments, twenty around includes Passy of site emblematic The variable. extremely are monuments the of arrangements and sions dimen morphology, number, The alike. exactly are cemeteries two againeteries, the underlines prominence of individuals. andthe role chical assemblage of monuments. Though we cannot identify a pre- we cannotchical Though identify assemblage of monuments. The organisation of cemeteries, or rather the construction of cemof construction the rather or cemeteries, organisationof The arrowheads, or spatula a with associated burials the to Compared of role a to relegated be to seem themselves hunters the fact, In It would be wrong to consider each cemetery as a more or less anar clearly are few a but elongated, often most are monuments The no phenomenon, the of unity the to as doubt no is there Though / Midgley 2004). The variability of the plans could correspond could plans the of variability The 2004). Midgley m. Whether immense or modest, the monuments monuments the modest, or immense Whether m. / Mordant 1977). At other sites, such as / Petillon 2009). m long, and the longest over 300 / Leclerc 2007). For oth ------www.jungsteinSITE.de Philippe Chambon and Aline Thomas The first monumental cemeteries of western Europe

October 19th, 2010 7 A basic module A basic specific. dividual). to gender appear be monuments The monument two male XVI, burials (accompanied by one immature in ture subjects), that of monument three XV female graves, and that of of monument I-II includes four male graves (and four graves of imma genders were not mixed (Chambon 1997). For example, the main axis the burials,severaladult included monument a thatwhen noted we part, our 1997).For (Mordant morphology and orientation their on based monuments cemetery,thisdifferent D.associated In Mordant theas whole, we revealedtime Balloy theat for first structure (fig. 3). we repetitions pattern, do and established observe associations that include a very long monument and a very short one. While the east the While one. short very a and monument long very a include can pair one and superimposed be cannot morphologies the ways: assimilation. are monuments always signify ly The dissimilar in some necessari not does monuments of association The further. even loy the Passy monuments allows us to push the model of formulated at diversity Bal extreme The cemetery. the in monuments other to is it than group a withinsimilar more is morphology their and parallel ly rigorous are monuments the groups, these Within 4). (fig. uments mon of trios or pairs of juxtaposition the by defined thus is Passy of cemetery The morphology. and topography orientation, criteria: three of superposition the through monuments of identify associations the easily can We shape. fan a in arranged ultimately uments mon of aggregation progressive a of hypothesis the contradicts ly definitive framework analytical This 2003). (Chambon Passy to loy e rnpsd h mdl salse fr h cmtr o Bal of cemetery the for established model the transposed We N 16 47 E XV 46 11 E III E V 48 10 E XVIII 9 E XVII E XVI 8 21 7 29 32 6 19 27 E II 45 31 5 52 25 4 33 22 50 53 3 35 E IV 36 24 23 0 E VI E I E VII 38 18 37 25 m ------destens zwei Paaren sind beide Gender Gender beide vergesellschaftet. sind Paaren zwei destens min In Morphologie. Orientierung, phie, Topogra Kriterien: drei auf basierend nie), Li (gestrichelte Monumenten von Paarung männlich);dunkelgrau: weiblich; (hellgrau: schattiert Gräber enthaltenen der gemäß ist Gräbchen der innerhalb Zone die Kind); Mittelgrau: männlich; schwarz: weiblich; (hellgrau: Bestatteten der Gender der Projek tion – C Sektor (Seine-et-Marne), dins Abb. 3: von Das Balloy,Gräberfeld les Réau two least associated. are gender both pairs, at In morphology. entation, lines) ori topography, criteria: three (dashed on based monuments of pairing grey, male);dark grey, female; (light tains con it tombs the to according shaded is enclosure the of zone internal the ture); grey, male; medium black, imma female; grey, (light gender burial the of jection C sector (Seine-et-Marne), dins Réau les Balloy, of cemetery The 3: Fig. pro – ------www.jungsteinSITE.de Philippe Chambon and Aline Thomas The first monumental cemeteries of western Europe

October 19th, 2010 8 tion as at Balloy. Passy,weassociation encounterof principles dissociaand same the At monument. the outside intervals regular at spaced features rable this eastern edge, completedsometimes by an alignment of compa by their dimensions, as well as by the organization of the facade of of facade the of organization the by as well as dimensions, distinguished their by clearly are They identity. own their preserving time form and belong in to a single morphological family,trapezoidal while are at the They same 5). (fig. parallel strictly and side by side are cates that no others exist in close proximity (Müller et indi excavation extensive an and revealed were monuments Two (Yonne), at countered les Sablons Gron, Passy.from a few kilometres en again is module basic This cemeteries. monumental the of ule In each pair or trio, one monument includes an axial “post hole” “post axial an includes monument one trio, or pair each In different. is facades the of organization the up, line extremities ern 8-2

N The The groups of monuments thus allow us to identify the basic mod N N nd conditio 2 monuments 3 7 2 n 1 orientation same 9 , 4 gr av 0 0 es 100 m 100 m

N N small single morphologic big 5 4 side by but different 10 al. 1997). They al famil 0 0 axial posthole 11 0 opening y 10 m 2 on on 100 m 100 m - - - - - pierung von Monumentpaaren oder -trios. oder von Monumentpaaren pierung Grup der aus resultiert Anordnung migen Morphologie. fächerför etwa in einer Eindruck letzte Der Orientierung, pographie, To Kriterien: drei der gemäß Monumente der Assoziationen – (Yonne) Sablonnière Sektor Passy, von Gräberfeld Das 4: Abb. monuments. of trios or tern results from the of aggregation pairs pat fan-shaped roughly a of impression final The raphy, morphology. orientation, ments according to three criteria: topog 2 etr (Yonne) sector Fig. 4: The of cemetery Passy, Sablonnière struktion der Fassade längsten. der des struktion Kon die und Dimensionen ihre auf Bezug in mente sindeinzigartig, nichts desto trotz gischen Familie Monu Diese zwei gehören. die ben Orientierung, zur selben morpholo dersel mit Monumente benachbarte zwei das (Yonne); Sablons – les Gron, von Modul Fallbeispiel grundlegende Das 5. Abb. the one. longest the of of façade construction the and mensions di their of terms in distinct nonetheless are family.monuments two logical These to tion and the morpho belonging same orienta same the with by monuments side side two (Yonne); Sablons les Gron, module basic The 5: Fig. for example, cannot be excluded. be cannot stones, example, for standing of hypothesis the dimensions: large very have can that cavity a employed designates It convention. is by hole» «post term The soito o monu of association – the case of of case the – ------www.jungsteinSITE.de Philippe Chambon and Aline Thomas The first monumental cemeteries of western Europe

October 19th, 2010 9 or children,or are (fig. clearly modules male in these character 6). but in one of its ditches (Gron 360). In fact, whether they contain men present close by one of these modules is not located in the enclosure burial female only The arrowheads. goods: grave male has which of 10.110.2), one (Passy and burials child 14) or Gron 4.1and (Passy ial sure are obviously male. Each “twin” monument contains a male bur the inonly determined gender these monuments is male, the enclo Since men. all are object emblematic this with individuals the seen, oe” r nvr soitd te ocr n w mdls t Passy at modules (4 two Sablonnière in occur they associated; never are tower” Distinct and repetitive statuses repetitive and Distinct edge. eastern its on hole” “post axial an has which two, the of larger the ule (Passy 4 mod single a in cases two in grouped are arrowheads with viduals indi the modules, four only in Present arrowhead. one least at tain Within the fiveidentified atmodules gravessix Gron, and Passy con dead. the of identity biological the and goods grave the both with data organisational these of combination the in key analytical other The structural approach to these cemeteries clearly provides an provides clearly cemeteries these to approach structural The – 5 and 7 – 5 and 10and 5 – 8 – 9). the contrary,On individuals with an “Eiffel – 11) and in one at Gron. As we have already havewe As 11) Gron. at one in and ------turm-Mann herum. turm-Mann Eiffel den um angeordnet Module, 6. Abb. man tower” fel an “Eif around organized Fig. 6: Modules - - www.jungsteinSITE.de Philippe Chambon and Aline Thomas The first monumental cemeteries of western Europe

October 19th, 2010 10 in three of these male modules (due to of poor preservation the skel observed be can link biological a cemetery, each within fact In uals. indisputable archaeological group with a number of varying individ an comprises identified modules male the of each case, present the man Balloy 11, child Balloy 36). (woman360, axis Gron main same the on up lined are cases three in ditches, these burials match the orientation of the internal ones and, toenclosures evennext enclosures, or the by close Located uments. they do groupingreflect near the individualsburied within themon marginalized, are burials these While modules. the of area internal 11; 10 and12; 32 and36). individuals of these access had None to the children(Balloy two and gender undetermined of adults two man, a burials near located a (Gronmodule 360, Balloy 33 and 35), as well as female three only the includes class last The arrowheads. 5 contains gravesTheir are placed inway the same (Passy as One the men. 10.1) tenof never children, age years. is 8 composed exceeds dead whose of class next The arrowheads. with equipped are Four twin. its in or monument, same the in placed man; are they tower” “Eiffel thethan younger always are they monument; the of area internal the of axis main the on buried are five men: the all, of another. First to module tower”, three classes of dead are in fact repeated identically from one obvious intent to reproduce a pattern. Beside the man with the “Eiffel of the surrounding ditch. segments two by between or ule are not in the central area of the monument, but are located close mod burialsassociatedthe female with two Gron, wellinas tery.As ceme entire the in burials three in found only are which rowheads, head to the west (graves 3 and their 7). These adults are with with equipped ar oriented are side either on men two the while side, ther This central burial is oriented east-west, as are the two children on ei claw and a prey tube made from of a bird bird long bone, stuck a into an a ochre ball. is there item, recurrent a canine, suidae a to dition are neither abundant, rich nor exotic, but they are exceptional. In ad trepanation. Disregarding the “Eiffel tower” spatula, the grave goods of this tower” isfel module, theandhis oldest skull shows traces of a sure is associated with monument V, also male. The man with the “Eif enclo This II. monument within burialschild and male axial eight of spatula, is located at the ofheart the main group, which is composed tower” “Eiffel an with accompanied cemetery the in one only the 5, grave of man The known. is enclosure each of significance gender (Crubézy groups social or family of terms in valid as acknowledged is set archaeological well-defined a inside cemetery) the inindividuals few on (i.e.observed characters rare two or one of sharing the fact, In information. complementary reveals characters in death. expressed statuses and symbols of reproduction the implies another,thus to cemetery reproduction of the module, within the cemetery, as well as from one The monuments. the outside yet by close placed women, children and few men the of status the hand, other the on and equipment, huntingidentioccasionallywith and man, tower” “Eiffel the to an position cal in modules, the of area internal the to access with dren chil and men young certain of status the hand, one the on tween, be A can clearthusstatuses. others express distinction observed be ious burials in close proximity, et equipment identity their biological the centrepiece of location var The of arrangement. a clearly staged be to seem individuals these surprisingly, More suggested. be can status special a and attention, our accompanyattract they dividuals The “Eiffel Tower” spatulas are rare objects. For this reason, the in the reason, this For objects. “Eiffel rare are spatulas The Tower” an and similarities clear show generally modules male four These the where Balloy, at manner same the in repeated is pattern This In the context of this organisational model, analysis of non-metric non-metric of analysis model, organisationalthis of context the In / Sellier 1990). Sellier In ------www.jungsteinSITE.de Philippe Chambon and Aline Thomas The first monumental cemeteries of western Europe

October 19th, 2010 11 monuments. On the other, a pair of male monuments is organised organised is monuments male of pair a other, the On monuments. female confront monuments male hand, one con the (fig.On 7). nection their determine time, this at cannot, we but association; and two models are distinguished in a constant play opposition between organisation.this In perspective, greatof consequencecemetery for buried varies little from one module to another and sex of the persons dead is of number The module. to module from repeated are tails de architectural monuments, between differences the Beyond morphological modules. elementary of juxtaposition the to reduced central role of thecemeteries The principle areof reproduction. thus analysis.transpires clearly through more astructural which of the phenomenon, time or place, the complexity and masks versal as this could explain all practices, monumental in funerary any uni as scheme power.A all monopolized elite small a which during competition social increased of phase a of reflection the are eteries cem these that hypothesis however, common the satisfied, with be the interpretation of these monuments is above all social. We cannot dead the of society structured ahighly Discussion: criteria. to the spatial andideological aspect afamily adding cemeteries, the within men tower” “Eiffel the of exceptionalrole the relationshipa blood is even highlyresults probable. These underline them of one for and terms, biological in random appear not do ings group spatial the case, any In module. same the in buried children ters thus always involve the “Eiffel tower” man andone of themen or charac three clusters relations.of rare non-metric These were blood (Gemmerich1999) this of character men two bility thatthe suggests in no other individuals in the cemetery. strong herita The suspected monument, same both have an ossicle at asterion, a found character the in man, 3 grave the and Balloy of 5 man tower” “Eiffel Lastly,the grouping. same the in individuals other on appear not do that ters charac all foramen, occipital an and suture metopic a suture, dosal man 352er” of Gron shares with the child 356.2, close to him, a men tow “Eiffel The bone. notch parietal a with individuals two only the are monument twin the in 4.1man the and 5.1Passy man of tower” etons, there are no results for module 10-11 at Passy). Thus, the “Eiffel A more complex approach to reading the cemeteries reveals the reveals cemeteries the reading to approach complex more A considerableA investment individuals:few a this only on basis,for MODEL 2 MODEL 1 ? arrowheads "Eiff el tower" axial posthole opening and s

------ren Monumente. ande der einem oder selben im Jägers des Präsenz die hier außerdem ist, ausgestattet “Eiffelturm” einem mit das gruppiert, rum he Individuum zentrales ein um ist mente Monu männlicher Paar Ein (2) numente. Mo weibliche konfrontieren Monumente Modelle zwei Die 7. Abb. monument. other the in or same the in hunter the of the presence with spatula, tower” “Eiffel equipped an with individual, central a around organised is monuments male of pair A (2) monuments. female confront ments Fig. 7: The two models models two The 7: Fig. (1) Male monu (1) Male – (1) Männliche Männliche (1) – - - - - - www.jungsteinSITE.de Philippe Chambon and Aline Thomas The first monumental cemeteries of western Europe

October 19th, 2010 12 for his proofreading of the histranslation.for proofreading Acknowledgments tostatuses. show socialand repetitive diversified earliest the are monuments type Passy the constructed that groups so human the evidence, a current On in one. another same, as view, of the point cial exactly is individual one that assuming is text, con Cerny the in exceptional actually is what but cemetery, Varna in as grave goods, accompaniedspectacular by or Morbihan, of Gulf the of those like monuments, huge some in buried individuals with faced are we Neolithic during cases some in fact, In Prehistory. ing particularly favourable to opportunity observe a social structure dur played role. aspecific spatulas by accompanied individuals deceased the that living were er we call them chiefs, “shamans”, or by another name, it is while they Wheth funerary. uniquely not is individuals these of status the that ed grave goods (functional with objects traces of utilization) all show associat the and Tower”, “Eiffel the with associated individuals the of characteristics the deceased), the of treatment and cemetery the of (organization practices funerary the converge: values?observations The funerary strictly express statuses these do But another. to ule are thus also reproduced. mod this with associated values the another,toof all cemetery one from and cemetery, the in reproduced is module elementary one If others). few a (and chisel awl, canine, suidae arrow, spatula, Tower” the grave beneficiaries, transmit goods a code, reduced to a corpus of signs: “Eiffel the of prestige or wealth the expressing from Far la. spatu tower” “Eiffel an with equipped individual, central a around We wish to thank Michael J. Ilett (UMR 7041, Université de Paris 1)7041,Paris (UMR de Université Ilett J. Michael thank to wish We a present millennium5th mid the of cemeteries monumental The cemetery one from same the are death in expressed statuses The ------www.jungsteinSITE.de Philippe Chambon and Aline Thomas The first monumental cemeteries of western Europe

October 19th, 2010 13 Bruzek 2002: J. Bruzek, A method for visual determination of sex using the the using sex of determination visual for method A Bruzek, J. 2002: Bruzek Bernardini et Bernardini References Carré 1993: H. Carré, Spatules, statuettes, état de la pensée et culte au Néo au culte et pensée la de état statuettes, 1993:Spatules, Carré Carré, H. Chambon 1997: P. Chambon, La nécropole de Balloy les Réaudins, appro Réaudins, les Balloy de nécropole La Chambon, P.1997: Chambon Chambon 2003: P. Chambon, Revoir Passy… la nécropole monumentale monumentale nécropole la Passy… Revoir Chambon, P. 2003: Chambon Chambon/Lanchon 2003: P. Chambon, Y. Lanchon, Les structures sépulcra structures Les P.Y.2003:Lanchon, Chambon, Chambon/Lanchon Crubézy/Sellier 1990: E. Crubézy, P. Sellier, Caractères discrets et organisa et discrets Caractères P.Sellier, Crubézy, E. 1990: Crubézy/Sellier 2007:Chambon/Leclerc P. Chambon, J. 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La de, P. Pellet, C. L’implantationNouvel au monumentales des nécropoles Glenne 2004) 211 2004) Glenne (Glux-en- Bibracte de européen Recherche de Centre du Édition ques. criti approches funéraires: pratiques des Archéologie (ed.), Baray L. In: Seine-Yonne. bassin du Cerny monumentales nécropoles les chisation: hiérar de voie en néolithiques sociétés des funéraires pratiques et me au Néolithique (Nemours 1997) (Nemours 481 au Néolithique Simonin (eds.) La Culture de Cerny, économie, nouvelle Nouvelle société D. Mordant, D. Constantin, C. Seine-YonneIn: bassin du Cerny mentales et nécropole monumentale. In: C. Constantin, D. Mordant, D. Simonin Simonin D. Mordant, D. Constantin, C. In: monumentale. nécropole et In funéraires. mobiliers dans et les mestiques do déchets les dans sauvage faune La moyen. Néolithique au chasse la (unpublished). de de connues, de Thèse l’Université Genève 1999doctorat généalogies de cas le dans discrets caractères des application et référence de gique Alsace (Strasbourg 1997)Alsace 81 en Archéologique Recherche la de Promotion la pour l’Association de Cahiers aux Suppl. Seine. et Rhin entre marges ses et danubien lithique – – 168. 130. al. al. 1992: O. M. Bernardini. Delneuf, M. Fonton, É. Peyre, I. Sidéra, – », In:D. Constantin, C. D.Mordant, Simonin (eds.) CultureLa de 448. 448. – 248. – 395. : P. Chambon, J.-M. Pétillon, Des Chasseurs Cerny? Chasseurs Des Pétillon, J.-M. P. Chambon, : : description d’ensemble et problème d’inter problème et d’ensemble description : – – 102. 498. 498. – : C. Constantin, D. Mordant, D. Simonin D.Simonin D.Mordant, Constantin, C. : 173. – 488. 488. – 178. : C. Jeunesse (ed.), Jeunesse : Le Néo C. – 306. – 150. – – 783. 515. ------www.jungsteinSITE.de Philippe Chambon and Aline Thomas The first monumental cemeteries of western Europe

October 19th, 2010 14 Mordant 1998: D. Mordant, Emergence d’une architecture funéraire monu funéraire architecture d’une Emergence Mordant, D.1998: Mordant Müller Müller et al 1997 Sidéra 1997: I. Sidéra, Le mobilier en matière dure animales en milieu funé milieu en animales dure matière en mobilier Le 1997:Sidéra, Sidéra I. world using tool diagnosis sex probabilistic a DSP: Murail, P. 2005: Murail moyen Néolithique au spiritualité et Enceintes Mordant, D.2001: Mordant lithique (Nemours 1997) (Nemours lithique 449 (eds.) Culture au La de Néo Cerny,société nouvelle économie, Nouvelle Archéologique en Alsace (Strasbourg 1997) Alsace en 103Archéologique Recherche la de Promotion la pour l’Association de Cahiers aux Suppl. Seine. et Rhin entre marges ses et danubien Néolithique Le (ed.), nesse Jeu (Yonne), C. In Sablons» «Les Gron à Cerny monumentale nécropole Poyeton, A. M. Jacquemin, T.I. Sidera, Poulain, Une Charmot, A. nouvelle l’Yonne). In de et Seine la de (vallées mentale ciété d’Anthropologie de Paris 17, Paris de d’Anthropologie ciété 2005, 167 So la de Mémoires et Bulletin measurements, pelvic of variation wide (4500 (Paris 1998) mégalithismes des 73 genèse et d’Occident res le société au Néolithique (Nemours 1997) (Nemours 499 au Néolithique société le Mor D.dant, (eds.) D.Simonin Culture de Cerny,La nouvel économie, Nouvelle Constantin, C. In: socio-économie. et symbolisme Cerny: raire Actes des Journées archéologiques Ile-de-France (Paris 1999) 11 Ile-de-France archéologiques Journées des Actes ‑ 3500 avant notre ère. In: Religions rites et cultes en Ile-de-France. Ile-de-France. en cultes et rites Religions In: ère. notre avant3500 : F. Müller, P. Duhamel, A. Augereau, G. Depierre, in coll. with – 479. – 176. – : J. Guilaine (ed.),Sépultu Guilaine J. : 513. – 133. – 88. 88. – 23. ------Siehe www.jungsteinsite.de, Artikel www.jungsteinsite.de, Siehe Hinweise: Urheberrechtliche Kiel Dieterich, Holger Layout: und Techn. Redaktion Kiel Furholt, Martin Redaktion: ISSN 1868-3088 Impressum Maison de l’Archéologie et de l’Ethnologie de l’Archéologie de et Maison [email protected] [email protected] UMR 7041,UMR préhistorique Ethnologie Université Bordeaux 1,Université Bordeaux B8 Bâtiment des Populations du Passé du Populations des (Lapp) Doctorante, PACEADoctorante, 5199 UMR Laboratoire d’Anthropologie F-92 023 Nanterre cedex F-33 Talence 405 cedex 21 l’Université, de allée Philippe Chambon Philippe Aline Thomas Aline