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I Thomas Carlyle, 'On History Again', Critical and Miscellaneous Essays (Cen- Tenary Edition), 5 Volumes (London I 899), Vol. II

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I Thomas Carlyle, 'On History Again', Critical and Miscellaneous Essays (Cen- Tenary Edition), 5 Volumes (London I 899), Vol. II Notes CHAPTER I I Thomas Carlyle, 'On History Again', Critical and Miscellaneous Essays (Cen­ tenary Edition), 5 Volumes (London I 899), Vol. III, p. I 76. For a further attempt at definitions see the first three chapters of Avron Fleishman's The English Historical Novel: Walter Scott to Virginia Woolf (Baltimore 197I). My debt to Professor Fleishman's study will, I hope, emerge as clearly as my occasional dissent from it. 2. G. W. F. Hegel, Lectures on the Philosophy of History, translated from the third German edition by J. Sibree (London I878); Introduction, pp. 57-8. 3 Carlyle, op. cit., pp. I68, 176. 4 T. B. Macaulay, 'Sir James Mackintosh', Critical and Historical Essays, 3 Volumes (London I854), Vol. II, p. 2.2.6. 5 Sir Walter Scott, Waverley; or 'Tis Sixty Years Since (18I4). The Waverley Novels, 2.5 Volumes (London I879), Vol. I, p. 399. 6 William Hazlitt, The Spirit of the Age (182s). World's Classics Edition (London 1935), p. 86. Heine's introduction to Don Quixote is quoted in Scott: The Critical Heritage, edited by John 0. Hayden (London 1970), p. 305. 7 Oeuvres Complrtes de Honorr de Balzac, LA Comrdie Humaine (Paris I93 I), Vol. I, 'Avant-propos' p. xxviii. 8 Thomas Carlyle, 'Sir Walter Scott', Critical and Miscellaneous Essays, Vol. IV, p. 77· 9 T. B. Macaulay, Critical and Historical Essays, Vol. I, pp. 1 I3-4· See also Macaulay's important essay 'On History' not republished with the other Edinburgh Review Essays. IO For Scott's debt to the Scottish Enlightenment see Duncan Forbes, 'The Rationalism of Sir Walter Scott', Cambridge journal (October I9S3), pp. 20- 36. I I Yale Edition of the Works of Samuel Johnson, Vol. VII, johnson on Shakespeare (New Haven and London I968), pp. 522- 3· I 2 Henry James writing in the North American Review in I 864. The review is reprinted in Scott: The Critical Heritage, pp. 429-31. I 3 Georg Lukacs, The Historical Novel, translated by Hannah and Stanley Mitchell (London I962), p. 32. I4 Nassau W. Senior's essay is reprinted in Scott: The Critical Heritage, pp ..:ns-6. I 5 Twain argued that 'Sir Walter had so large a hand in making Southern character, as it existed before the war, that he is in great measure responsible for the [American Civil] war'. See Scott: The Critical Heritage, pp. 537-9. For the Eglin ton Tournament see The Passage of Arms at Eglinton (London I 839). I6 Waverley, p. 400. The Victorian Historical Novel 1840-1880 17 Quarterly Review, Vol. 35 (March 1827), p. 557· 18 Monthly Chronicle, Vol. I (1838), pp. 42-4. 19 Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine, Vol. LVIII (September 1845), pp. 341-56. 20 Westminster Review, Vol. XLV (1846}, p. 35· 21 Fraser's Magazine, Vol. 36 (September 1847), pp. 34S-.SI. 22 Bentley's Miscellany, Vol. XLVI (1859), p. 44· 23 George Orwell writing in New Statesman and Nation (17 August 1940). 24 Saturday Review, Vol. XII (12 October 1861), p. 381. The review is possibly the work of the historian E. A. Freeman. See W. R. W. Stephens, Ufe and letters of E. A. Fruman, 2 Vols. (London 1895); Vol. I, p. 257. 25 Westminster Review, Vol. LXXVII ( 1862), pp. 286-7. After his acclaim of Reade's novel the reviewer goes on to dismiss Great Expect4tions: 'We cannot believe, however, that anything but the talisman of Mr. Dickens's name, would induce the general public to buy and read 'Great Expectations'. There is not a character or a passage in these three volumes which can afford enjoyment to anybody twenty years hence.' 26 The essay, included in Miscellanies (1886), was first reprinted in the Everyman Edition of the novel in 1906. 27 The Cloister and the Hearth. Vol. IX of Ward, Lock and Tyler Edition of Reade's novels (London ND), p. I. 28 See Albert Morton Turner, The Making of The Cloister and the Hearth (Chicago 1938), pp . .sff. See also Leone Rives, Charles Reatk: sa vie, ses romans (Toulouse 1940), Chapter 3· For the background to the novel see also Malcolm Elwin, Charles Reade: A Biography (London I93 I), Chapters VI and VII. 29 Charles Reade, The Eighth Commandment (London I86o), p. 190. 30 Christie Johnstone (1853), Vol. IV of Ward, Lock and Tyler Edition (London ND), Chapter XVI p. 246. 31 See for example Margaret Oliphant's article on Reade in Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine, Vol. CVI (I 869). 32 The letter is quoted in Turner, op. cit., pp. 5-6. 33 Christie Johnstone, Chapter IX, pp. 104-6. 34 Amongst the books Reade lists in his letter to Fields are Pugin's Contrasts and his Glossary of Ecclesiastical Ornament and Costume. Doubtless Pugin would also come under Lord lpsden's censure. 35 Quoted by David Christie Murray in his My Contemporaries in Fiction (London 1897)- 36 Samuel Butler, Erewhon Revisited (1901); Everyman Edition (London I9J2), p. 293· 37 Ivanhoe (1819), Vol. IX of 1879 edition of the Waverley novels, p. 16. CHAPTER 2 All quotations from The Tower of London are from the first edition (London 1840). 1 Quoted by Edgar Johnson in his Sir Walter Scott; The Great Unknown, 2 Vols. (New York 1970), Vol. II, p. 1000. 2 The Preface to Rookwood was added to the 18 so edition. 3 Quoted by Douglas Grant in his edition of Maturin's Me/moth the Wanderer Notes 251 (Oxford English Novels, London 1968); Introduction, p. xi. 4 Ainsworth started his career as a writer at the age of fifteen with plays in the manner of Byron. Transforming his name to 'A ynesworthe' he composed Giouo, or the Fatal Revenge and Don Juan, or Libertine Destroyed. His early novels, like those of his contemporaries, were adapted for the stage. A dramatic venion of The Tower of London (combined with sections from Dumas' Marie Tudor) was performed at the Adelphi Theatre in November 1840. See S. M. Ellis, William Harrison Ainsworth and his Friends, z vols. (London I9II), Vol. I, p. 421. s See Ellis, op. cit., Vol. I, p. 407. 'The Tower, with its thousand historical associations and tragic reminiscences, presented - no better - immense possibilities.' 6 Anon., London Interiors, with their Costumes and Ceremonies (London 1843), p. S7· 7 Ellis, op. cit., p. JZS, quotes statistics from the Manchester Public Library in 1909 testifying to the continuing popularity of The Tower of London, Guy Fawlus, Windsor Castle and The Loncashire Witches. With the exception of Guy Fawkes, these novels were still in print in 1977. 8 See Ellis, op. cit., Vol. II, p. 264. 9 See Ellis, op. cit., Vol. II pp. 76, I39. I66 and 172-3· 10 Ed. R. H. Home, A New Spirit of the Age, z Vols. (London 1844), Vol. II, pp. 217-18. CHAPTER 3 Quotations from Harold are from the New Knebworth edition (London 1896). I Edward Lytton Bulwer, England and the English, z volumes. Second Edition (London 1833), Volume z, pp. 105-7. z Edward Bulwer-Lytton, Caxtoniana: A Strits of Essays on Lift, Literature arul Manners, z Volumes (Edinburgh and London 1863), Volume II, p. 154. 3 Ibid., Volume I, p. IS1- 4 Rienzi: The lAst of the Roman Tribunes (I83S), The New Knebworth Edition (London 1896), Book VII, Chapter I, p. 384. s Caxtoniana, Volume II, pp. 300-1. 6 In a 'reverent' aside in England and the English (Volume I, p. 277) Bulwer mixes praise of Scott's art with censure of his research: 'The novels ofScott have helped to foster the most erroneous notions of the ignorance of our ancestors - a tolerable antiquarian in ballads, the great author was a most incorrect one in facts.' He returned to the attack later in his career: 'In Ivanhoe, for instance, there are many defects in mere antiquarian accuracy. Two or three centuries are massed together in a single year. But the general spirit of the age is made clear to popular apprehension, and stands forth with sufficient fidelity to character and costume for the purpose, not of an antiquarian but a poet.' (Caxtoniana, Volume II, p. 297). 7 Caxtoniana, Volume I, p. I 8 I. 8 See for example Benjamin Jowett's generous funeral tribute, Lord Lyuon: the Man and the Author: A Discourse delivered in Westminster Abbey (London I873). 9 Caxtoniana, Volume I, p. zzo. 10 Ibid., Volume II, p. 340. 252 The Victorian Historical Novel 1840-1880 11 The letters are preserved with Bulwer's correspondence in the Hertfordshire County Record Office. That from Macaulay is catalogued (D/EK C4 4 70); from Palgrave (D/EK C4 144); from Wright (D/EK Cz 56). 12 Harold, Tennyson's 'tragedy of doom', was published in November I 876 and is addressed to Bulwer's son, recently appointed Viceroy oflndia, as follows: 'After old-world records - such as the Bayeux tapestry and the Roman de Rou - Edward Freeman's History and your father's historical romance treating of the same times, have been mainly helpful to me in writing this drama. Your father dedicated his "Harold" to my father's brother, allow me to dedicate my "Harold" to yourself.' I3 Fr~r's Magazine, Volume XXXVIII (October I848), p. 432. The review is by W. S. Landor. Kingsley's review appeared in Frasds Magazine Volume XLI (January I8so), p. 107. Much of the research for Harold was done at Bayon's Manor, Lincolnshire, the house of Tennyson's uncle. I4 Westminskr Review, Volume LXXXIII (April I86s), pp. 488, soo. IS The Last Days of Pompeii (I834) was tranSlated into Italian in I836, and into German in I 8 37.
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