EU Council Decision 2011/273/CFSP
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Bulletindeliaisonetd'information
INSTITUT KUDE RPARD IS E Bulletin de liaison et d’information N°314 MAI 2011 La publication de ce Bulletin bénéficie de subventions du Ministère français des Affaires étrangères (DGCID) et du Fonds d’action et de soutien pour l’intégration et la lutte contre les discriminations (FASILD) ————— Ce bulletin paraît en français et anglais Prix au numéro : France: 6 € — Etranger : 7,5 € Abonnement annuel (12 numéros) France : 60 € — Etranger : 75 € Périodique mensuel Directeur de la publication : Mohamad HASSAN Numéro de la Commission Paritaire : 659 13 A.S. ISBN 0761 1285 INSTITUT KURDE, 106, rue La Fayette - 75010 PARIS Tél. : 01- 48 24 64 64 - Fax : 01- 48 24 64 66 www.fikp.org E-mail: [email protected] • TURQUIE : UNE CAMPAGNE ÉLECTORALE SANGLANTE POUR LES LÉGISLATIVES • SYRIE : LES KURDES ENTRE ESPOIR DE CHANGEMENT ET CIRCONSPECTION • KURDISTAN D’IRAK : DEUXIÈME CONGRÈS INTERNATIONAL DE KURDOLOGIE À DUHOK • CULTURE : LANCEMENT D’UN PROJET D ENCYCLOPÉDIE « BEDIRKHAN » TURQUIE : UNE CAMPAGNE ÉLECTORALE SANGLANTE POUR LES LÉGISLATIVES a campagne électorale Ministre turc, Recep Tayyip territoire turc. Cette fois, le pour les législatives en Erdo ğan, qui était visée par un Premier Ministre s’est contenté L Turquie n’a pas été des attentat qui n’a pas été immédia - de mentionner vaguement des plus pacifiques, émaillée tement revendiqué. Alors en « affiliés à une organisation ter - d’attentats, de manifesta - pleine tournée électoral, le roriste ». Il est à noter que cette tions meurtrières et d’accrochages Premier Ministre a en effet région de la mer Noire n’est pas, entre l’armée et le PKK. essuyé des tirs au fusil- habituellement, un théâtre mitrailleur et à la grenade. -
Syria and Repealing Decision 2011/782/CFSP
30.11.2012 EN Official Journal of the European Union L 330/21 DECISIONS COUNCIL DECISION 2012/739/CFSP of 29 November 2012 concerning restrictive measures against Syria and repealing Decision 2011/782/CFSP THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION, internal repression or for the manufacture and maintenance of products which could be used for internal repression, to Syria by nationals of Member States or from the territories of Having regard to the Treaty on European Union, and in Member States or using their flag vessels or aircraft, shall be particular Article 29 thereof, prohibited, whether originating or not in their territories. Whereas: The Union shall take the necessary measures in order to determine the relevant items to be covered by this paragraph. (1) On 1 December 2011, the Council adopted Decision 2011/782/CFSP concerning restrictive measures against Syria ( 1 ). 3. It shall be prohibited to: (2) On the basis of a review of Decision 2011/782/CFSP, the (a) provide, directly or indirectly, technical assistance, brokering Council has concluded that the restrictive measures services or other services related to the items referred to in should be renewed until 1 March 2013. paragraphs 1 and 2 or related to the provision, manu facture, maintenance and use of such items, to any natural or legal person, entity or body in, or for use in, (3) Furthermore, it is necessary to update the list of persons Syria; and entities subject to restrictive measures as set out in Annex I to Decision 2011/782/CFSP. (b) provide, directly or indirectly, financing or financial assistance related to the items referred to in paragraphs 1 (4) For the sake of clarity, the measures imposed under and 2, including in particular grants, loans and export credit Decision 2011/273/CFSP should be integrated into a insurance, as well as insurance and reinsurance, for any sale, single legal instrument. -
Engaging Syria? US Constraints and Opportunities
ENGAGING SYRIA? U.S. CONSTRAINTS AND OPPORTUNITIES Middle East Report N°83 – 11 February 2009 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS.................................................. i I. INTRODUCTION: CYCLES OF ENGAGEMENT AND CONFRONTATION........ 1 II. THE BUSH ADMINISTRATION: A BALANCE SHEET ........................................... 5 A. ECONOMIC SANCTIONS ................................................................................................................5 1. SALSA legislation .......................................................................................................................5 2. Sanctioning the Commercial Bank of Syria.................................................................................8 3. Asset seizures...............................................................................................................................9 B. MULTILATERAL PRESSURE .........................................................................................................10 1. UN resolutions ...........................................................................................................................10 2. The international tribunal...........................................................................................................12 3. Support for March 14.................................................................................................................14 4. Diplomatic boycott.....................................................................................................................16 -
Key Actors and Abbreviations
Key actors and abbreviations The Assad regime and its allies ‘The regime’ Bashar al-Assad, Syrian President 2000– Hafez al-Assad, Syrian President 1971–2000 Asma al-Assad (née Akhras), Syria’s First Lady 2000– Maher al-Assad, brother of Bashar al-Assad, Commander of Republican Guard and 4th Armoured Division Anisa Makhlouf, mother of Bashar al-Assad Assif Shawkat, brother-in-law of Bashar al-Assad, head of military intelligence 2005–9, deputy minister of defence 2011–12 Rami Makhlouf, cousin of Bashar al-Assad, wealthy businessman Manaf Tlass, Republican Guard General, defected 2012 Farouk al-Sharaa, First Vice President of Syria 2006– Walid al-Muallem, Foreign Minister 2006– Bouthaina Shabaan, political and media adviser to the Syrian President 2008– Ba’ath – Arab Socialist Ba’ath Party, the ruling party of Syria since 1963 Mukhabarat – Set of notorious regime intelligence agencies Shabiha – Gangs of irregular pro-regime thugs NDF – National Defence Force, formed 2013 Russia Vladimir Putin, Russian President 2000–8, 2012–, Russian Prime Minister 2008–12 Dmitri Medvedev, Russian President 2008–12, Russian Prime Minister 2012–20 Sergei Lavrov, Foreign Minister 2004– Mikhail Bogdanov, Deputy Foreign Minister 2011– Iran Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, Supreme Leader of Iran 1989– xii 5146.indd xii 19/06/20 5:00 PM KEY ACTORS AND ABBREVIATIONS xiii Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, Iranian President 2005–13 Hassan Rouhani, Iranian President 2013– Ali Akbar Salehi, Foreign Minister 2010–13 Mohammad Javad Zarif, Foreign Minister 2013– Qassem Suleimani, Commander -
Between Democratic Hope and Centrifugal Fears. Syria's
Between Democratic Hope and Centrifugal Fears. Syria’s Unexpected Open-ended Intifada CARSTEN WIELAND he Arab Spring has plunged some of the most notorious police states into turmoil. The secret services (mukhabarat) of Tunisia’s Ben Ali, T Egypt’s Mubarak, and Libya’s Ghaddafi have long been regarded as invincible and sometimes even as stabilizing factors by Western strategists. Furthermore, these are the more secularist states in the Arab world. The same is obviously true of Syria where one of the toughest regimes (with a secularist ideology) is struggling for survival. President Bashar al-Assad’s grip on the Syrian people was seen as particularly effective because there seemed to be enough soft power to keep rulers and ruled on some sort of common ground. Perceived stabilizing factors included the personality of the 45-year-old president himself, a notorious security apparatus, calm and stability inside the country, peaceful coexistence of minorities, a – albeit diminishingly so – tolerable gap between rich and poor, and, above all, shared ideological assumptions between the regime and the population, including major parts of the domestic opposition. Baathist Syria, as the last pan-Arab mouthpiece and frontline state against Israel, seemed to have enough ideological resources and more political leverage during times of crisis than pro-Western Arab authoritarian regimes. This is why President Bashar al-Assad felt relaxed for far too long, although Syria’s socio-economic frustrations, extremely poor governance and high levels of repression are comparable to the Arab states in which revolutions have succeeded in toppling the autocrats. In a notorious interview with the Wall Street Journal at the end of January, Assad as- sured the interviewer: »Syria is stable. -
Assad Henchmen's Russian Refuge
Assad Henchmen’s Russian Refuge How some of the top financers and human rights abusers of the Syrian regime are funnelling money out of Syria into Russia, and possibly beyond 11 NOVEMBER 2019 Assad Henchmen’s Russian Refuge Global Witness estimates that prominent members of the powerful Makhlouf family, cousins of dictator Bashar al-Assad, own at least US$40 million worth of property across two Moscow skyscrapers. Some of the same family members have been key in maintaining al-Assad’s grip on power. Several Makhlouf family members, close roles in al-Assad’s campaign of violence cousins and accomplices of Syrian dictator against his own people. Bashar al-Assad, have purchased tens of Our exposé of the Makhloufs’ properties is millions of dollars’ worth of properties in rare supporting evidence that lends Moscow’s prestigious skyscraper district. substance to rumours of regime money being funnelled out of Syria throughout the war. Information about the regime’s assets and finances is notoriously scarce due to the terror fostered by al-Assad’s apparatus at home and abroad. Our investigation further shows that the loans secured against some of the properties could be for the purposes of laundering money from Syria into Moscow. This opens St Basil's Cathedral (front) and ‘Moscow City’, the possibility that the money could then be where prominent members of the Makhlouf family moved into other jurisdictions, such as the purchased at least US$40 million worth of EU, where members of the family are property. (Vladimir Gerdo\TASS via Getty Images) sanctioned. Headed by al-Assad’s uncle, Mohammed Of the newly-revealed Moscow property Makhlouf, the Makhloufs are considered to purchases, the largest amount was bought be Syria’s richest and second most important by Hafez Makhlouf, one of Bashar al-Assad’s family. -
British Columbia's Syrian Diaspora's Understanding of Conflict
British Columbia’s Syrian Diaspora’s Understanding of Conflict, Peacebuilding and Reconciliation In Post-Peace Accord Syria By Nour-Eddine Maghnaoui A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Manitoba in partial fulfillment of the requirement of the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Joint Master’s Program in Peace and Conflict Studies University of Manitoba/University of Winnipeg Winnipeg, MB Copyright © 2019 by Nour-Eddine Maghnaoui Maghnaoui Thesis i Abstract This exploratory qualitative study recruited twelve members of the Syrian refugee diaspora living on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada, to explore how they perceive conflict and peace in their homeland, what would constitute sustainable peace in Syria, and how do they intend to contribute to peacebuilding and reconciliation efforts in post-conflict Syria. Since conflict eruption in 2011, the study participants have lost close family members. They incurred various forms of hardships in their journeys of displacement. They expressed their desire to return to their communities in Syria upon the cessation of violence, and the restoration of peace and safety. The participants’ proposed path to sustainable peace and conflict transformation in Syria include a constructive role for regional and external powers in the peacebuilding efforts, and that democratization, the organization of free elections, freedom, the rule of law, equality, and inclusiveness must be embedded in a new peace architecture. Further, to transform the conflict they proposed the inclusion in the peacebuilding process of retribution, forgiveness, communal peacemaking and community trust-building, and educational system reform. The participants’ in-depth conflict analysis and their approaches to transform the conflict provide some interesting insights to build sustainable peace in this violent and divided society. -
The Syrian Conflict: a Systems Conflict Analysis
The ARK Group is a network of stabilisation and conflict transformation The Syrian conflict: consultancies that provides research- KDF Documents informed analysis and policy recommendations, as well as evidence- A systems conflict analysis based interventions in conflict-affected states on behalf of public and private sector clients. Working with and through local communities, we seek to understand and then mitigate the negative effects of conflict and instability to enhance community safety and promote human security, development and economic opportunity. Cover © Lens of a Young Damascene Back-cover © Lens of a Young Damascene ARK Group DMCC February 2016 The Syrian conflict: A systems conflict analysis ARK Group DMCC February 2016 ARK is a consultancy company specialising in the provision of policy-relevant research and the design and management of conflict prevention and transforma- tion programmes to prevent and mitigate instability and promote positive social change and development. For more information about ARK or this paper, please contact: [email protected]. Copyright © 2016 ARK GROUP DMCC CONTENTS 4 Acronyms 5 Acknowledgements 6 Executive summary 8 Introduction 8 Understanding the Syrian conflict 10 Analytical framework and report structure 11 What is a systems conflict analysis? 11 How to read this report 3 12 Brief contextual overview 16 Stakeholders analysis: conflict actors and interests 16 Local stakeholders: pro-regime 19 Local stakeholders: pro-opposition 22 Local stakeholders: the Islamic State in Iraq and the -
It Remains to Be Seen If ISIS Will Provide Washington with an Opportunity to Recover Its Strategy and Reputation Over Syria
blogs.lse.ac.uk http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2014/09/30/isis-has-provided-washington-with-an-opportunity-to-recover-its-strategy-and- reputation-over-syria/ It remains to be seen if ISIS will provide Washington with an opportunity to recover its strategy and reputation over Syria. One year ago, the Obama Administration came within a hair’s breadth of bombing the forces of Bashar al-Assad in Syria after evidence came to light that his forces had used chemical weapons against civilians. Now, the US, with the help of allies in the Gulf, is bombing ISIS targets in Iraq and Syria. Jasmine Gani argues that US policy on Syria has changed because its goals now centre on counter-terrorism, rather than regime change. She warns that the strikes may be working in Assad’s favour, and that they may also act to further fragment the opposition to the Syrian regime. On 10 September, Barack Obama announced plans for military operations against ISIS in Iraq and Syria; since then his administration has been uncharacteristically quick to follow up on its word. Of the two operations, those in Syria have garnered the most scrutiny, uncertainty and controversy. First, Obama was reticent to offer much detail on his military intentions regarding Syria – his initial speech mostly focused on Iraq, an altogether more straightforward and familiar campaign for the US, and eliciting a higher level of domestic support. This suggested that the government was yet to devise a suitable strategy over Syria. Second, the greater geopolitical complexity and questionable legal grounds of US intervention in Syria seemed to justify Obama’s cautious instinct on this occasion. -
S/PV.7817 the Situation in the Middle East 21/11/2016
United Nations S/ PV.7817 Security Council Provisional Seventy-first year 7817th meeting Monday, 21 November 2016, 10 a.m. New York President: Mr. Seck ...................................... (Senegal) Members: Angola. Mr. Gimolieca China ......................................... Mr. Shen Bo Egypt ......................................... Mr. Aboulatta France ........................................ Mr. Delattre Japan ......................................... Mr. Bessho Malaysia ...................................... Mr. Ibrahim New Zealand ................................... Mr. Van Bohemen Russian Federation ............................... Mr. Safronkov Spain ......................................... Mr. Oyarzun Marchesi Ukraine ....................................... Mr. Yelchen ko United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland .. Mr. Rycroft United States of America .......................... Ms. Power Uruguay ....................................... Mr. Rosselli Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) ................... Mr. Suárez Moreno Agenda The situation in the Middle East Report of the Secretary-General on the implementation of Security Council resolutions 2139 (2014), 2165 (2014), 2191 (2014) and 2258 (2015) (S/2016/962) This record contains the text of speeches delivered in English and of the translation of speeches delivered in other languages. The final text will be printed in the Official Records of the Security Council. Corrections should be submitted to the original languages only. They should be incorporated in a copy -
Rami Makhlouf (Free Article)
Help . About Us . Contact Us . Site Map . Advertise with Syria Report . Terms & Conditions Page 1 of 7 Factsheet: Rami Makhlouf (free article) 11-05-2020 The rise of Rami Makhlouf as Syria’s most prominent businessman coincided with the ascent to power of Bashar Al-Assad in 2000. Given his long history of influence within the ruling elite, Mr Makhlouf’s recent side-lining raises many questions about the potential implications of his fall from grace. While Mr Makhlouf is in no position to contest Mr Assad’s decisions and hold on to the level of power he once enjoyed, his public airing of grievances has highlighted tensions at the heart of the regime and shown the influence of fierce competitors who have risen to challenge his grip on Syria’s business scene. In this 3,500-word factsheet we provide a profile of Rami Makhlouf’s emergence in the first decade of Bashar Al-Assad’s presidency, his adaptation to the challenges brought by the 2011 popular uprising, and his gradual side-lining. We start with a review of the influence wielded by his father, Mohammad Makhlouf. Caricature by Syrian artist Saad Hajo of Rami Makhlouf. Mr Makhlouf is saying "where are you, auntie?" in reference to Anisa Makhlouf, the late mother of Bashar Al-Assad. Her death is believed to have weakened Mr Makhlouf's ties to Mr Assad. (Source: creativememory.org) Abou Rami’s mentorship The story of Rami Makhlouf’s rise as Syria’s most influential businessman is, above all, the story of his father: Bashar Al-Assad’s maternal uncle, Mohammad Makhlouf—also known as Abou Rami, or “father of Rami,” under the Arabic tradition of nicknaming parents based on their eldest son’s first name. -
The Syrian Presidential Palace Strengthens Its Concentration Of
Wartime and Post-Conflict The Syrian Presidential in Syria Project Palace Strengthens its 13 May 2020 Concentration of Power: The Rift Makhlouf-Assad Joseph Daher* Introduction The two latest videos released by Rami Makhlouf, Bashar al-Assad’s cousin, have resonated like an earthquake for analysts and commentators on Syria.1 They confirm mounting tensions between Rami Makhlouf and Bashar Al-Assad’s clan since at least the summer of 2019. On several occasions in the past few months the Syrian authorities have taken new measures to freeze Makhlouf’s assets.2 The most important of these was probably the government’s claim in mid- April of at least 130 billion SYP in unpaid taxes and fees from Syriatel,3 the crown jewel and cash cow of Rami Makhlouf’s economic empire. Syriatel is most probably the largest private company in Syria, with around 6,500 employees, assets reaching 242.3 billion Syrian pounds 1. Rami Makhlouf’s father Mohammed is a brother of Bashar al-Assad’s late mother, Anissa. The family has been powerful in Syria since the 1980s and is seen as playing BRIEF the role of treasurers for the regime. 2. His personal assets and those of some of his companies were frozen in December 2019 and mid-March 2020. A shipment from one of his companies was seized in Egypt in April 2020 because it was transporting drugs. 3. The Ministry of Communications and Technology published an official note stating that it was claiming SYP 233.8 billion, around USD 180 million at the black- market exchange rate, from Syriatel and MTN-Syria.