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The Pupal Case of a Palearctic Robber Fly, Andrenosoma Atrum (Linnaeus) (Diptera: Asilidae) Author(S) :D

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The Pupal Case of a Palearctic Robber Fly, Andrenosoma Atrum (Linnaeus) (Diptera: Asilidae) Author(S) :D The Pupal Case of a Palearctic Robber Fly, Andrenosoma atrum (Linnaeus) (Diptera: Asilidae) Author(s) :D. Steve Dennis and Jeffrey K. Barnes Source: Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 114(1):16-23. 2012. Published By: Entomological Society of Washington DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4289/0013-8797.114.1.16 URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.4289/0013-8797.114.1.16 BioOne (www.bioone.org) is a nonprofit, online aggregation of core research in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences. BioOne provides a sustainable online platform for over 170 journals and books published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Web site, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/page/ terms_of_use. Usage of BioOne content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non-commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 114(1), 2012, pp. 16–23 THE PUPAL CASE OF A PALEARCTIC ROBBER FLY, ANDRENOSOMA ATRUM (LINNAEUS) (DIPTERA: ASILIDAE) D. STEVE DENNIS AND JEFFREY K. BARNES (DSD) 1105 Myrtle Wood Drive, St. Augustine, Florida 32086-4838, U.S.A. (e-mail: [email protected]); (JKB) Department of Entomology, University of Arkansas, 319 Agriculture Building, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, U.S.A. (e-mail: [email protected]) Abstract.—The pupal case of the Palearctic robber fly Andrenosoma atrum (Linnaeus) is described, illustrated, and compared with those of Andrenosoma albopilosum Villeneuve and Andrenosoma bayardi Se´guy. A key to the pupal cases of these three species is provided. Key Words: Andrenosomatini, Asiloidea, Brachycera, Diptera, immature, Insecta, Laphriinae DOI: 10.4289/0013-8797.114.1.16 Andrenosoma atrum (Linnaeus) is a occur in dead wood, particularly in tree widely distributed laphriine robber fly in stumps and typically in the galleries of the Palearctic zoogeographic region. Its wood boring insects. Fisher (1983) ob- pupa was briefly described by Dufour served that Andrenosoma larvae live in (1850; as Laphria atra Linneaus), Perris dead wood of trees, where they feed on (1870; as Laphria atra Fabricius), and larvae of Buprestidae and Cerambycidae. Brauer (1883). Melin (1923) indicated They pupate near the periphery of a log that these descriptions are conflicting and with their anterior ends projecting above of questionable taxonomic value. More the surface. Dufour (1850) indicated that recently Musso (1967, 1978) described A. atrum pupae occur in decaying pine and illustrated the cephalic and terminal trunks. Musso (1967) provided a photo- processes of A. atrum pupae and com- graph of the anterior end of an A. atrum pared them with those of Andrenosoma pupa projecting from a wooden stump. bayardi Se´guy. Musso (1978) also in- Brauer (1883) commented that A. atrum cluded A. atrum in a key to the pupae of larvae are parasitic on larvae of the 13 species of robber flies and the sub- cerambycids Spondylis buprestoides families Asilinae, Dasypogoninae, and (Linnaeus) and Arhopalus rusticus Laphriinae. (Linnaeus) (as Criocephalus rusticus). The The immatures of some robber flies in larvae of S. buprestoides occur mainly in the subfamily Laphriinae are known to tree stumps but can also occur in trees weakened by fire, wind, or defoliators, or in wooden materials in contact with the * Edited by Martin Hauser; accepted by Robert R. soil (e.g., poles, fencing). The larvae of Kula A. rusticus develop in the heartwood of VOLUME 114, NUMBER 1 17 conifers, particularly Scotch pine (Pinus nine abdominal segments and abdominal sylvestris Linnaeus) (University of Georgia, processes consisting of spines and spurs Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem as defined by Comstock (1925) and Daly Health 2010). et al. (1998). A spine is a rigid, immov- It should be noted that Dikow (2009a, b), able, thornlike outgrowth of the cuticle in his studies on the phylogeny of Asili- that is not separated from it by a joint. dae based on analysis of both morpho- It does not have a socket area of in- logical and DNA sequence data, placed tegumental weakness around its base. A the Laphystiinae in the subfamily Laph- spur is a moveable process of the cuticle riinae as the tribe Laphystiini. Within the that is connected to the body wall by a Laphystiini, only a single species is known joint and has a socket or integumental in the larval and pupal stages. Krivosheina weakness or constriction around its base. (1973) described the immatures of La- Some spines also might be bristlelike, but phystia carnea Hermann and indicated a bristle is defined as an unicellular mac- that they develop in sandy loam soils. rotrichium or seta connected with nerves Here we describe a pupal case of A. and surrounded at the base by a membra- atrum in more detail and compare it with neous ring or socket called an alveolus the pupal cases of A. bayardi and An- (McAlpine et al. 1981, Daly et al. 1998). drenosoma albopilosum Villeneuve. The majority of robber fly pupal cases have a distinct pattern of dorsal abdom- MATERIALS AND METHODS inal spines and spurs. Abdominal seg- The following description is based ment 1 typically has a transverse row of on a single pupal case from the Czech spurs, and abdominal segments 2–7 have Republic with an associated, separately a transverse row of spines alternating pinned adult male. They are currently in with spurs, sometimes with 2–3 spines the collection of the senior author but between each pair of spurs. On some will be deposited in the Smithsonian pupal cases the spines are short, stout Institution National Museum of Natural extensions of the cuticle, and the longer History, Washington, D.C. Both specimens thinner spurs emanate from areas of thin have two identical labels. One side of the cuticle. However, Dennis et al. (2008a) first label reads [13.VII. 1949\Podborˇany], indicate that the pupal cases of known and the other side reads [Bohemia\ species in the subfamily Laphriinae Chote˘budice\ 194 Hradsky´ leg.]. Pod- (which includes A. atrum) lack discernible borˇany is in the northwestern part of the spurs. This was also the case for A. atrum. Czech Republic, and Chote˘budice is in Thus, the description of the A. atrum pupal the south central part. We have been un- case includes more details of the number able to resolve the apparently conflicting and arrangement of the dorsal abdominal label data. The second label reads [An- spines. The A. atrum pupal case also has drenosoma atrum L.\det.M.Hradsky´, bristlelike spines dorsolaterally, ventrally, 1965.]. The identification of the adult and posterior of the spiracles on abdomi- was verified by the senior author using nal segments 1–7. the key for the identification of the Palearctic Andrenosoma species by Geller- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Grimm and Taylor (1999). Description.—Pupal case straight with Our description follows the format found greatest length, including anterior anten- in Dennis et al. (2008a, b), recognizing nal processes, 15.0 mm; greatest width 18 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON of thorax 3.0 mm; greatest width of on each side of thorax above bases of abdomen 3.0 mm tapering to 1.0 mm at midleg sheaths about equal in length, segment 8. Subshining golden brown. widely separated, broadly flattened, api- Spines and processes glistening reddish cally rounded, basally smooth to slightly brown, often darker apically. Abdominal rugose, consisting of anterior spine with segment 7 with dorsal spines uniformly slight sclerotized edge, posterior spine reddish brown; abdominal segments 1–7 with sclerotized edge, and small poste- with ventral spines, and spines posterior rior, medial spine. Posterior mesothoracic of spiracles uniformly reddish brown callosity at base of wing sheath bulbous, (Figs. 1–3). smooth, with posterior, short, sclerotized Head (Fig. 2) with pair of recurved, to slightly sclerotized, apically pointed, dorsally rounded to flattened, ventrally posterior mesothoracic spine. Wing sheath wedge-shaped to flattened/concave, dor- smooth; median and/or basal tubercles sobasally flattened and rugose anterior or callosities absent. Thoracic area above antennal processes not joined at base. wing sheath smooth. Apex of hind leg With group of 3 fused, dorsally rounded, sheath reaching middle of abdominal seg- ventrally flattened to wedge-shaped, ba- ment 3. Leg sheaths smooth (Figs. 1–2). sally rugose posterior antennal processes Abdominal segments 1–7 (Figs. 2–3) becoming shorter posteriorly; inner or with dorsomedial to slightly posterior first posterior process separated from transverse rows of irregular length spines, other processes by curved area; outer two some very small or rudimentary. Spines on processes much closer together, 1/2 to 3/4 segment 1 reclining; those on segments length of inner process; basal, outer sen- 2–3 slightly reclining; those on segments sory pore not visible. Facial area (Fig. 4) 4–7 more erect, some apically curved an- with 2 short, basally fused, median spines teriorly. Spines on segments 1–6 basally and single, shorter lateral spine posterior thick, apically pointed, some becoming to outermost posterior antennal process; longer posteriorly. Segment 7 with long, with medial spines on each side of mid- acuminate bristlelike spines of more uni- line separated by slight upraised area of form length and width; some spines api- cuticle; with indistinct, clear to light cally bifurcate. yellow, bristlelike spine between medial Spiracles of abdominal segments 1–7 spines. Labral sheath short, smooth, with (Fig. 2) situated along midline laterally, median furrow; proboscial sheath about oval, on slightly raised areas, shining length of labral sheath, with median fur- reddish brown.
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