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Calcinus Tubularis INPN Encours 1 Le pagure sédentaire Calcinus tubularis (Linnaeus, 1767) Citation de cette fiche : Noël P., 2016. Le pagure sédentaire Calcinus tubularis (Linnaeus, 1767). in Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle [Ed.], 22 février 2016. Inventaire national du Patrimoine naturel, pp. 1-8, site web http://inpn.mnhn.fr Contact de l'auteur : Pierre Noël, SPN et DMPA, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, 43 rue Buffon (CP 48), 75005 Paris ; e-mail [email protected] Résumé. La longueur du bouclier céphalothoracique du pagure sédentaire peut atteindre 9 mm. Les pédoncules oculaires sont très allongés. Les pinces sont courtes, globuleuses, et la pince gauche est nettement plus forte que la droite. Les pattes de la seconde et de la troisième paire sont un peu plus allongées que les pinces et terminés par une griffe noire. Cette espèce a des couleurs vives avec des taches rouges sur fond verdâtre et blanc. Les extrémités des pattes et des pinces sont blanches à points rouges. Les yeux sont noirs et petits, les pédoncules oculaires sont ponctués de rouge et les antennes sont striées rouge et blanc. Les femelles de ce pagure s'abritent de préférence dans des tubes fixes de vermets et les mâles utilisent des coquilles de gastéropodes. La reproduction (ponte, développement larvaire) a lieu en été. Un rhizocéphale du genre Septosaccus parasite ce pagure. Le pagure sédentaire est une espèce thermophile qui fréquente les fonds d’algues calcaires et les herbiers jusqu'à une trentaine de mètres de profondeur. Il est présent sur les côtes méditerranéennes françaises et dans toute la Méditerranée ainsi que dans le proche Atlantique (Macaronésie). Cette espèce ne semble pas particulièreent menacée. Figure 2. Carte de distribution en France Figure 1. Pagure sédentaire sortant d'un tube de vermet. La métropolitaine. © P. Noël INPN-MNHN fourmigue, Golfe Juan, Alpes-maritimes, -6 m. 29/08/2015. 2016. Photo © Gérard Lisan. Classification : Phylum Arthropoda Latreille, 1829 > Sub-phylum Crustacea Brünnich, 1772 > Super-classe Multicrustacea Regier, Shultz, Zwick, Hussey, Ball, Wetzer, Martin & Cunningham, 2010 > Classe Malacostraca Latreille, 1802 > Sous-classe Eumalacostraca Grobben, 1892 > Super- ordre Eucarida Calman, 1904 > Ordre Decapoda Latreille, 1802 > Sous-ordre Reptantia Boas, 1880 > Infra-ordre Anomura H. Milne Edwards, 1832 > Section Paguridea Latreille, 1803 > Super-famille Paguroidea Latreille, 1802 > Famille Diogenidae Ortmann, 1892 > Genre Calcinus Dana, 1851. Synonymes (GBIF 2016 ; INPN 2016 ; WoRMS Noms vernaculaires: 2016) Ermite sédentaire, (Göthel 1996: 314), Calcinus ornatus Roux, 1830 pagure sédentaire (Göthel 1996: 175), Cancer tubularis Linnaeus, 1767 bernard l'ermite sédentaire (INPN 2016), Clibanarius rouxi Heller, 1863 Pagure tubulaire (Desmarest 1823 : 289). Pagurus ornatus Roux, 1830 Principaux noms étrangers. Anglais : Sedentary hermit crab (WoRMS 2016). Allemand : Bunter N° des bases de données : Einsiedlerkrebs (WoRMS 2016). Espagnol : Ermitaño tubular GBIF ID : 4311610 (Mora Canet 2016), ermitaño sedentario (WoRMS 2016). INPN Cd_Nom : 350461 Italien : Paguro sedentario (Thédy & al. 2007). Néerlandais : WoRMS AphiaID : 107194. Sedentaire heremietkreeft (web). Catalan : ermità tubular (WoRMS 2016). 2 Description. Ce pagure est assez petit, la longueur du bouclier céphalothoracique étant souvent située entre 2 et 5 mm (Holthuis 1961 ; Manning & Chace 1990) mais elle peut atteindre 9 mm chez les gros individus (Bouvier 1940). Les femelles peuvent être ovigères à partir de 4,9 mm (Manning & Chace 1990). La carapace est généralement luisante avec peu de poils. Les pédoncules oculaires sont très allongés (environ 6 fois plus longs que large). Les pinces sont courtes, globuleuses, comprimées latéralement ; la pince gauche est nettement plus forte que la droite et son carpe est court. Les pinces et les doigts sont mobiles et fortement dentés au bord supérieur. Les pattes des seconde et troisième paires sont un peu plus allongées que les pinces et terminés par une griffe noire (Heller 1863 ; Fenizia 1933 ; Bouvier 1940 ; Zariquiey Álvarez 1968 ; Thédy & al. 2007). Cette espèce a des couleurs vives avec des taches rouges sur fond verdâtre et blanc. Les extrémités des pattes et des pinces sont blanches à points rouges. Les yeux sont noirs, les pédoncules oculaires sont ponctués de rouge et les antennes sont striées rouge et blanc (Roux 1828 ; Zariquiey Álvarez 1946, 1968 ; Kinzelbach 1990 ; Manning & Chace 1990 ; Pérez Sánchez & Moreno Batet 1991 ; Baensch & Debelius 1992 ; Göthel 1992 ; González Pérez 1995 ; Wirtz 1995 ; Thédy & al. 2007 ; Oliveira & al. 2011). Risques de confusion, espèces voisines. Au niveau mondial, il existe environ 46 espèces dans le genre Calcinus ; ces espèces sont principalement en zone tropicale (McLaughlin & al. 2010 ; WoRMS 2016). En Europe, une seule autre espèce existe dans ce genre, Calcinus paradoxus Bouvier, 1922 qui se rencontre aux Açores (d'Udekem d'Acoz 1999). Figure 3. Vue dorsale. Lithographie © Roux 1830. Biologie. L’espèce se tient dans les tubes fixes de gastéropodes comme le petit vermet Vermetus triquetrus Bivona- Bernardi, 1832 (Zibrowius 1978) ou de Petaloconchus glomeratus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Desmarest 1823). Les individus trouvent également refuge dans des coquilles concrétionnées par des algues calcaires ou dans des tubes d'annélides polychètes sédentaires (Borg 2004) et dans des balanes (Fenizia 1933). De ce fait, le mode de vie est quasi sessile, tout au moins à certains stades et pour certaines populations en Méditerranée (Amouroux 1974 ; Thédy & al. 2007). L'espèce se rencontre beaucoup plus rarement dans des coquilles libres de gastéropodes comme Cerithium vulgatum Bruguière, 1792 (Risso 1816 ; Fenizia 1933 ; Amouroux 1974), Pisania striata (Gherardi 2004), des Muricidae, Buccinum ou Monodonta (Paolucci 1909). Les femelles préfèrent les tubes fixés et les mâles les coquilles déplaçables (Gherardi 2004). L’espèce a une activité nocturne (Mora Canet 2016). Elle se reproduit en été ; les femelles ovigères s'observent de mai ou juin à août (Amouroux 1974) ou jusqu'en septembre (Thiriot 1970) ou même octobre (Thédy & al. 2007). Les larves se rencontrent dans le plancton côtier à partir d'avril (au Liban : Lakkis 2010) ou de juillet à octobre (en France : Thiriot 1970). La fécondité est faible avec une trentaine d’œufs pondus qui sont fixés aux pléopodes sous l’abdomen. Le diamètre des œufs est de 0,3 à 0,4 mm (Bouvier 1940). Les mensurations des différents stades larvaires sont : Stade I = 1,60-1,03 mm ; stade II = 2,18-1,36 mm ; stade III = 2,95-1,87 mm ; stade IV = 4,57-2,63 mm (Lakkis 2010). Peu de parasites sont connus chez C. tubularis ; un crustacé rhizocéphale du genre Septosaccus a été observé en Espagne avec une prévalence de 1,2 % (Williams & al. 2011). La balane perforante Trypetesa lampas (Hancock, 1849) a également été signalée dans les coquilles abritant le pagure avec une prévalence de 4,2 % et ce cirripède effectue une prédation sur les œufs du pagure (Williams & al. 2011). Différents organismes en épibiose existent (Damiano 1998) ; sur les coquilles de gastéropodes occupées par ce pagure on note la présence de petits polychètes sabellidae comme Spirobranchus polytrema (Philippi, 1844) et Dipolydora armata (Langerhans, 1880) (Zibrowius 1978 ; Bick 2006), ainsi que le cilié Pebrilla paguri Giard, 1888 (Basile & al. 2004). 3 Figure 4. Femelle ovigère en vue dorsale. Banyuls-sur-mer (66), 19/07/1977. Photo © Jean Lecomte. Ecologie. Le pagure sédentaire est une espèce thermophile (Pérès & Picard 1964 ; Ledoyer 1968) qui se rencontre sur fonds durs, souvent sur des fonds d’algues calcaires et de coralligène (Forest 1966 ; García-Raso 1988 ; Borg 2004 ; Ballesteros 2006), dans des tubes de vermet vides, parmi les rhizomes de posidonies (d'Udekem d'Acoz 1999 ; Borg 2004). Leur densité peut atteindre 5 individus au m2 (Amouroux 1974). En Méditerranée, l’espèce est d’autant plus fréquente que la région est plus chaude (Kinzelbach 1990). Ce pagure s’observe communément depuis la surface jusque vers -15 m (Forest 1965 ; Amouroux 1974 ; Manning & Chace 1990), plus rarement entre -26 et - 35 m (Vidal 1967) et exceptionnellement jusque -73 m (d'Udekem d'Acoz 1999) et même -78 m (Junoy & Viéitez 2008). Ce pagure a été signalé dans les herbiers à Halophila stipulacea (Forsskål) Ascherson (Ledoyer 1966, 1968) et dans les posidonies (Garcia Raso 1990). Il est parfois associé au corail noir Antipathes wollastoni Gray, 1857 (d'Udekem d'Acoz & Wirtz 2002). Distribution. Le pagure sédentaire est présent dans toute la Méditerranée (locus typicus) et dans le proche Atlantique (d'Udekem d'Acoz 1999 ; GBIF 2016 ; WoRMS 2016). En France (Thédy & al. 2007 ; INPN 2016) l'espèce n’est présente que sur les côtes méditerranéennes où elle a été signalée de Catalogne (Forest 1961 ; Vidal 1967 ; Thiriot 1970 ; Amouroux 1974) [Les signalements en profondeur de Reyss 1974 sont probablement erronnés fide Zibrowius 1978], Marseille (Roux 1828 ; Bourdillon-Casanova 1960 ; Ledoyer 1966), îles d'Hyères (Zibrowius 1978 ; Noël 2003), Nice (Risso in Holthuis 1977), Corse (Thédy & al. 2007). Ailleurs en Méditerranée l'espèce est connue en Espagne (de Buen 1916 ; Gibert i Olivé 1920 ; Zariquiey Álvarez 1946, 1968 ; Forest 1966a ; García Raso 1982 ; García Socias & Massuti Jaume 1987 ; García Raso & al. 1992 ; Manjón-Cabeza & García Raso 1993 ; Abelló & al. 2002 ; Bick 2006), Italie (White 1847 ; Costa 1853 ; Grube 1861 ; Carus 1885 ; Paolucci 1909 ; Balss 1926 ; Fenizia 1933 ; Pike Williamson 1960 ; Grippa 1993 ; Pipitone &
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