Review of Canis Lupus from Mongolia
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Review of Canis lupus from Mongolia (Version edited for public release) Prepared for the European Commission Directorate General E - Environment ENV.E.2. – Development and Environment by the United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre October, 2009 PREPARED FOR UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre The European Commission, Brussels, Belgium 219 Huntingdon Road Cambridge DISCLAIMER CB3 0DL The contents of this report do not necessarily United Kingdom reflect the views or policies of UNEP or Tel: +44 (0) 1223 277314 contributory organisations. The designations Fax: +44 (0) 1223 277136 employed and the presentations do not imply Email: [email protected] the expressions of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNEP, the European Commission or Website: www.unep-wcmc.org contributory organisations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or its ABOUT UNEP-WORLD CONSERVATION authority, or concerning the delimitation of its MONITORING CENTRE frontiers or boundaries. The UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), based in Cambridge, © Copyright: 2009, European Commission UK, is the specialist biodiversity information and assessment centre of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), run cooperatively with WCMC 2000, a UK charity. The Centre's mission is to evaluate and highlight the many values of biodiversity and put authoritative biodiversity knowledge at the centre of decision-making. Through the analysis and synthesis of global biodiversity knowledge the Centre provides authoritative, strategic and timely information for conventions, countries and organisations to use in the development and implementation of their policies and decisions. The UNEP-WCMC provides objective and scientifically rigorous procedures and services. These include ecosystem assessments, support for the implementation of environmental agreements, global and regional biodiversity information, research on threats and impacts, and the development of future scenarios. CITATION UNEP-WCMC. 2009. Review of Canis lupus from Mongolia. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge. REVIEW OF CANIS LUPUS FROM MONGOLIA A positive opinion for the import of hunting trophies into the European Union of Canis lupus from Mongolia was formed on 11th November 1997. As there has been some trade to the EU including recent import applications, and as the opinion has been in place for many years, UNEP-WCMC was requested to produce a review of this species/country combination. MAMMALIA CANIDAE SPECIES: Canis lupus SYNONYMS: Canis familiaris, Canis familiaris dingo, Canis lupus dingo, Canis lycaon, Canis niger, Canis rufus, Canis rufus floridanus, Canis rufus rufus COMMON NAMES: Ujku (Albanian), Vuk (Croatian), Vlk (Czech), Ulv (Danish), Wolf (Dutch), Common Wolf (English), Grey Wolf (English), Timber Wolf (English), Wolf (English), Hunt (Estonian), Susi (Estonian), Susi (Finnish), Loup (French), Loup gris (French), Loup vulgaire (French), Wolf (German), Bheriya (Hindi), Bighana (Hindi), Nekra (Hindi), Farkas (Hungarian), Úlfur (Icelandic), Lupo (Italian), Lupo comune (Italian), Vilkas (Lithuanian), Lupu (Maltese), Ulv (Norwegian), Wilk (Polish), Lobo (Portuguese), Lobo comum (Portuguese), Lup (Romanian), Vlk dravý (Slovak), Lobo (Spanish), Lobo común (Spanish), Varg (Swedish), Kurt (Turkish) RANGE STATES: Afghanistan, Albania, Armenia, Austria (ex), Azerbaijan, Bangladesh (ex), Belarus, Belgium (ex), Bhutan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, China, Croatia, Czech Republic, Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Denmark (ex), Egypt, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Greenland, Hungary (ex?), India, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Iraq, Ireland (ex), Israel, Italy, Japan (ex), Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lebanon, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Lithuania, Luxembourg (ex), Mexico, Mongolia, Montenegro, Myanmar (?), Nepal, Netherlands (ex), Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Republic of Korea (ex?), Republic of Moldova, Romania, Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland (ex), Syrian Arab Republic, Tajikistan, The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (ex), United States of America, Uzbekistan, Yemen, RANGE STATE UNDER REVIEW: Mongolia IUCN RED LIST: Least Concern 1 PREVIOUS EC OPINIONS: Current positive opinion for hunting trophies from Mongolia formed on 11/11/1997. Current Article 4.6 a suspension for wild hunting trophies from Belarus first imposed on 30/04/2004 and last confirmed on 21/05/2009; from Kyrgyzstan, first imposed on 29/10/2001 and last confirmed on 21/05/2009; and from Turkey first imposed on 01/03/2003 and last confirmed on 21/05/2009. Current positive opinion for hunting trophies from Canada first applied on 11/11/1997 and confirmed (for British Columbia, Newfoundland and Labrador) on 09/03/2006; for hunting trophies from Kazakhstan first formed on 10/09/1998 and confirmed on 27/03/2007; for hunting trophies from the Russian Federation formed on 11/11/1997 and confirmed on 09/03/2006; for hunting trophies from Ukraine formed on 22/02/2000; and for hunting trophies from the United States of America formed on 11/11/1997. Previous positive opinions for specimens from Bulgaria, Estonia, Lithuania and Romania that were removed upon accession of these countries to the EU. Previous negative opinion for hunting trophies from Latvia formed on 10/11/1999 and replaced by a positive opinion on 07/11/2000, also removed upon accession to the EU. TRADE PATTERNS: Trade in this species, from Mongolia to the EU between 1997 and 2008, consisted mainly of sport-hunted trophies. Germany and Spain were the main importers. Full details are shown in Table 1. The only indirect exports of Canis lupus, originating in Mongolia, to EU 27, 1997-2007 was one skin reported by Denmark as an import from Norway in 2001. Exports to other countries were small with the only significant importer of commercial exports being Japan and the main importer of hunting trophies being the United States. Trade with Japan appeared to peak at 123 skins in 2002 and has declined to negligible levels since then (Table 2). Mongolia had a quota for 150 hunting trophies in both 2001 and 2002 and trade appeared to be well within these quotas. 2 Table 1. Direct exports of Canis lupus, from Mongolia to EU-27, 1997-2008. All trade was in wild specimens. Importer Term Purpose Reported by 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Total Austria skins H Importer 1 1 Exporter P Importer 20 1 1 22 Exporter T Importer Exporter 30 10 40 skulls H Importer 1 1 Exporter P Importer 1 1 Exporter trophies H Importer 1 1 Exporter 2 1 2 2 2 3 12 P Importer 1 1 Exporter Czech Republic skins T Importer 20 20 Exporter 20 20 trophies T Importer Exporter 1 1 Denmark skins H Importer 1 1 Exporter P Importer Exporter 2 2 skulls H Importer 1 1 Exporter trophies H Importer 1 1 Exporter 1 1 3 Importer Term Purpose Reported by 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Total Finland garments T Importer Exporter 1 1 skins T Importer 1 1 Exporter France skins P Importer Exporter 1 1 T Importer Exporter 1 1 trophies H Importer Exporter 1 1 Germany garments P Importer 1 1 Exporter 1 1 skins H Importer 1 1 2 Exporter 1 1 P Importer 1 8 1 10 Exporter 2 1 1 1 2 3 2 12 T Importer Exporter 2 1 11 14 skulls H Importer 1 1 Exporter P Importer 1 1 Exporter T Importer Exporter 1 1 2 trophies H Importer 2 1 2 5 Exporter 2 1 2 2 1 2 10 P Importer 1 1 Exporter 4 Importer Term Purpose Reported by 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Total Hungary skins P Importer Exporter 3 3 T Importer Exporter 3 3 trophies H Importer Exporter 1 1 Italy live Q Importer 2 2 Exporter 3 3 skins T Importer Exporter 1 1 trophies H Importer 1 1 2 Exporter 4 4 1 3 12 P Importer 2 2 Exporter Netherlands skins T Importer Exporter 1 1 trophies H Importer Exporter 1 1 Poland skins H Importer Exporter 20 20 P Importer 1 1 Exporter 1 1 2 T Importer Exporter 2 2 - Importer 1 1 Exporter trophies H Importer 2 2 Exporter 2 2 5 Importer Term Purpose Reported by 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Total Portugal trophies H Importer 2 2 Exporter 1 2 2 5 Slovenia trophies H Importer 5 7 12 Exporter 1 1 5 7 14 Spain garments P Importer 1 1 Exporter 1 1 skins H Importer Exporter 2 2 P Importer Exporter 4 1 2 7 trophies H Importer 1 5 2 4 10 3 5 30 Exporter 2 3 1 4 14 6 5 8 7 50 T Importer Exporter 1 2 3 Sweden skins T Importer Exporter 1 1 trophies H Importer Exporter 1 1 United Kingdom skins P Importer 1 1 Exporter T Importer Exporter 1 1 trophies H Importer Exporter 1 1 skins Importer 21 2 20 1 1 2 10 3 60 Exporter 48 5 31 5 3 12 6 3 12 5 4 134 Subtotals trophies Importer 3 1 1 7 4 9 12 15 7 59 Exporter 4 9 6 7 1 7 17 14 14 27 9 115 6 Table 2. Direct exports of Canis lupus, from Mongolia to countries other than the EU-27, 1997-2008. All trade was in wild specimens. Term Purpose Reported by 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Total garments P Importer 1 1 Exporter 1 1 T Importer 2 2 Exporter 3 3 skeletons S Importer 16 16 Exporter 1 1 2 T Importer 10 10 Exporter skins H Importer 8 8 Exporter 2 1 3 P Importer 1 13 2 4 20 Exporter 1 1 12 1 6 1 5 5 32 Q Importer Exporter 2 2 S Importer 2 2 Exporter 1 1 T Importer 50 22 108 51 35 17 1 284 Exporter 61 15 28 127 59 57 58 20 11 436 - Importer 4 4 Exporter skulls E Importer 48 48 Exporter 48 48 H Importer 1 1 Exporter 7 Term Purpose Reported by 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Total P Importer 1 2 3 Exporter 1 1 S Importer 1 1 Exporter 17 1 1 19 - Importer 1 1 Exporter trophies H Importer 3 7 7 8 4 6 9 8 52 Exporter 5 6 5 14 12 9 26 12 5 13 8 115 P Importer 1 1 1 1 4 Exporter T Importer 1 1 Exporter 4 4 - Importer 2 6 1 9 Exporter 8 CONSERVATION STATUS in range states Classified as of Least Concern globally by the IUCN with the following justification: “Originally, the Grey Wolf was the world's most widely distributed mammal.