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U UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI Date: May 22, 2009 I, Abigail Carlin , hereby submit this original work as part of the requirements for the degree of: M.A. in Art History It is entitled: Let Us Now Praise Famous Women: Deborah Kass's "The Warhol Project" (1992-2000) Abigail Carlin Student Signature: This work and its defense approved by: Kimberly Paice, Ph.D. Committee Chair: Gila Safran-Naveh, Ph.D Mikiko Hirayama, Ph.D. Approval of the electronic document: I have reviewed the Thesis/Dissertation in its final electronic format and certify that it is an accurate copy of the document reviewed and approved by the committee. Committee Chair signature: Kimberly Paice Let Us Now Praise Famous Women: Deborah Kass’s The Warhol Project (1992-2000) A thesis presented to The Graduate School of the University of Cincinnati in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Art History of the College of Design, Architecture, Art, and Planning by Abigail Carlin B.A. University of Cincinnati 2007 Committee Chair: Kimberly Paice, Ph.D. ABSTRACT This study examines contemporary American artist Deborah Kass’s (b. 1952) series entitled The Warhol Project (1992-2000) in which she draws formal inspiration and stylistic cues from Pop artist and icon Andy Warhol (1928-1987) and creates portraits of Jewish women who had an affect on Kass directly. The main subject of the project is Barbra Streisand (b. 1942), an individual who Kass identified with and idolized. Kass’s work is directly linked to both her experience growing up Jewish, and her identity as a lesbian. Her varied and ultimately minority point of view enables her to question orthodox standards of beauty and subjective normalcy. She creates stark contradictions within emphatic popular imagery by depicting strong, independent Jewish women centrally positioned as iconic symbols, who replace typical Pop icons championed by Warhol. Thus, Kass attempts to open the discourse of painting and make it serve as a means of representing herself. iii iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am extremely grateful to my entire thesis committee; Dr. Mikiko Hirayama, Dr. Gila Safran-Naveh, and especially my committee chair, Dr. Kimberly Paice. They each brought something special to the discussion, and I feel that this work grew out of the classes I was fortunate enough to take with all of them. I especially appreciate Kim’s willingness to consider all of my ideas, no matter how crazy they seemed (male figure skating costumes come to mind). Her help in working through and fleshing out my ideas was so beneficial, and she always made herself available and gave me a thorough and thoughtful critique, regardless of her busy schedule. Credit is also due to Deborah Kass for taking the time to answer my questions and provide me with invaluable, previously unpublished, material, and her own personal insight. v TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Illustrations vii Introduction 1 Chapter 1: Revisionist Art History: The Early Work of Deborah Kass 8 Chapter 2: The Personal is Political: Deconstructing Andy Warhol through The Warhol Project 23 Chapter 3: The Way She Is: The Significance of Barbra Streisand 39 Conclusion 53 Illustrations 56 Bibliography 76 vi LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 1. Pablo Picasso, Gertrude Stein, 1906. Oil on canvas, 39 3/8 x 32 in. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2. Deborah Kass, La Dee Doo Da (In the Field), 1972. Acrylic on canvas, 54 x 60 in. 3. Deborah Kass, Emissions Control, 1990. Oil, enamel, and flashe on canvas, 65 x 135 in. 4. Deborah Kass, How Do I Look, 1991. Mixed media on canvas, 50 x 100 in. 5. Gustave Courbet, Les Dormeuses, 1886. Oil on canvas, 53 1/8 x 78 3/4 in. Musee du Petit Palais, Paris. 6. Jasper Johns, The Critic Sees, 1961. Sculptmetal on plaster with glass, 3 1/8 x 6 1/2 x 2 1/4 in. The collection of Mr. and Mrs. Robert Scull, New York. 7. Deborah Kass, Before and Happily Ever After, 1991. Oil and acrylic on canvas, 72 x 60 in. Collection of Susan Rice and Susan Shaffer, New York. 8. Andy Warhol, Before and After 3, 1962. Synthetic polymer and graphite on canvas, 72 x 99 5/8 in. Collection of Whitney Museum of American Art, New York. Purchase, with funds from Charles Simon. ARS, New York. 9. Andy Warhol, Gertrude Stein, from Ten Portraits of Jews of the Twentieth Century, 1980. Screen print on Lenox Museum Board, 40 x 32 in., The Jewish Museum, New York, Gift of Lorraine and Martin Beitler, 2006-64.2. 10. Deborah Kass, Chairman Ma (Gertrude Stein #1), 1993. Silkscreen ink and acrylic on canvas, 46 x 42 in. 11. Andy Warhol, Mao, 1972. Synthetic polymer paint and silkscreen on canvas, 82 x 61 in. The Andy Warhol Museum, Pittsburgh. Founding Collection, Contribution Dia Center for the Arts/ARS, New York. 12. Deborah Kass, Altered Image #2, 1994-1995. Gelatin silver print, 60 x 40 in. Private Collection. 13. Christopher Makos, Altered Image, 1981. 14. Deborah Kass, 12 Barbras (The Jewish Jackie Series), 1993. Silkscreen ink and acrylic on canvas, 60 x 54 in. Private collection. 15. Andy Warhol, 16 Jackies, 1964. Acrylic and silkscreen enamel on canvas, 80 x 64 in. Collection Walker Art Center, Art Center Acquisition Fund, 1968/ARS, New York. vii 16. Deborah Kass, Single Red Yentl (My Elvis), 1997. Silkscreen ink and acrylic on canvas, 73 x 36 in. Collection of Alice and Marvin Kosmin, New York. 17. Deborah Kass, Triple Silver Yentl (My Elvis), 1992. Silkscreen ink and acrylic on canvas, 72 x 94 in. Collection of William Erlich and Ruth Lloyds. 18. Andy Warhol, Elvis, 1963. Synthetic polymer paint screenprinted onto canvas, 82 x 36 in. © Andy Warhol, 1963/ARS. 19. Andy Warhol, Triple Elvis, 1964. Aluminum paint and printer’s ink silkscreened on canvas, 82 x 71. Collection, © Virginia Museum of Fine Art, Richmond, VA, Gift of Sydney and Frances Lewis. 20. Deborah Kass, Nobody Puts Baby in the Corner, 2006. Oil and acrylic on canvas, 72 x 72 in. viii Introduction Let Us Now Praise Famous Women: Deborah Kass’s The Warhol Project (1992-2000) In my thesis I examine how the American artist Deborah Kass (b. 1952) confronts and challenges cultural stereotypes forced on ethnic identities due to the patriarchal nature of the world of art with a series entitled The Warhol Project (1992-2000). The Project features Warhol- inspired portraits primarily of prominent Jewish women (and a few men) who had an affect on Kass directly. Kass has rendered portraits of Barbra Streisand (b. 1942), Linda Nochlin (b. 1931), Gertrude Stein (1874-1946), and even her own grandmother. While she draws formal inspiration and stylistic cues from Pop artist and icon Andy Warhol (1928-1987) with images in The Warhol Project directly modeled on Warhol’s pop-art silk screens, Kass does not glorify the cult of celebrity the same way Warhol did in his work. Instead, she features her own personal cultural heroines, relying heavily on her experiences as a gay Jewish woman. After receiving her undergraduate degree from Carnegie-Mellon University in Pittsburgh in 1974, Kass moved to New York City and subsequently came out, openly identifying herself as a lesbian to friends and colleagues. On the experience, she wrote, “When I came back to New York in 1975… it was the height of second-wave feminism. For me, at age 23 and right out of school, it was extremely encouraging.”1 Later in her life Kass wrote about her admiration for Streisand, observing that, “She was really in touch with her difference as an attribute. It was fantastic. For me it was as if she was saying: ‘I’m me; I’m not changing my nose… I’m not 1 Holland Cotter, “Art After Stonewall: 12 Artists Interviewed.” Art in America 82, no. 6 (1994): 57. 1 changing my ethnicity…’ I figured if she could do it, so could I.”2 Comments such as these hint at the ways that Kass’ work is directly linked to both her experience growing up Jewish, and her identity as a lesbian. Her varied and ultimately minority point of view enables her to question orthodox standards of beauty and subjective normalcy as well as anti-Semitism in American culture.3 In the current study of Kass’s work, I consider the ways in which art and culture can challenge female stereotypes. Kass creates stark contradictions within emphatic popular imagery by depicting strong, independent Jewish women centrally positioned as iconic symbols who replace typical Pop icons. Thus, Kass signals cultural change and offers lessons about the construction of identity and meaningful individual art. In 1972, prior to receiving her undergraduate degree from Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Kass was a student in the Whitney Museum Independent Studies Program (New York, NY) and earlier, from 1968-70, she studied at the Art Students League, also in New York City. Her work can be found in collections of the Cincinnati Art Museum (Cincinnati, OH), The Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum (New York, NY), The Jewish Museum (New York, NY), The Museum of Modern Art (New York, NY), The Whitney Museum of American Art (New York, NY), and the Museum of Fine Arts (Boston, MA) as well as several private collections. Vincent Fremont and the Paul Kasmin Gallery, both in New York City, currently represent Kass. In order to understand Kass’ work within a larger context of art and cultural history, I look to information from a variety of area studies, namely interdisciplinary texts dealing with Jewish identity, feminist art theory, Jewish feminism, gender politics, modern and contemporary 2 Mary Anne Staniszewski, “First Person Plural: The Paintings of Deborah Kass,” in Deborah Kass: The Warhol Project, ed.