German perspective on observations and WOAP

Martin Visbeck, IFM-GEOMAR, Kiel,

DWD Offenbach, BSH Hamburg,

AWI Bremerhaven, IFM-GEOMAR Kiel,

Hamburg University and University WCC-3 Statement The five essential elements of a GLOBAL FRAMEWORK FOR SERVICES:

• The Global Climate Observing System and all its components and associated activities; and provision of free and unrestricted exchange and access to climate data; • The World Climate Research Programme, underpinned by adequate computing resources and increased interaction with other global climate relevant research initiatives. • Climate services information systems taking advantage of enhanced existing national and international climate service arrangements in the delivery of products, including sector-oriented information to support adaptation activities; • Climate user interface mechanisms focussed on building linkages and integrating information, at all levels, between the providers and users of climate services; and • Efficient and enduring capacity building through education training GCOS in Germany

Germany was the first country to establish a national GCOS Secretariat, and since then actively contributed to and engaged in GCOS.

Presently Germany operates 5 stations in the GCOS Surface Network and 2 stations in the GCOS Upper-air Network. It also contributes to ocean observing system e.g. to Argo, as well as terrestrial observing systems and through EUMETSAT and ESA supports satellite systems and application of their data. Besides the GRUAN Lead Centre, among other centres, Germany also hosts the EUMETSAT Satellite Application Facility on Climate Monitoring.

More information can be found in the "Third Report of the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany on Systematic Climate Observations in Germany as a contribution to Germany's 5th National Communication under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change", available at www.unfccc.int Geschäftsbereich Klima und Umwelt

1 Climate Reference Stations of DWD 2 1 Schleswig 12 2 Helgoland 3 Potsdam 3 4 4 Lindenberg 5 5 Brocken 6 6 Görlitz 7 8 7 Aachen 9 8 9 Frankfurt 10 Hohenpeißenberg 11 Konstanz

12 Hamburg 11 10

4 OceanObs’09: calls for action

(1) Calls on all nations and governments to fully implement by 2015 the initial physical and carbon global ocean observing system originally envisioned at OceanObs’99, and refined at OceanObs'09.

(2) Calls on all nations and governments to commit to the implementation and international coordination of systematic global biogeochemical and biological observations, guided by the outcomes of OceanObs’09, and taking into account regional variations in ecosystems. German (Global Marine) Observations

NATIONAL LEVEL ‘OPERATIONAL’ DWD Offenbach, BSH Hamburg

RESEARCH LABORATORIES ‘OPERATIONAL RESEARCH’ AWI Bremerhaven, IFM-GEOMAR Kiel

UNIVERSITY BASED RESEARCH Hamburg University and Bremen University

many more coastal marine research Euro- A European research infrastructure Argo for the global Argo Programme

Creating a Legal Instrument for a European Partnership The Euro-Argo ERIC(*) (*) European Research Infrastructure Consortium

Support in • purchase of floats • deployment • surveillance of the array • data management • R & D • capacity building KDM and BSH A Partnership in Ocean Research German Argo and Operational Ocean Observation

KDM:

Research and Innovation BSH: New Sensors: O2, Nutrients Argo in ice covered regions Scientific exploitation of Argo • 50 floats annually in the N-Atlantic and European Seas • Data management and services • support of R & D • National representation • in international fora Argo Floats deployed in the Weddell Sea.

Because of seasonal ice cover they need acoustical tracking and ice detection when surfacing

Current distribution of the Weddell Sea sound sources. German Arctic Ocean observations

10 Longterm research areas to address Arctic Ocean changes

Fram Strait: changing input from Atlantic species-ecosystem Mooring array Annual hydrographic survey Glider missions

Laptev Sea: changing shelf seas dynamics ice formation terrestric input and distribution shelf-basin exchange Mooring programme Annual hydrographic survey

Central Arctic: advection vs. local processes change in sea ice properties changing ecosystem Hydrographic surveys multiannually (2011, 2013) Deployment of Ice-Tethered Profilers Ice thickness measurements (airborne, shipborne)

11 Mooring array in Fram Strait - Heat flow of Atlantic Water

Mean temperature of Atlantic Water inflow increased by ca. 1°C between 1997 and 2006.

But also the temperature of Atlantic W. outflow varied.

German/Norwegian mooring array (14) since 1997 Oceanic heat transport increase Schauer et al., 2008 by ca. 10 TW for 5 years Schauer und Beszczynska-Möller, 2009 12 Since 2008 missions of autonomous gliders across Fram Strait

400 dives in 76 days, max. depth 1000 m

Temperatur section

… improves horizontal resolution Vertically averaged velocity

13 • Decadal change in sea ice thickness – regular observations in the Transpolar Drift

2007

2004

2.5 m

2.0 m 2007: 1.0 m Haas et al., 2009 14 Air-borne measurements of sea ice thickness

Polar 5 2007: observations and model simulations

5 m HEM Bird

<1 m Alaska

Greenland

Stefan Hendricks 15 Nordatlantik-II:

Diagnostics of the Circulation in the North Atlantic and its effects on the North Sea and the European Climate.

Experimental decadal predictions through ocean initialization.

Impact of North Atlantic on transports of energy and CO2

German Contribution to CLIVAR

coordinator: Detlef Stammer

16 NORDATLANTIK Regional Observing Foci

AP1.3 AP2.3

AP2.1 AP3.1 AP2.2 AP4.3 AP 1.1 AP 3.3 AP 4.1 AP 4.2

AP 1.3 Hydrographic Observations

18 Subpolar Gyre and Water Mass Transformation Circulation and water mass indices of the western Subpolar North Atlantic

Decadal time series of the deep boundary circulation and associated transports at 53°N Western boundary Current in the Labrador Sea

Deep Western Boundary Current at the exit of the Labrador Sea

Two year mean velocities and transports (lhs), decadal time series of currents (rhs) as a basis for a decadal export index

Decadal evolution of water mass signature (temperature) over the last decade in the Labrador Sea and at the tail of the Grand Banks --- showing significant warming of the upper North Atlantic Deep Water Hydrography of the Irminger Sea

Deep convection in Central Irminger Sea?

Mixed layer depth

Temperature

 Convection process is key for deep ocean ventilation

 Irminger Sea: since 2002 not deeper than 600m (2008 & 2009) Salinity 2002 2004 2006 2008 EuroSites EU-Project Monika Rhein & Dagmar Kieke ([email protected])

Assessing the strength of the subpolar gyre

BMBF Cooperative Project ‘North Atlantic’

The subpolar gyre of the North Atlantic is the key region for the formation of water masses which participate in the global meridional overturning circulation (MOC). B15 The transport variability of the subpolar gyre of the North Atlantic and the exchange of water masses between the subtropics and tropics is inferred by a combination of different methods and instrumental data (pressure inverted B12 echo-sounders (PIES), altimetry, ship surveys, Argo-drifters, moorings). PIES moorings transport lines fields surveys (Rhein et al., 2010, DSR-II, submitted) field work and transport arrays 2009-2012

first estimates of transport variations derived from PIES measurements at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (B15 – B12)

IUP - Department of Oceanography www.ocean.uni-bremen.de Monika Rhein & Dagmar Kieke ([email protected])

Assessing the formation of Labrador Sea Water (LSW) 1997

BMBF Cooperative Project ‘North Atlantic’

Labrador Sea Water contributes to the deep and cold limb of the MOC. Variations in its formation are assessed by determining changes in the chlorofluorocarbon inventory of LSW.

(Rhein et al., 2010, DSR-II, submitted)

2003

baroclinic transport in the upper 2000m between Bermuda and the Labrador Sea, superimposed on the formation rate of LSW inferred from changes in CFC inventories CFC-12 inventories for deep LSW, 1997 vs. 2003 (Kieke et al, 2007)

IUP - Department of Oceanography www.ocean.uni-bremen.de TACE observational network Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC)

Mooring array at 23°W

Zonal Velocity 0°N, 23°W [m/s]

R/V Endeavor, May-June 2009

U.S., French and German subsurface moored ADCP arrays along 23°W, 1 0 °W, 0°W for EUC transport observations Repeat hydrography and current sections t

T,S,v N,P,Fe 1972-1985 23°W 1999-2008 O2 ICOS – Integrated Carbon Observation System (ESFRI) Current initiatives ...

ICOS Vision: To have in place by 2014 an operational network of observation platforms covering Europe and the North Atlantic to provide daily regional greenhouse gas budgets at 10 km resolution

• ~40 ecosystem stations • ~40 atmospheric stations • ~10 VOS lines • ~ 7 oceanic/coastal time-series site • central facilities for analyses, calibration and quality control • ~ long term operation (>20 years) Atmosphere observation platform

Ocean observation platform ICOS – Integrated Carbon Observation System (ESFRI) Current initiatives ...

Ocean network (VOS lines + time-series sites) Cape Verde Ocean Observatory EU FP6 European Seas Observatory Network of Excellence (ESONET NoE)

 Follow up on EU FP5 European Seafloor Observatory Network (ESONET) – now broader, including water column

 Main activity: - Defining standards, interoperability, scientific expectations, technological & logistical requirements - “test deployments” of observatories - Preparations for a well structured Marine Observatory Network to meet scientific and socioeconomic needs (e.g. GEO, GMES)

 IFM-GEOMAR involved in test deployment: - Mud Vulcano (LOOME) - Porcupine (MODOO) - Arctic (AOEM)

Current initiatives ... Potential for many groups at IFM-GEOMAR: test deployment MODOO (Modular and mObile Deep Ocean Observatory, www.modoo.info)

 Observatory from air-sea interface via water column to seafloor and sub-seafloor

 Real time access to lander and mooring data via satellite and acoustic telemetry (including event driven response) e.g. seismometer (E. Flüh)

 Installation planned for May 2010 at Porcupine (4800 m), until Sep. 2010

 Development of acoustic nodes that link the modules in collaboration with SME Develogic (Hamburg)

 IFM-GEOMAR (coordinator J. Karstensen), NERC-NOCS, NIOZ Netherlands, Uni. Aberdeen, MI Ireland, (AWI)

 Know-how used for new BMBF Proposal: MoLab (O. Pfannkuche et al.)

Current initiatives ... MoLab: Modula Multidisciplinary Seafloor Observatory (Investitionsantrag BMBF)

Syncronous Observation of physical chemical biological geological Parameter & Proxies EU THOR: Thermohaline Overturning – at Risk?

• The consortium THOR has set itself the goal of investigating the role of the ocean in the climate and developing reliable prognoses for the next 15-25 years. • Is the ocean circulation stable or is there a risk of change within short periods of time? • The project received funding from the European Commission amounting to 9.3 Mio Euros until 2012.

34 Continuous observations of the variability of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation at 26.5°N: Major results and present challenges

T. Kanzow, W.E. Johns, J. Marotzke, J. J-M. Hirschi, M.O. Baringer, C.S. Meinen, M.P. Chidichimo, L.M. Beal, H.L. Bryden, H.L. Johnson, D.P. Marshall, S.A. Cunningham

Louise Bell / Neil White, CSIRO Seasonal anomalies III: Inferred AMOC slowdown attributable to biases in historical estimates?

Seasonal cycle of Upper Mid-Ocean Oct. Transport

Jul. / Aug. / Aug. Sept. 5.9 Sv (±0.9 Sv)

AMOC strength from Feb. hydrographic snapshots Apr. (Bryden et al., 2005)

Seasonal biases may account for the inferred 8 Sv decline. Seasonal anomalies IV: „Rossby wave model“ Wind stress curl cycle (Sturges et al.,1998) 2 2 ∂pn ∂t − β cn f ⋅∂pn ∂x = −cn f ⋅Gn ∇×τ

pn (x,t) : zonally and time - varying amplitude Upper Mid-Ocean Anomaly Uplift Seasonal wind stress curl cycle along 26.5°N from SCOW climatology Depression (Risien & Chelton, 2008)

Uplift Kanzow et al. (2010; submitted)

 Maximum anomaly at eastern boundary  Summertime intensification of northerly winds  maximum uplift (depression) of isopycnals in spring (autumn) Germany contributes significantly to global observations. However, there is scope for more strategic coordination, in particular with regards to the global observational needs for climate and ocean services.

NATIONAL LEVEL ‘OPERATIONAL’ DWD Offenbach, BSH Hamburg

RESEARCH LABORATORIES ‘OPERATIONAL RESEARCH’ AWI Bremerhaven, IFM-GEOMAR Kiel, MPI Hamburg

UNIVERSITY BASED RESEARCH Hamburg University and Bremen University

many more coastal marine research centers