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A Theological Interpretation of Violence Joshua, Son of Nun: a Paradigm for a Christian Conflict Prevention in Northern Nigeria

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A Theological Interpretation of Violence Joshua, Son of Nun: a Paradigm for a Christian Conflict Prevention in Northern Nigeria in Relation to (חָמָ ס) A Theological Interpretation of Violence Joshua, Son of Nun: A Paradigm for a Christian Conflict Prevention in Northern Nigeria By Bulus Audu Makama Dissertation Presented for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy At the University of Stellenbosch Faculty of Theology Department of Old and New Testament Supervisor: Dr Ntozakhe Simon Cezula December, 2020 Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Declaration By submitting this dissertation electronically, I declare that the entirety of the work contained therein is my own, original work. Also, that I am the sole author thereof (save to the extent explicitly otherwise stated). Again, that reproduction and publication thereof by Stellenbosch University will not infringe any third party rights and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it for obtaining any qualification. ………………………… …………December, 2020........ Signature Date Bulus Audu Makama December, 2020. Copyright © 2020 Stellenbosch University All rights reserved i Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Dedication This dissertation is first of all dedicated to God Almighty for His unfailing provisions and for enabling me to complete this study. I also dedicate the study to my late father Pastor Audu Makama who was martyred on 23rd February 2000 during the Sharia Law religious violence in Kaduna, Nigeria. Also to my generous mother Mrs Saratu Audu Makama and to my siblings: Daniel Audu, Tani Monday, Rifkatu John T, Ayuba Audu, Lami Monday, Bitrus Babangida Audu and Ephraim Binawa Audu. The scholarship is also dedicated to my beloved, caring and understanding wife (Batsiratu) Mrs Hannatu Bulus Audu Makama, as well as to our lovely children, Abijah, Aristobulus and Alexander (Bertus) for their love, concern, sacrifice, patience, prayers and moral support. .YHWH, thank you יְהו ָֽה ,תודה׃ ִּקַַּ֨חשְ מּואוַי ֵ֜ ל אֶ ֶ֣בֶן אַחַַ֗ ת וַי םָּ֤שֶ בָֽ ין־הַמִּצְ פה֙ ּוב ֶ֣ין הַש ן ִּקְרָ֥אאֶ וַית־שְמ ָּ֖ה אֶ ֶ֣בֶנ עה ָ֑זֶר וַיֹּאמַַ֕ ר עַד־ה הָ֖נ עֲז ר ָ֥ נּו יְהו ָֽה׃ “Then Samuel took a stone and set it up between Mizpah and Jeshanah, and named it Ebenezer; for he said, “Thus far the Lord has helped us” 1 Samuel 7:12 (NRSV). ii Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Acknowledgements YHWH, you are so good and your steadfast love endures forever. With gratitude, humility, sincerity of heart, and unspeakable joy like Samuel, I say, “Ebenezer, thus far the LORD has helped us” (1 Samuel 7:12). Arriving at the end of a dissertation project is an awesome moment of time to reflect on research past and a time to look forward in anticipation of work yet to come. It is also a time to acknowledge those whose help has made this project possible. First and notable, I will like to acknowledge my indebtedness to my distinguished indefatigable supervisor Dr Ntozakhe Simon Cezula for his fatherly role, his limitless guidance, and unflinching support throughout the research. Sir, I have learnt a lot from you, this I will never forget in the history of my life. My profound appreciation goes to Prof Reggie Nel, the Dean of the faculty of theology, and Prof Marius Nel, the Head of the Department Old and New Testament (ONT). I especially appreciate Prof HL Bosman, my former supervisor, Prof Louis Jonker, and Prof Julie Claassens. To Rev Dr and Mrs DH Kajom, Rev Dr and Mrs Nathan Chiroma, Prof Helen Andow and family, Pastor Prof Ayuba Mavalla, Dr and Mrs Marojos Alkali, Dr and Mrs Patrict N Bosan, I say thank you for your resolute support and meaningful suggestions during the period of my study. My special thanks goes to the entire staff of the Faculty of Theology, especially the ONT Department. Again, thanks to all my Old Testament Hebrew reading course mates. My humble and sincere thanks go to the Dutch Reformed Church and the Theology Department bursaries that gave me hope and encouragement to study and work hard throughout the period of my research. Without these bursaries, this study could not have been possible. Thanks also to ECWA Headquarters Executive, Rev Stephen Panya Baba (President), Rev Yunusa S Nmadu Jnr (General Secretary). Appreciation to Kaduna Central District Church Council (KCDCC) Executive, Rev Dauda Haruna (Chairman), Rev Ahmed Zumunta Bashayi (Secretary) for their financial support and encouragement in the course of my studies. Another thanks goes to Rev and Mrs Silas Yako, his associate Pastor and Mrs Victor N Suleman and Rev and Mrs Abraham Folayan of ECWA Gospel U/Maigero Kaduna. To the board of elders and their wives, and all the good people of ECWA Gospel U/Maigero, 1st ECWA Kabene (I), 1st ECWA Gwari Rd Kaduna: thank you for your financial and moral support. YHWH bless you very much. My appreciation go to the Pastors, all friends and members of the Every Nation Church in Stellenbosch and as well to my beloved restoration outreach ministry. I especially appreciate iii Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za the financial, warm hospitality and moral support of Bertus Swanepoel, his wife Marzan and their children: Mia, Sonia and Nina (my landlord). I also acknowledge the moral and financial support of Ben Schoeman and family, Dr Michael Southworth and family, Elder and Mrs Saidu Dogonyaro, Mrs Esther Muazu and family, Mr and Mrs E Bahago, Mr and Mrs Ayis. Thank you to Elder and Mrs Usman Kariko, Jacques de Vose and family (Stellenbosch), Honourable and Mrs Gideon Sammani, Elder and Mrs Na’ason Bala, Elder and Mrs Obaba, Elder and Mrs Ben Elukpo, Elder and Mrs Daniel Sankey. God bless and reward you richly for your moral and financial support even if I am unable to mention you by name, it is not intentional (Hebrews 6:10). To ECWA Good News members in Stellenbosch University: Kefas Kure, Paul Adebayo Rotimi, Zwandien Bobai, colleagues 2018/2020 exco, thank you. Many thanks go to my friends Rev and Mrs John Stanley, Dr Joel Ruark and family, Rev and Mrs Samuel D Bwosh, Rev Jay Storms and family for their prayers, advice and support during the period of this study. And to all my colleagues and friends at the ONT Wednesday departmental seminar: very many thanks. Sincere thanks go to my beloved, beautiful and patient wife (Batsiratu) Hannatu Bulus Audu Makama, and to our three children Abijah Ahkhen Yemilo, Aristobulus Arikhen Ayenajeyi and Alexander Amanimkhen Adamilo (Bertus), for their endurance and robust support that has never wavered. I have really missed you too much during this period of study. I also acknowledge and appreciate the love, warmness, and the Christian upbringing that I received from my late father Pastor Audu Makama and my praying, generous mother Mrs Saratu Audu Makama. To my siblings: Daniel, Tani, Rifkatu, Ayuba, Lami, Bitrus Babangida, Ephraim Binawa, thank you for being there to support always. I appreciate the entire Makama (extended family) and the retired Rev Daniel Kure’s family (my father in-law) for their unwavering support in making this study a success. To the theology library staff, Mrs Beulah Gericke, Heila Marè, Theresa Jooste and Annemarie Eagleton: I say thank you for your assistance in helping to locate and borrow books. Thanks to everyone! iv Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Abstract This study is a response to ethnic/religious violence that plagues Northern Nigeria. Of even great concern is that this violence is sometimes perpetrated under the banner of faith and God. The study speculates that some of the perpetrators deliberately distort Scriptures to gratify their selfish interests and in the process manipulate unsuspecting believers to assist them in their selfish and cruel interests. However, some may be engaging in these grave acts in the belief that they are being obedient to Scripture and God. This may happen in at least two ways. They may be reading the Scripture literarily without the necessary skills to interpret the Word of God. They may also be the victims of the scrupulous leaders who use the Word of God to attain their selfish and cruel goals. These are the circumstances that motivate this study. In its response, the study proposes a paradigmatic reading of the Scripture. The study acknowledges that the Bible contains different theological approaches to violence. Some texts present violence as a divine instruction and thus portray God as sanctioning violence as a means to enforce obedience to Him. The Book of Joshua is an example of a book that contains such texts. Other texts however, present God as sponsoring rest and peace for both His own people and foreign nations. The Book of Chronicles is an example of such a book. In a situation where the Bible contains both violence orientated texts and peace orientated texts, readers of the Bible find themselves in a situation where they can endorse violence as divine obedience when it suits them and peace as divine obedience when it suits them. This study argues that these texts themselves, in their own contexts, are not in collaboration but in contestation. In its proposal for a paradigmatic reading of the Bible in the context of ethnic/religious context in Northern Nigeria, the study takes note of a few factors. The first one is that ethnicity is a contributory factor in the violence witnessed in Northern Nigeria. The second one is that religious diversity is also a contributory factor when not handled cautiously. In the light of these observation, it becomes imperative to distinguish between an exclusive ethnic/religious theology and an inclusive ethnic/religious theology. For this reason, the study engages in the reading of Joshua 6:1-27 and 1 Chronicles 7:20-29 as two texts representing two different theological perspectives on violence.
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