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Genocide / Mass Killings After 1950 GENOCIDE / MASS KILLINGS AFTER 1950 SUBJECT READER TABLE OF CONTENTS TANZANIA/ZANZIBAR Dale M. Povenmire 1961-1963 General Officer, Zanzibar Robert T. Hennemeyer 1961-1964 Deputy Principal Officer, Dar es Salaam Donald Petterson 1963-1965 General Officer, Political Officer, Zanzibar David Shear 1963-1966 Assistant Program Officer, USAID, Dar es Salaam INDONESIA Henry L. Heymann 1956-1958 Political Officer, Jakarta 1959-1961 Indonesian Analyst, Intelligence and Research Bureau, Washington, DC 1961-1965 Political Officer, Jakarta 1965-1966 Principal Officer, Surabaya Theodore J. C. Heavner 1964-1966 Consul and Principal Officer, Medan Paul F. Gardner 1964-1968 Political Officer, Jakarta Edward E. Masters 1964-1968 Political Counselor, Jakarta 1968-1970 Country Director: Indonesian Affairs, Washington, DC 1970-1971 Regional Affairs, East Asia and the Pacific, Washington, DC 1977-1981 Ambassador, Indonesia Marshall Green 1965-1971 Ambassador, Indonesia GUATEMALA James F. Mack 1979-1981 Guatemala Desk Officer, Washington, DC EQUITORIAL GUINEA Alan Hardy 1981-1984 Ambassador, Equatorial Guinea Frank S. Ruddy 1985-1988 Ambassador, Equatorial Guinea INDIA Eugene H. Bird 1967-1970 Economic Officer, Bombay 1970-1972 Commercial Attaché, New Delhi George G. B. Griffin 1969-1972 Political Officer, Calcutta PAKISTAN Dennis Kux 1957-1960 Economic Officer, Karachi 1969-1971 Political Officer, Islamabad Archer K. Blood 1962-1964 Political Officer and Deputy Principal Officer, Dacca 1970-1971 Consul General, Dacca Vincent W. Brown 1968-1972 Deputy Director, USAID, Lahore Peter D. Constable 1968-1970 Political Officer and Deputy Principal Officer, Lahore 1971-1972 India-Pakistan Desk Officer, Washington, DC 1973-1976 Office Director for Afghanistan, Bangladesh and Pakistan, Washington, DC 1976-1979 Deputy Chief of Mission, Islamabad Sidney Sober 1969-1973 Deputy Chief of Mission, Islamabad Edward C. Ingraham 1971-1974 Counselor for Political Affairs, Islamabad George G. B. Griffin 1972-1973 Political Officer, Islamabad 1973-1975 Deputy Principal Officer, Lahore BURUNDI Thomas P. Melady 1969-1972 Ambassador, Burundi Miles S. Pendleton Jr. 1970-1972 Political-Economic Officer, Bujumbura Michael P. E. Hoyt 1970-1972 Deputy Chief of Mission, Bujumbura Joseph C. Wilson, IV 1982-1985 Deputy Chief of Mission, Bujumbura James R. Bullington 1983-1986 Ambassador, Burundi Dennis Hays 1985-1988 Deputy Chief of Mission, Bujumbura James D. Phillips 1986-1990 Ambassador, Burundi Glenn Slocum 1990-1993 Director, USAID, Bujumbura 1994-1997 Director, East Africa Office, USAID, Washington, DC CAMBODIA Paul F. Gardner 1972-1974 Political Officer, Phnom Penh Timothy Michael Carney 1972-1975 Political Officer, Phnom Penh Edmund Mc Williams 1978-1980 Desk Officer for Laos, Cambodia & Vietnam, Washington, DC Marie Therese Huhtala 1990-1992 Office Director, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Washington, DC Franklin E. Huffman 1995-1997 Public Affairs Officer, Phnom Penh 2002 Acting Public Affairs Officer, Phnom Penh EAST TIMOR Erland Heginbotham 1971-1975 Economic Officer/ Commercial Counselor, Jakarta, Indonesia Paul F. Gardner 1976-1981 Deputy Chief of Mission, Jakarta, Indonesia Greta N. Morris 1990-1992 Policy Officer, East Asia, USIA, Washington, DC Edmund McWilliams 1996-1999 Political Counselor, Jakarta, Indonesia ARGENTINA Robert S. Steven 1976-1977 Political Officer, Buenos Aires John A. Bushnell 1977-1982 Deputy Assistant Secretary, ARA, Washington, DC ETHIOPIA Princeton Lyman 1976-1978 USAID Mission Director, Addis Ababa Richard C. Matheron 1977-1978 Chargé d’Affaires, Addis Ababa Elizabeth Raspolic 1978-1980 Consular Officer, Addis Ababa LEBANON Morris Draper 1976-1978 NEA Iraq, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, Washington, DC Robert S. Dillon 1981-1983 Ambassador, Lebanon David Winn 1984-1985 Political Counselor, Beirut SYRIA Edward G. Abington 1979-1982 Political Officer, Damascus Richard E. Undeland 1979-1983 Public Affairs Officer, Damascus IRAQ David G. Newton 1984-1988 Ambassador, Iraq Haywood Rankin 1986-1988 Political Officer, Baghdad Nancy E. Johnson 1989-1990 Political Officer, Baghdad BOSINA-HERZEGOVINA Thomas M. T. Niles 1963-1965 Political Officer, Belgrade, Yugoslavia Warren Zimmerman 1965-1968 Press/Political Officer, Belgrade, Yugoslavia 1989-1992 Ambassador, Yugoslavia Marshall Freeman Harris 1992 CSCE Monitor, Macedonia 1993 Political Officer-Bosnia Desk, Washington, DC George F. Ward Jr. 1992-1996 Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary- International Organizations, State Department, Washington, DC Henry Allen Holmes 1993-1999 Assistant Secretary, Department of Defense, Arlington, VA Bilha Bryant 1994 Yugoslavia Desk Officer, Washington, DC Robert M. Beecroft 1996-1997 Special Envoy, Sarajevo, Bosnia Federation SERBIA Warren Zimmerman 1965-1968 Political Officer, Belgrade 1989-1992 Ambassador, Yugoslavia William A. Weingarten 1970-1971 Serbo Croatian Language Training, Foreign Service Institute, Arlington, VA 1971-1974 Economic Officer, Belgrade Victor D. Comras 1998-1999 Serbia Sanctions Program, State Department, Washington, DC Leon Weintraub 1998-2000 European Affairs Bureau Coordinator, OSCE, State Department, Washington, DC YUGOSLAVIA Robert Rackmales 1989-1993 Deputy Chief of Mission/ Chargé, Belgrade George Kenney 1992 Yugoslavian Affairs, Bureau of European Affairs, Washington, DC Katherine Schwering 1992-1993 Analyst, Former Yugoslavia States, Bureau of Intelligence and Research Ronald J. Neitzke 1992-1996 Principal Officer/Deputy Chief of Mission, Zagreb Rudolf V. Perena 1993-1996 Chief of Mission, Belgrade RWANDA Leon Spearman 1988-1990 Ambassador, Rwanda Joyce E. Leader 1991-1994 Deputy Chief of Mission, Kigali Prudence Bushnell 1993-1995 Deputy Assistant Secretary, Sub-Sahara Africa, Washington, DC Robert J. Kott 1995 Rwanda-Burundi Task Force, Washington, DC Richard W. Bogosian 1996-1997 Coordinator for Rwanda and Burundi, Washington, DC Robert E. Gribbin 1996-1999 Ambassador, Rwanda TANZANIA/ZANZIBAR DALE M. POVENMIRE General Officer Zanzibar (1961-1963) Dale M. Povenmire was born in Ohio on June 6, 1930. He received a bachelor's degree in political science from Baldwin-Wallace College in 1952 and a master's degree from the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy in 1953. Mr. Povenmire served in the U.S. Navy from 1953-1957 and joined the Foreign Service in 1957. He served in Santiago, Zanzibar, Asuncion, Oporto, Caracas, Lisbon, Sao Paulo, Rome, and Washington, DC. He retired in 1986 and was interviewed by Morris Weisz on January, 29, 1994. Q: Were the Asians resented? POVENMIRE: To a degree. Many fled after the revolution in January, 1964, but not too many Asians were killed. Several thousand Arabs, I've heard up to forty thousand, but certainly many Arabs were killed and thousands of others fled the island. There weren't too many guns around so much of the slaughter was up close and personal, with machetes. I heard later from several people that some of the revolutionaries drove around town the day after the revolution with the testicles of the murdered Arab police chief tied to the radiator of their car. Let me give you a little background. During our first week after arriving in Zanzibar we encountered Abdulrahman "Babu" Mohammed. Babu was the Secretary General of the predominately Arab Zanzibar Nationalist Party (ZNP). He was a far-left radical who had worked as a journalist in London. He was not seen with favor by the British. On this occasion Marilyn and I accepted a dinner invitation from an Asian businessman. We were picked up in his car but instead of being driven to his home we were taken on narrow dirt tracks far into the interior of the island. There in a clearing in the middle of a coconut plantation, with only a kerosene lantern nailed to a palm tree for light, was Babu, a couple of his lieutenants, and three or four prostitutes. We weren't exactly kidnapped but neither were we voluntary guests at this particular party. Their purpose was to discover why the U.S. was opening a Consulate. We talked for a couple of hours on a reasonably cordial basis, ate chicken cooked over a fire on sticks, and tossed the bones over our shoulders into the darkness. It made for a memorable evening. Several months later, the night before our new Consulate was to open, some of the young ZNP radicals allied with Babu threw a Molotov cocktail against the front door of our offices. It was a serious attempt to burn the building but the fire was extinguished before major damage was done. We held our opening reception the next day as planned. In a real switch, Babu later left the ZNP and became Secretary General of the Afro-Shirazi Party. Following the revolution, he became the first Foreign Minister of the Revolutionary Government and rapidly established ties to the communist bloc. The point I should make is that during our time in Zanzibar anti-Western, Third World, Pan African attitudes were so common and widespread in Africa that, even though there was opposition to the U.S. from the radical faction in the ZNP, many in the Afro-Shirazi Party did not trust us either. Looking back, it is interesting that we seldom felt personally endangered or threatened. The racial hatred that existed was almost entirely by the Africans against the Arabs and rarely if ever directed against the 300 or so "Europeans" in the Colonial Service and the tiny foreign communities. ROBERT T. HENNEMEYER Deputy Principal Officer Dar es Salaam (1961-1964) Ambassador Robert T. Hennemeyer was born in Germany and spent part of his childhood in the United States. After serving in the
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