National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior

IcIceNat Agee Age Floods Floods National National Geologic Geologic Trail TLong-- range Interpretive Plan Long-Range Interpretive Plan Hikers visit a large granite glacial erratic on top of Steamboat Rock in central Washington. Photo: Bruce Bjornstad

Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail Long-range Interpretive Plan

June 2016

Prepared by

Goolrick Interpretive Group with Harpers Ferry Center Interpretive Planning for Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail

On the cover: An Ice Age Floods tour group breaks for lunch in the Drumheller Channels, one of several National Natural Landmarks to be found along Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail. Photo: Bruce Bjornstad

National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction 1 The Nation’s First National Geologic Trail Creating an Interpretive Plan

Section 1: Foundation for Planning 3 Legislative Background Trail Purpose and Significance Statements Interpretive Themes and Theme Matrix Management Goals for the Interpretive Plan Trail Audience and Visitor Data Visitor Experience Goals Other Planning Considerations

Existing Conditions Sites and Facilities Personal Interpretation Interpretive Media

Issues and Influences

Section 2: Recommendations 29 Short-range Recommendations Mid-range Recommendations Long-range Recommendations Other Recommendations Recommendations, Themes, and Visitor Experience Goals Matrix

Section 3: Education Plan 61

Section 4: Wayside Exhibits 65

Section 5: Implementation Plan 81

Appendices 95 Appendix A: Abbreviations Appendix B: Legislation Appendix C: Planning Participants Ic

Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail Long-range Interpretive Plan The Nation's First National Geologic Trail

Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail is one square-mile landscape carved and rearranged of the few national trails in the United States repeatedly by the floods is alternately lush or focused on natural, rather than human, arid, wild or intensively farmed, flat or history. This unusual trail highlights the sculpted into undulating ripples, gravel extraordinary geologic features left behind by bars, and shorelines left by ancient torrents of a series of huge, cataclysmic floods that swept water. For those who know its stories, this across the Pacific northwest some 12,000 to land reveals a saga of nature’s power, ageless 17,000 years ago. This sudden, cataclysmic and unrivaled by any but the most spectacular flooding happened repeatedly, probably over landmarks on the planet. thousands of years, as the glacial ice dams on the Clark Fork River built up and then broke, Creating an Interpretive Plan unleashing some 500 cubic miles of water Unlike financial plans, management plans, from Glacial Lake Missoula. The water in facilities plans, marketing plans, or resource these ancient lakes – more water than protection plans, an interpretive plan focuses modern-day Lake Ontario and Lake Erie explicitly on providing opportunities for combined – flooded repeatedly across more visitors to experience, learn about, and enjoy than 16,000 square miles in a thundering rush the natural, cultural, and historical resources of to the ocean. Today, the pathways of these a site. Typically, a long-range interpretive plan floods extend more than 1,300 linear miles offers guidance for comprehensive, site-wide across the region, beginning in the interpretive programming for the next seven to intermountain valleys of western Montana ten years. and traversing northern Idaho, central and eastern Washington, and northern Oregon to Accordingly, this Long-range Interpretive Plan the coast at Cape Disappointment, where the (LRIP) expands on the key visitor-oriented Columbia River flows into the Pacific Ocean. elements introduced in earlier planning efforts for Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail. The as-yet unsigned route of the trail, Based on input from trail stakeholders across designated by an act of Congress in 2009, four states (see Appendix C), this plan reviews encompasses several federal and state potential visitor experiences and proposes highways and Scenic Byways, as well as a creative interpretive programming – stories, number of loops and spurs across a vast, signs, interactive activities, exhibits, web-based varied landscape with more than 350 sites and media, and more – to illustrate the set of five features created by the Ice Age floods. The primary interpretive themes identified in the terrain includes seven National Natural trail’s 2014 Foundation Statement. These Landmarks, six National Forests, six National themes focus on the following: Wildlife Refuges, two National Trails, a • Geologic Setting National Recreation Area, a National Scenic • Cataclysmic versus Incremental Area, a National Monument, 16 federally • Evidence that Remains recognized American Indian tribes or • In Search of the Truth confederations of tribes whose traditional • Lives and Livelihoods lands the trail intersects, several state and national Scenic Byways, a number of National In essence, this Long-range Interpretive Plan is Register properties, and more than a dozen a blueprint to aid trail partners in bringing the state parks across the four states. The 16,000- trail’s themes – its essential meanings – to life.

National Park Service 1 It is fitting that the first-ever National Geologic Trail should highlight the unique and dramatic landscape of the inland Northwest, which was shaped by these Ice Age floods. This trail will serve to inform local residents about our unique geologic history, attract and support tourism to the region, and do so by interpreting sites on existing public lands rather than adding new regulations to private landowners or through the costly acquisition of new federal lands.

—U.S. Congressman Doc Hastings May 27, 2009

Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail supporters held a celebratory news conference on May 27, 2009, two days after Congress passed long-awaited legislation to establish the trail. U.S. Senator Maria Cantwell (at the podium) and U.S. Congressman Doc Hastings (third from right) were the primary sponsors of the trail legislation. Other participants included (left to right) Kris Watkins of the Tri-Cities Convention and Visitors Bureau, Keith Dunbar of the National Park Service (NPS), and Gary Kleinknecht (far right), then president of the Ice Age Floods Institute.

Congressman Hastings and Senator Cantwell learn first-hand about glacial erratics along the trail.

Photos: Lorraine Cooper, courtesy of Kennewick School District. Opposite page: Basalt columns tower against the sky. Photo: Lake Lewis chapter/IAFI

2 Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail Long-range Interpretive Plan Foundation for Planning

National Park Service 3 Section 1: Foundation for Planning

Effective long-range interpretive planning states. The legislation specifically calls for begins with reviewing, documenting, and “strategies for the coordinated development clarifying the foundational elements utilized of the Trail, including an interpretive plan in park planning. The following (italics added) for facilities, waysides, foundational elements for Ice Age Floods roadside pullouts, exhibits, media, and National Geologic Trail, presented in detail programs that present the story of the floods in the 2014 Foundation Statement, are to the public effectively.” summarized briefly here. Interagency Memorandum of Legislative Background Understanding After nearly two decades of consideration, As an outgrowth of the establishing Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail was legislation, the trail is governed by an formally established by Public Law 111-11 interagency Memorandum of Understanding on March 30, 2009. The legislation (see (MOU) among the seven federal agency Appendix A) defines the trail and highlights partners regarding planning, development, and management of the trail. This MOU its “dramatic and distinguishing features” as (National Park Service Agreement – IAFL # having “exceptional value and quality” in G9003-10-0001), which runs from 2010 to illustrating the route and impact of the 2020, includes five agencies within the U.S. floods on some 16,000 square miles of land Department of the Interior (National Park stretching from western Montana to the Service, U.S. Geological Survey, Bureau of Pacific Ocean. Among other stipulations, Land Management, Bureau of Reclamation, the law charges its partners to and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service), as well as the USDA Forest Service and the U.S. Army “to provide for public appreciation, Corps of Engineers. understanding, and enjoyment of the nationally significant natural and The memorandum asks its signers “to cultural features of the Ice Age floods develop a coordinated and scientifically and to promote collaborative efforts accepted interpretation of the nationally for interpretation and education....” significant values and features associated with the Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail that are found on federal lands in the Under terms of the legislation, the National States of Idaho, Montana, Oregon, and Park Service serves as administrator for the Washington.” The agencies acknowledge trail, but all planning is to be conducted in that they “share a mutual interest in federal cooperation with the appropriate state, land management, scientific research, and a local, and tribal governments, the Ice Age responsibility for providing the public with Floods Institute, private property owners, high quality, cohesive and educational other interested stakeholders, and more interpretive programs.” than two dozen state parks across the four

4 Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail Long-range Interpretive Plan Purpose Statement • Human Settlement and Use: • Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail The Ice Age floods transformed the tells the stories of the cataclysmic Ice Age environment of the northwestern United floods and invites people to discover and States, greatly influencing the use of the explore the resulting extraordinary land and its resources from early native landscapes and distinctive features. peoples to contemporary society. Interpretation, research, and stewardship are achieved through collaboration between public and private partners. Fundamental Resources In addition to providing purpose and significance statements, the 2014 Foundations Statement defines the trail’s fundamental Significance Statements resources in several interrelated categories: • Cataclysmic Ice Age Floods: Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail • Outstanding floods-related geologic represents some of the greatest floods on resources earth. Repeated cataclysmic releases of • Exceptional scenery and views water exploding from glacially dammed • Scientific knowledge and research Lake Missoula thundered across the • Floods-related cultural resources landscape to the Pacific Ocean, carrying • Access to diverse recreational, water, debris, rock, and ice with a educational, and cultural opportunities discharge equal to 10 times the flow from all of today’s rivers worldwide.

• Distinctive Geologic Resources: The Ice Age floods sculpted extraordinary landscapes and left behind a variety of distinctive geologic features across a vast area of the northwestern United States. Gigantic basalt coulees, enormous waterfalls, and flood ripples of immense proportion are just a few examples of the evidence that survives to illustrate the scale and power of the floods. • Science and Research: The discovery and investigation of the Channeled Scabland led to an understanding of cataclysmic origin, which challenged prevailing geologic thought. Ongoing research has established the Ice Age floods as the quintessential example of megaflood landscapes throughout the world.

National Park Service 5 Interpretive Themes cohesive interpretive programming for the Interpretive themes are the “main newly designated trail. Starting with these messages” about a place – the fundamental five primary themes, the 2015 long-range ideas, concepts, and inherent meanings – interpretive planning team asked trail that should be readily apparent and stakeholders to identify concepts, stories, accessible to all visitors. Depending on the and sites that interpreters might use to complexity of a site’s resources and the illustrate each theme. Convening in two breadth of its offerings, each major theme two-day sessions held in Spokane and may accommodate several concepts or Portland in early 2015, some 35 subthemes that help interpreters delve stakeholders contributed their ideas to deeper into the stories and resources. The expand and enrich the original primary storylines collected within these concepts themes. illustrate the site’s big themes in ways that invite people to listen, learn, and care. These five primary themes, with supporting concepts and a range of possible storylines, The 2014 Ice Age Floods National have been organized in a flexible, easily Geologic Trail Foundations Statement updatable interpretive theme matrix for presented five primary interpretive themes interpretive partners to customize as to guide partners in developing consistent, needed.

Planning participants worked together in a series of workshops in Spokane, Richland, and Portland to review themes and craft desired visitor experiences for the trail. Photos: Faye Goolrick/GIG

6 Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail Long-range Interpretive Plan Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail: Interpretive Theme Matrix

Theme Title: Geologic Setting

A remarkable alignment of past geologic forces, resulting terrain, and Ice Age conditions produced a series of some of the greatest floods on earth, dramatically sculpting 16,000 square miles of the northwestern United States and as much of the Pacific Ocean floor.

Concepts and Ideas Topics and Storylines Examples to be explored within each theme, written as Examples or sample storylines within this theme objectives

• Describe the geology of the region before the floods • Millions of years of volcanic activity; basalt flows; river occurred. drainages before the floods • Explain how the North American continent looked • What are the Ice Ages? during past periods of glaciation. • What is the Cordilleran Ice Sheet, and how/why did it form?

• Explore how, why, and where the floods happened. • Ice dams and their repeated failures

• Explain the concept of geological stratigraphy and what • Deposits (layers) left by the floods; discovery of many the rock and sediment layers can reveal. floods, not just one

• Discuss the floods as a revelatory aspect of earth’s • Floods as a result of glacial cycles that happened possibilities for climate change. repeatedly over thousands of years • Floods as a particularly dramatic part of earth’s age-old water cycle – water from glaciers returns to the sea • Comparison to geology of Planet Mars

National Park Service 7 Theme Title: Cataclysmic versus Incremental

The Ice Age floods remind us that the slow, incremental processes shaping our earth can be punctuated by sudden, epic, cataclysmic events, and that such events are possible in our lifetimes.

Concepts and Ideas Topics and Stories Examples to be explored within each theme, written Examples or sample storylines within this theme as objectives • Illustrate/explain the “normal” processes of • Examples of erosion, weathering, sedimentation, and other geological change through erosion, weathering, gradual processes that shape the landscape over millions of sedimentation, etc. years (creation of canyons, river deltas)

• Define the Ice Age floods as sudden, cataclysmic • The astounding size, velocity, and landscape-altering power changes in the natural world – in contrast to of the floods: approximately 500 cubic miles of water contemporary natural catastrophes or disasters in rushing westward over 16,000 square miles, other factual the human sense of these terms. details of the floods’ horizontal and vertical scope and scale

• Compare the Ice Age floods to other natural • Comparisons to sudden, epic events in contemporary cataclysmic events that occur in our lifetimes. times: volcanic eruptions in human history (Pompeii, Krakatoa, Mount St. Helens); tsunamis (Indonesia, Japan); earthquakes (San Francisco, Haiti)

Green Monarch Ridge rises above Lake Pend Oreille in Idaho. Massive ice dams formed here and held back Glacial Lake Missoula -- until they collapsed! The result: Cataclysmic Ice Age floods. Photo: Bruce Bjornstad

8 Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail Long-range Interpretive Plan Theme Title: Evidence that Remains

In the wake of the floods, a wide array of flood-formed features remained, just waiting for human curiosity to discover. Some features are gigantic – more readily visible from space than from the ground; others are subtle – only recognized and appreciated through close observation.

Concepts and Ideas Topics and Stories Examples to be explored within each theme, written Examples or sample storylines within this theme as objectives • Help visitors “read the landscape” for evidence by • Stories explaining large, dramatic landscape features such as identifying flood features, large and small. Dry Falls • Use a variety of presentation techniques to help • Stories explaining the various individual flood features found visitors envision the landscape underwater to throughout the affected landscape: ripples, strand lines, shore understand today’s remaining flood features. lines, scablands, Ephrata fan, coulees, erratics, etc.

• Introduce the geological theories and controversies • Stories about Harlen Bretz and Joseph Pardee related to how the floods landscape was created. • Stories illustrating increasing scientific knowledge and understanding of the floods

• Introduce tribal presence, cultural ties to the • Tribal histories and stories related to different landscape, and ideas about its creation. landscape features across the region • Inspire visitors to consider how traditional tribal • Stories illustrating how tribal history stories often beliefs reflect intimate knowledge of and enduring reflect traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) ties to the land.

• Illustrate floods’ impact on the region’s ecosystems. • Paleo-biology and native First Foods connections in the region • Indigenous versus transported plants in flood sediments • Rich soils in some areas (Willamette Valley) due to flood sediments • Describe how the floods’ impact extends for • Longer, lower shoreline during floods era than we see now hundreds of miles onto the ocean floor beyond • Dangerous currents over Columbia Bar because of flood Cape Disappointment. sediments on the ocean floor

National Park Service 9 Theme Title: In Search of the Truth Unraveling the mysteries of the Ice Age floods reveals the human, often subjective and sometimes contentious, side of the scientific method that arises when new evidence challenges prevailing paradigms.

Concepts and Ideas Topics and Stories Examples to be explored within each theme, written Examples or sample storylines within this theme as objectives • Establish context of geological study and research • Research tools and technology limited to traditional field prior to the modern era. observations and mapping; no satellite or aerial imagery to augment findings of on-the-ground field research • Describe Harlen Bretz’s controversial theory about the huge flood. • Bretz’s 1927 presentation at the Geological Society of Washington, D.C. – and other geologists’ resounding • Describe Joseph Pardee’s scholarship confirming rejection of his ideas the where the floods originated (i.e., Glacial Lake Missoula). • Pardee’s research on Glacial Lake Missoula from 1910 to 1942, which supported Bretz’s hypotheses

• Describe current scientific knowledge on the floods • New ways to study floods features: high-tech tools such as not “the last word” but as an evolving field where as aerial surveys and LiDAR (Light Detection and many people can and do contribute. Ranging) remote sensors, which provide scientific data to support theories of the floods • Describe continuing research and evolving understanding of these floods and other related Ice • Ice-dam floods research in Iceland and elsewhere Age events around the globe.

• Explore the floods through traditional ecological • Flood stories from tribal communities knowledge handed down by generations of tribal people in the region.

Giant current ripples along the West Bar of the Columbia River were a mystery until the geologists J. Harlan Bretz and Joseph Pardee traced their origins to torrential Ice Age floods. Photo: Bruce Bjornstad

10 Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail Long-range Interpretive Plan Theme Title: Lives and Livelihoods

Just as the Ice Age floods left an enduring mark on the landscape of the northwestern United States, so too has that landscape profoundly shaped human history and culture across the region. The impact of the floods continues to this day.

Concepts and Ideas Topics and Stories Examples to be explored within each theme, written Examples or sample storylines within this theme as objectives • Show how present-day agriculture relates directly • Agriculture (apple orchards) and vineyards in western to floods deposition. Washington, the Tri-Cities area, and Oregon’s rich Willamette Valley, the ultimate destination for settlers traveling west on the Oregon Trail

• Connect modern transportation and settlement • Locations of railroads and highways in coulees and through patterns to the landscape left by the Ice Age floods. water gaps • Locations of towns at river confluences: The Dalles, Richland, Wenatchee • Location of Hanford Reach facility

• Interpret the history of water and water use in the • Columbia River Gorge as lifeline for the region region via a landscape carved by floods. • Grand Coulee and other dams for reservoirs and electrical power

• Explore the floods landscapes as a pathway for • Stories of different tribes in their various regions and learning more about native cultures and traditional culture areas knowledge and lifeways. • Tribal flood stories that exemplify native peoples’ cultural continuity over time • Tribal settlement patterns and livelihoods based on the flood landscapes • Connect the region’s industrial and economic • Mining and other resource extraction sustainability to the terrain and resources brought • Columbia River shipping corridor about by the floods.

• Interpret the establishment of Ice Age Floods • Grassroots initiative led by all-volunteer Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail. Institute • The trail as a tourism resource for visitors and communities in the region • The trail as a continuing research resource for geologists and other scholars locally and worldwide

National Park Service 11 Management Goals for the Interpretive Plan

As part of the interpretive planning process, • Clarify for partners that the NPS will the planning team worked with trail take the lead in guiding and supporting managers and partners to identify partners in trail interpretation by management goals for the Ice Age Floods providing structure for collaborative, National Geologic Trail Long-range consistent efforts on interpretation. Interpretive Plan. These goals have been identified as follows: • Establish the Long-range Interpretive Plan as the key document for trail • Set the stage for future trail partners in providing a roadmap for interpretation and clarify how partners how partners can work together on will work together. trail interpretation. • Emphasize and highlight interpretation of the trail as a separate endeavor from • Help elucidate the trail’s thematic other partner roles. content and the roles and • Help partners identify the best stories responsibilities of trail partners in along the trail and develop the best communicating this content. methodologies for communicating these stories to the public. • Clarify that while groups with different goals or at a distance from the trail may not be a good match as primary partners, they may provide accurate, IAFL-approved interpretation of the trail.

Steamboat Rock State Park is one of more than a dozen Washington State Parks along the trail. The rock itself, a massive butte of exposed basalt, is a typical Ice Age floods feature. Photo: Adam Jones/Creative Commons

12 Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail Long-range Interpretive Plan Visitor Experience Goals

What kind of experiences are visitors creating multi-faceted, universally accessible seeking when they set out to explore Ice programming, the trail’s visitor experience Age Floods National Geologic Trail? How goals are presented here in four ways: what can trail partners support or enhance visitors can do, physically, along the trail visitors’ experiences along the way? (experiential goals); what visitors can learn (cognitive goals); what universal human A comprehensive interpretive program feelings might be evoked along the trail seeks to provide all visitors with multiple (emotional goals); and how visitors’ behavior opportunities for memorable, meaningful might change as a result of encountering the experiences as they explore any site. Along trail (behavioral goals). Ideally, the majority this long, highly variable trail, different of interpretive offerings for the trail will be visitors will experience its offerings in many designed in ways that support multiple goals different ways: across these categories, thereby accommodating persons of differing abilities • sightseeing by car or bus tour, by boat, and interests as they explore the trail. by train (Amtrak Empire Builder route), or by air; Experiential Goals: What should visitors • recreational hiking, biking, boating, have the opportunity to do along Ice Age fishing, camping, horseback riding, Floods National Geologic Trail? hunting, or bird watching; • exploring regional museums and Trail interpretation will help enable visitors cultural centers, including tribal to: traditional sites; • “Get out of the car” to explore and • attending guided programs, lectures, experience the geological landscape field trips, or educational excursions; features of the trail physically. or • Experience parts of the trail through • virtually via online and audiovisual hiking, camping, bicycling, and other materials such as websites, films, on-site physical recreational activities. podcasts, virtual tours, and online museum collections. • Access the trail from the water via a variety of boating options. Whatever approach or activity they prefer, all visitors to Ice Age Floods National • Recognize and locate multiple features Geologic Trail should have ample, of the Ice Age floods – ripples, accessible opportunities to explore key shorelines, wet and dry falls, glacial and resources and appreciate the intrinsic values flood-rafted erratics, and other features and meanings of this vast, unusual – along the route. landscape. • Connect with Ice Age floods experts. Based on analysis of the trail's resources and input from workshop participants, the • Discover cultural aspects of the trail and following visitor experience goals have been the region, many of which are a direct identified for Ice Age Floods National result of the floods’ impacts on the Geologic Trail. To guide partners in landscape.

National Park Service 13 • Explore tribal relationships with, and • Learn about laws pertaining to the stories about, the floods and its protection of Native American associated landscapes. archeological sites and burial areas, such as the Archaeological Resource • Explore the vast biological diversity Protection Act of 1979 (ARPA) and the and ecosystems along the trail. Native American Graves Protection and • Ask questions and participate in active, Repatriation Act (NAGPRA). hands-on learning about the Ice Age, the floods, and the trail. • Understand the impact of the floods on the soils, agriculture, and settlement of • Participate in citizen science projects the affected area through the centuries. related to the trail. • Become a trail volunteer. • Identify key aspects of the region’s biological diversity and ecosystems.

Cognitive Goals: What should visitors • Learn how the trail was established and have the opportunity to learn when they how it is sustained. visit Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail? Emotional Goals: What emotions or feelings might Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail Trail interpretation will provide visitors evoke among visitors? with opportunities to: Trail interpretation will support opportunities for visitors to: • Identify Ice Age floods landscape features along the trail. • Feel a sense of adventure and personal discovery while traveling the trail. • Explore and learn about the geological and hydrological processes • Experience feelings of awe, wonder, the floods features illustrate: how, and astonishment at the immense scale why, and where the floods occurred. of the floods.

• Understand the vast magnitude of the • Gain perspective on humans’ place in floods, their timeframe, scope, and earth’s ancient and ever-changing scale. landscape.

• Acquire or renew basic understanding • Find solitude and solace in nature. of how the earth’s geology changes • Relax and enjoy the scenic beauty along our world through the ages – both the trail, from its intriguing land rapidly (cataclysmically) and slowly formations to its serene lakes. (incrementally). • “Get lost” in personal curiosity about • Learn about the evolving scientific the various aspects of the Ice Age theories and controversies explaining floods. the floods landscapes we see today. • Be motivated to continue exploring the • Gain insight into tribal cultures in the trail, both on site and from afar. region and their ways of interpreting the floods and landscape features. • Stimulate repeat visitation to the trail.

14 Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail Long-range Interpretive Plan Behavioral Goals: How might visitors’ lives • Volunteer to assist with trail or behaviors be changed from their interpretation and resource protection encounters with Ice Age Floods National through the Ice Age Floods Institute, the Geologic Trail? NPS, state parks, or other partners.

Trail interpretation will encourage visitors to: • Become ambassadors and advocates for the trail and its scenic, geological, • Develop or renew personal appreciation biological, and cultural resources. for nature and the great outdoors. • Recognize and support our nation’s • Continue researching and learning more public lands and the mechanisms, about the floods and the trail after agencies, and institutions that protect returning home. them. • Attend additional interpretive programs • Come back and bring others. and events about the floods and the trail.

Dry Falls and other floods features have long been tourist destinations. In 1946 Rufus Woods, co- owner of the Wenatchee Daily World newspaper, photographed visitors including Julius Krug, U.S. Secretary of the Interior, and F.A. Banks, supervising engineer of Grand Coulee Dam. Photo: Rufus Woods Papers, Central Washington University Archives and Special Collections

National Park Service 15 Trail Audiences and Visitor Data

Thousands of people explore portions of tourist destinations in the region Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail (Portland, Mount Hood, Mount St. every year. Given the nature of the trail, Helens, regional National Parks, with its nearly 3,400-mile length and numerous national forests). multiple entrance points, precise visitation numbers are impossible to obtain; Demographically, trail observers report a however, indications of the trail’s current predominance of well-informed Baby and potential visitation can be gleaned Boomers, many of whom have chosen the from a variety of sources. northwest region for retirement, balanced by a younger cohort of locals and nearby At present, anecdotal evidence of trail urban residents pursuing vigorous visitation indicates a surprisingly wide recreational opportunities (hiking, range of visitors, at least some of whom backcountry camping, cycling, kayaking). may be unaware that they are on a national Visitation data from selected sites along trail trail. In general, workshop participants for pathways provides insight into the trail’s this plan identified several broad categories potential. For example: of visitors: • Multnomah Falls (OR) attracts more • People with prior knowledge of the than 2 million visits a year, the largest Ice Age floods, including members visitation of any tourism site in the and others drawn to the work and entire Pacific Northwest. programs of the Ice Age Floods The Columbia Gorge Discovery Center Institute, who come specifically to • & Museum (The Dalles, OR) gets trace the pathways of the floods; roughly 46,000 visitors a year, many • Local residents who visit existing from cruise boats on the Columbia parks and museums and/or use parts River. About 5,000 to 6,000 Discovery of the trail or its landscape features Center visitors arrive via organized (rivers, lakes, waterfalls, hiking trails) groups, including K-12 and college for recreation; students. Visitors come from some 40 different countries every year. • K-12 students and educators on field trips; • The Lewis and Clark Interpretive Center at Cape Disappointment State • Special-interest visitors such as rock Park (Ilwaco, WA) records visitation of climbers, college geology classes, approximately 35,000 every year, while researchers, mountain bicyclists, or the state park (including its beaches) “trail trekkies”; and logs more than 1 million day-use visits annually. • Tourists discovering the trail by accident, such as cruise ship • Lake Roosevelt National Recreation passengers, RV’ers, birders and Area entertained 1.17 million anglers, wine enthusiasts, military/ recreational visits in 2015. Hanford visitors, retirees, or families heading for other, better-known

16 Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail Long-range Interpretive Plan • Farragut State Park (ID) • The Portland (OR) metro area welcomed more than 361,000 welcomed 8.9 million visitors in 2015. day-use visitors in 2013, at least 115,000 of them from out of state. In addition to tourists from afar, the trail corridor lies within a half-day’s drive of • Dry Falls Visitor Center (WA) receives more than 100,000 most residents across the four states. visitors a year. Based on U.S. Census estimates, this four- state population totaled more than 13.6 Tourism statistics and marketing million people in 2014. studies for three major gateway cities along the trail provide further insight into potential visitation. Like all national trails, even long- established ones such as the Lewis & • The DestinationMissoula (MT) Clark or Oregon Trails, Ice Age Floods tourism organization reports 3.1 National Geologic Trail can be expected million annual visitors –of whom to present significant challenges in 1.1 million or more spend at least measuring visitation. Over time, one night. however, data gleaned from partners and tourism sources in the region can help • According to the VisitSpokane tourism board in Spokane County provide a reasonably accurate picture of (WA), area hotels hosted 3.4 trail visitation and potential growth. million overnight visitors in 2014, and these visitors spent more than $900 million in the area.

State 2015 Population Under age 18 Age 65 or over Idaho 1,634,930 431,622 (26.4%) 233,795 (14.3%) Oregon 4,028,977 870,259 (21.6%) 644,636 (16.0%) Montana 1,032,949 227,249 (22.0%) 172,502 (16.7%) Washington 7,170,351 1,627,670 (22.7%) 1,011,019 (14.1%) Totals 13,867,207 3,156,800 2,061,952

National Park Service 17 Other Planning Considerations

While this Long-range Interpretive Plan • Expand Institute collaboration in focuses directly on interpretation of the trail development of interpretive projects. and its sites, it is important to note that • Expand the role in the education and contemporaneous planning activities and advocacy of the ‘floods story’. organizational goals among the partners and stakeholders may also address aspects of • Develop the organization and trail interpretation. brand. • Proactively market the Ice Age Floods The Ice Age Floods Institute National Geologic Trail experience. The Ice Age Floods Institute, a non-profit With some 700 members, including a educational organization founded in 1995, is wide range of professionally trained recognized in the trail’s enabling legislation geologists and geology enthusiasts, the as the primary private-sector partner in the Institute is an all-volunteer organization trail’s development and implementation. supported by member dues and The Institute played a key role in contributions. These dedicated Institute establishing the trail and continues to be a volunteers maintain several vibrant and vital resource for all trail partners, especially informative websites and newsletters, with regard to scientific understanding and publish new findings and trip reports interpretation. The Institute provides trail regularly, and offer a regular schedule of partners with up-to-date, science-based day-long trail interpretive field trips, information on floods landscapes and evening lectures, and programs across the reviews interpretive and promotional region. materials for accuracy and consistency across the length of the trail. Organizationally, the Institute operates While in some respects the Institute through 11 local chapters, with functions as a “Friends Group” to the trail, volunteers in the various chapters it also stands as an entirely separate working closely with other partners and organization with its own mission, providing personal interpretation and priorities, and funding needs. The formal field trips in their respective areas. mission statement of the Ice Age Floods Institute positions the Institute as “the recognized advocate, educator, and marketer of the Ice Age floods experiences as a significant international natural and cultural heritage phenomenon.” Its 2015 priorities were to:

• Strengthen the Institute administratively and financially. • Form appropriate partnerships and sponsorships with ensuing revenue generation.

18 Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail Long-range Interpretive Plan Ice Age Floods Institute/ Local Chapters Location Glacial Lake Missoula Missoula, MT Coeur Du Deluge Sandpoint, ID Cheney/Spokane Cheney and Spokane, WA Lower Grand Coulee Soap Lake/Ephrata, WA Wenatchee Valley Erratics Wenatchee, WA Lake Lewis Tri-Cities, WA (Richland, Pasco, & Kennewick) Ellensburg Ellensburg, WA Columbia River Gorge Hood River/ The Dalles OR; White Salmon/Stevenson, WA Palouse Falls Washtucna, WA Lower Columbia Willamette Valley, OR Puget Lobe, Seattle/Puget Sound Seattle and Puget Sound, WA

Trail Partnership Committees State Park and Other Institutional Planning The Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail Partnership Workshop, held in July In addition to this NPS-sponsored 2012 in Wenatchee, Washington, interpretive plan, planning documents established several key committees to work by partners may also influence trail toward developing, operating, promoting, interpretation. Each of the four state and interpreting the trail. Convened by the park systems has its own mission Ice Age Floods Interagency Coordination statements, strategic plans, and/or Committee representing the seven federal interpretive plans, and some individual agencies within the floods region, the parks and other interpretive sites have partnership workshop resulted in five task plans in place as well. Throughout this forces to handle different needs for the planning process, partners have been trail: invited to share their organizations’ • Geologic Resources and Research plans regarding interpretation along Team the trail. • Transportation and Public Access Team • Interpretation and Education Team • Tourism and Marketing Team • Logo Committee Partnership workshop participants and task force team members have been an integral part of the creation of this Long- range Interpretive Plan, working to ensure the collaborative process that is central to the trail’s organizational mandate.

National Park Service 19 Existing Interpretation

In 2016, only seven years after its establish- since 1928), have vehicular or pedestrian ment, Ice Age Floods National Geologic access with pull-offs, informational kiosks Trail has a remarkably good foundation and interpretive signage. Some of these upon which to build future interpretation. installations are aging, with pull-offs that do Many sites and partner organizations have not meet current standards for safety and been interpreting the Ice Age floods accessibility. landscape across the region for years. Personal Interpretive Services At the same time, significant challenges remain before this ambitious new trail will Personal interpretive programming describes have an optimal level of interpretive programs delivered “live and in person” by programming from end to end. According rangers, volunteers, educators, or subject to the 2001 Ice Age Floods Study of experts. In most locations, such personal Alternatives and Environmental Assessment, programming varies by audience, visitation the trail’s 1,300-mile main route and nearly levels, staffing, and seasonal needs. Personal 3,400 miles of loops and spurs include interpretive services may include guided roughly 350 distinct locations that showcase tours, storytelling, ranger talks, supervised geological aspects of the floods. Among hands-on activities, living history, first- those 350 possible sites, only a small person reenactments, educational programs, percentage are being interpreted directly at artisan or crafts demonstrations, or other the scene today, typically via permanent face-to-face activities. wayside exhibits or through scheduled or pre-arranged tours. As noted earlier, much of the personal interpretation for Ice Age Floods National At present, partners of Ice Age Floods Geologic Trail is provided by volunteers from National Geologic Trail are providing a one of the 11 local chapters of the range of personal and/or non-personal 700-member Ice Age Floods Institute. A interpretation of the floods in a number of sampling of interpretive programs provided settings. An inventory of this interpretation by Institute volunteers in 2015 includes appears below. monthly lectures and/or audiovisual presentations at Institute chapter meetings Sites and Facilities across the region, as well as frequent day- Existing interpretive facilities along the long field trips, weather permitting, for the floods pathways include an array of state general public or by pre-arrangement with park and federal visitor centers, privately special audiences. In a three-month period in 2015, these activities included: run non-profit museums, science and nature centers, and historical societies. However, • Perspective from Above and Within: the only visitor facility dedicated exclusively Lecture/presentation of floods views by to the Ice Age floods is Washington State flying trike (specialty aircraft) (Ellensburg Parks’ Dry Falls Visitor Center. chapter) Approximately 25 sites along the designated • Lower Grand Coulee and Crab Creek trail, including Dry Falls Visitor Center Floodways: Lecture/presentation (open since 1966) and Vista House (open (Cheney-Spokane chapter)

20 Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail Long-range Interpretive Plan • Lower Grand Coulee field trip (Cheney- Vista House/Crown Point, Oregon: Spokane chapter) • Summer programs on the Gorge, including • Central Columbia Gorge field trip interpretation of the Ice Age floods (Columbia Gorge chapter) Ice Age Floods Features by Drone: Lecture/presentation Lewis and Clark Interpretive Center, Cape (Lake Lewis chapter) Disappointment State Park, Washington: • Occasional programming in the center • Willamette Valley: Flood Channels, Ripple Marks, Erratics, and Wine Tour with PowerPoint and a large topographic (Lower Columbia chapter) map depicting Glacial Lake Missoula, the Channeled Scablands, and the floods’ • Floods, Flowers, and Feathers Festival at trajectory to the coast Turnbull National Wildlife Refuge (Cheney-Spokane chapter) Fort Spokane Visitor Center • Megafloods: The Channeled Scablands, • Occasional programming explaining Siberia, Mars, and Beyond: Lecture/ visible flood and glacial lake features presentation (Cheney-Spokane chapter) Dry Falls Visitor Center • Making Casts of Ice Age Fossils (Lower Columbia chapter) • Routine summer season programs

Institute members also served as guides and Interpretive Media content experts accompanying a number of day-long excursions from the Hanford Audiovisual, Digital, and Social Media Reach Interpretive Center (The REACH) in The rapidly changing fields of audiovisual Tri-Cities. Sample excursions include: and emerging digital media have the capacity to combine and integrate email, audio, film, • Jet-boat geology tour and wildflower hike video, photography, websites, print, along White Bluffs downloadable audio and multimedia • Jet-boat geology tour through Wallula (podcasts), apps, interactive distance Gap to Boardman learning, social media (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram), and instant messaging – and then • The Western Scablands: Ice Age/Dry to deliver all these media rapidly to a Falls/Vantage day trip personal computer, smartphone, or other In addition to personal interpretive services personal electronic device. When used for programming provided by Ice Age Floods interpretation, the digital world has no Institute members, trail visitors can attend boundaries: an interpreter in Montana can various programs delivered by interpreters or share Ice Age floods stories with audiences in volunteers at selected sites. Examples Memphis or Milan as easily as with audiences include: in Missoula.

Farragut State Park, Idaho: In fact, the Ice Age floods’ online digital media presence is surprisingly robust, with a • Ranger- or volunteer-led programs about core of professional-quality films, frequent the floods during school field trips coverage on a geology-focused YouTube • One or two weekly campfire programs channel, websites with computer-generated about the floods in summer season, imagery (CGI) and animations, and podcasts provided by volunteers with a non-profit for download. However, two issues should religious organization be noted:

National Park Service 21 (1) From a visitor perspective, accessing the • At the website www.brucebjornstad.com, full range of these materials is currently a established by geologist and author Bruce hit-or-miss exercise, with no intuitive Bjornstad, visitors can access photos, one-stop online site providing information, and links, as well as click to comprehensive information and access. purchase several guidebooks written by (2) With the exception of YouTube entries, Bjornstad. the current digital offerings on the floods • The film “Mystery of the Megaflood,” are computer-based and not necessarily produced in 2006 for the Public optimized for mobile use, either as Broadcasting System television show downloadable apps or as mobile- Nova (http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ optimized websites. megaflood), is a popular and widely used video available for preview and purchase The NPS.gov website for Ice Age Floods on DVD. Several visitor centers in the National Geologic Trail (www.nps.gov/iafl) floods pathways have the video available launched in first quarter 2016 and will for viewing or for sale. At 56 minutes long, continue to grow, building on the long- it provides a dramatic, memorable telling awaited revamping of the NPS web presence of the Ice Age floods stories but is usually (and mobile adaptability) nationwide. The shown only on request due to its length. IAFL Chief of Interpretation and Education established an Ice Age Floods Facebook • Washington State Parks provides an overview of floods sites in the state at the page and Instagram presence in mid-2015, state parks website at www.parks.wa. both of which are building audiences as well. gov/225/Ice-Age-Floods-in-Washington. Other notable digital offerings about the • The Montana Natural History Center floods and the trail include the following: offers a virtual tour of Ice Age floods sites at http://www.glaciallakemissoula.org/ virtualtour/index.html. • The Ice Age Floods Institute maintains a central Institute website (www.iafi.org) • At the Columbia Gorge Discovery Center with extensive information on the floods in The Dalles, OR, an introductory film and links to other useful sites. In addition, on the Ice Age plays continually in the several Institute chapters have Facebook exhibit section on the Ice Age. The center pages. Some are current, while others also conducts distance learning programs appear to be minimally maintained. by video conference with schools and senior centers, with one program • At www.hugefloods.com, visitors find a specifically addressing the Ice Age floods. content-rich website on the floods, as well as access to “Huge Floods in the Pacific • A number of trail partners use social Northwest” – a 16-minute introductory media to communicate with audiences video on Ice Age floods by Tom Foster and promote events, but these avenues of (site producer) and Nick Zentner of communication rarely reference the Ice Central Washington University. Part of a Age floods or the trail. series called “2-Minute Geology,” the 16-minute video and more than a dozen Exterior Exhibits/Waysides “2-Minute Geology” programs are Exterior exhibit kiosks and low-profile available online on a YouTube Channel wayside signs offer simple, relatively established by hugefloods.com. inexpensive ways to present consistent,

22 Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail Long-range Interpretive Plan readily available interpretation for a wide • Maryhill State Park (east Columbia range of visitors. The following list Gorge) benchmarks interpretive signage addressing • Palouse Falls State Park the Ice Age floods state-by-state in mid-2015. • Steamboat Rock State Park Montana • Sun Lakes-Dry Falls State Park • Camus Prairie (ripples) • Twin Sisters (Cayuse Sisters) basalt • Marked rocks on trails around the city of columns Missoula • Yakima Sportsman State Park Idaho Oregon • Cabinet Gorge Dam • Bellevue Erratic, McMinnville • Farragut State Park near Lake Pend • Hat Rock State Park Oreille • Multnomah Falls, Columbia River Gorge • Highway 53, Newman Lake (Purcell National Scenic Area Trench) • Rowena Crest Overlook, Historic • Highway 97, near Harrison (Coeur Columbia Highway, Columbia River d’Alene Lake) Gorge National Scenic Area • Idaho Highway 200 near Hope • Tamastslikt Cultural Institute (formation of Lake Pend Oreille and the Green Monarch Mountains) • Vista House, Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area Washington • Willamette meteorite, West Linn • Badger Mountain, Lake Lewis area (Friends of Badger Mountain) Interior Exhibits (Museums and • Beacon Rock State Park, Columbia River Visitor Centers) • Bridgeport State Park (upper Columbia The Ice Age floods (and in some cases, the River) trail itself) are included in interior exhibits in • Centennial Trail State Park (Spokane each of these settings. As might be expected, River) some sites have more extensive coverage than others. • Columbia Hills State Park • Columbia Plateau State Park Trail (Fish Montana Lake Overlook) • Montana Natural History Center • Drumheller Channels National Natural Idaho Landmark (Columbia National Wildlife • Farragut State Park (new wing to visitor Refuge) center mid-2015; additional exhibits on • Ginkgo Petrified Forest State Park IAFL) • Lake Lenore Caves State Park • Museum of North Idaho, Coeur d’Alene • Lincoln Mill Boat Launch, Lake Washington Roosevelt National Recreation Area • Sun Lakes-Dry Falls State Park and Visitor Center (new exhibits planned) • Lincoln Rock State Park (Wenatchee Valley of Columbia River) • Hanford Reach Interpretive Center, Richland

National Park Service 23 • Columbia Gorge Interpretive Center, • Glacial Lake Columbia and the Ice Age Stevenson Floods. Large color driving map and text, • Grand Coulee Dam Visitor Center folded to #10 envelope size; Cheney- Spokane Chapter/Ice Age Floods Institute • Fort Spokane Visitor Center, Lake with support from the City of Cheney and Roosevelt National Recreation Area Eastern Washington University. Oregon • Glacial Lake Missoula: Points of Interest in • Columbia Gorge Discovery Center, The and around the Missoula Valley. Four-panel Dalles color brochure. Ice Age Floods Institute/ • Bonneville Dam Visitor Center Glacial Lake Missoula Chapter; published by Montana Natural History Center, no date. • Multnomah Falls Lodge/USDA Forest Service Visitor Center, Columbia River • Ice Age Flood Features near Richland, Gorge National Scenic Area Washington. Large color driving map and text, folded to #10 envelope size; Lake • Oregon Museum of Science and Industry, Lewis Chapter/Ice Age Floods Institute Portland with support from Battelle, Tri-Cities • Tualatin Historical Society, Tualatin Visitor and Convention Bureau, and City of Richland; 3rd edition, 2013. Print Publications Dozens of tourism publications across the • Ice Age Floods Left Their Mark. Three-panel region describe aspects of the Ice Age color brochure with map and QR code, c. floods. In addition, several state parks’ 2013. By Ice Age Floods Institute; design by brochures provide brief, basic Jones & Jones. interpretation on the floods. The • Lake Roosevelt and the Case of the Channeled following publications provide varying Scablands. Booklet (green) issued by Lake degrees of focused, detailed interpretation Roosevelt National Recreation Area, based and information about the floods. on work of Dr. E.K. Peters, Washington • Dry Falls: A Washington State Parks State University; no date. Heritage Area. Four-panel, two-color • Lake Roosevelt National Recreation Area. brochure, Washington State Parks and National Park Service unigrid brochure. Recreation Commission, 2014. • The Story of Immensely Powerful Ice Age • The Eastern Washington Spillways of the Ice Floods. Four-panel, two-color brochure, Age Floods. Large color driving map and 2006. By Ice Age Floods Institute. text, folded to #10 envelope size; Cheney- • The West Plains Steptoes and the Ice Age Spokane Chapter/Ice Age Floods Institute Floods. Large color driving map and text, with support from the City of Cheney, the folded to #10 envelope size; Cheney-Spokane National Student Clearinghouse, and Chapter/Ice Age Floods Institute with students from Eastern Washington support from the City of Cheney, the University. National Student Clearinghouse, and students from Eastern Washington • Flood Scene Investigator (FSI). Rack card University. (color) with map and GPS location As of this writing, the trail itself does not yet numbers along Coulee Corridor. Issued by have a National Trail unigrid brochure. Coulee Corridor National Scenic Byway, no date. Opposite: Trail travelers can also explore floods features by water. A lone kayak waits on Bank Lake in Steamboat Rock State Park. Photo: Bruce Bjornstad

24 Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail Long-range Interpretive Plan Issues and Influences

National Park Service 25 In this 1928 photograph of downtown Missoula, the strand lines of Glacial Lake Missoula stand out clearly on a hillside. Similar strand lines can be found in several spots along the trail. Photo: U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), 1928.

Another early USGS photo captures evidence of ancient lake beds in the layered cliffs south of Missoula in the Bitterroot Valley. The higher layers are sediments left by Glacial Lake Missoula. Photo: U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), 1927

26 Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail Long-range Interpretive Plan Issues and Influences

As the inventory of existing interpretation Funding for Interpretation clearly shows, Ice Age Floods National Funding for trail interpretation is a distinct Geologic Trail is fortunate to have a need that is separate from the need for trail remarkable group of dedicated supporters and identification and wayfinding, marketing and collaborators working to develop first-rate promotion, or other efforts. Unfortunately, interpretive programming for the trail. Many federal and state budget cuts across all the of these individuals and organizations have multiple jurisdictions of the trail (all four states, been involved for years in preserving the all DOI agencies, etc.) have profoundly affected landscape resources of the floods and interpretive staffing levels and funds for lobbying to launch the trail. In the stakeholder interpretive media at present. Consequently, workshops for this plan, enthusiasm and many trail partners lack resources and face a commitment to trail interpretation remained great deal of uncertainty in developing future high and very positive among both seasoned interpretation. veterans in trail planning and newcomers to the trail. The following paragraphs It is unlikely that government budget pressures acknowledge a set of known issues and will improve significantly in the foreseeable influences – both positive and negative – that future. Given this scenario, trail needs for will affect future interpretation along the trail. interpretation may need to be funded through creative exploration of other sources: A Trail with Many Layers volunteerism (already at very high levels for this Geographically, geologically, jurisdictionally, trail); private donations, grants, and other and organizationally, Ice Age Floods National fundraising; and public-private partnerships Geologic Trail has many layers. Passing with corporations, educational institutions, through scores of counties and municipalities, and municipalities, etc., in order to reach full state lands managed by four states, and federal interpretive potential in the coming decade. lands managed by seven different agencies, the trail requires an organizational structure that is Complex Science flexible yet offers reliable guidance and clear The science behind this first national standards for accurate, appropriate geological trail in the United States is interpretation. Communication among indisputably complex. The geology and partners and with broader community-based hydrology explaining the floods requires not constituencies across the trail’s length will be only an understanding of basic earth science critical for successful trail operation and concepts, but also the willingness to look positive visitor experiences. beyond the static gray rock before us and imagine a wild, churning, cataclysmic ancient At present the trail’s National Park Service past. Many visitors may arrive with minimal management oversight, Interagency understanding of geology and the earth Coordination Committee and task forces, and sciences, and many others may find it difficult input from the Ice Age Floods Institute to conjure an immense flooded world from provide an effective structure for continued the view of gentle ripples or gravel bars on a trail development and interpretation. As the distant hillside. trail continues to develop in the coming years, its organizational structure will doubtless need Yet Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail to grow and change as well. offers excellent opportunities for engaging youth and adults alike in real-world, hands-on

National Park Service 27 exploration of science, technology, engineering, concern. At an individual level, ancient the arts, and mathematics (STEAM), as well as petroglyphs, glacial and flood-borne erratics, unexplored aspects of cultural history. Skilled, and biological specimens may be at risk from solidly supported interpretation drawing on incautious travelers or deliberate destruction or best practices and well-trained interpreters can taking. On a larger scale, industrial, commercial, convey these complex topics effectively; or residential development remains possible, anything less will shortchange visitors seeking even for areas already designated as National to understand the resources and impact of this Register properties or other protected status. remarkable trail. Interpretation can play a crucial role in Trail and Tourist Infrastructure educating visitors and the general public about At present, travel along Ice Age Floods National the need to protect the resources found along Geologic Trail can be a somewhat uncertain the trail. adventure, because many infrastructure elements to support the trail and tourism have Competing Interests yet to be developed. For example: Both interpreters and visitors along the trail • The trail does not yet have highway markers must balance a variety of interests. Often, Ice or directional/orientation signage. A trail Age Floods National Geologic Trail will be only logo is under development in the rounded one among many topics for interpretation, and triangle style of other national trails; when the floods may not be prioritized for inclusion the logo is finalized, each state will then in interpretive media requiring out-of-pocket install route signage. The initial trail expenditures. For example, the high-quality legislation authorized up to $12 million in printed materials currently in distribution for funding for this goal. Historic Columbia River Highway and Vista • Although some highway vantage points House at Crown Point/State Scenic Corridor along the trail already have vehicle pull-offs do not mention the Ice Age floods or the trail. where visitors can view flood features safely, a number of safe, ADA-accessible overlooks At present, the frequency or depth of floods and smaller pull-offs will need to be interpretation at different sites varies, largely constructed in each of the four states before dependent on the interests of individual orientation and interpretive kiosks can be interpreters or the availability of special developed. Prioritizing and funding these programs conducted by Ice Age Floods installations will be a challenge. Institute volunteers. In the future, with guidance from this interpretive plan, trail • Along the trail’s more remote or rural stakeholders and partners can work together to stretches, typical tourist amenities such as ensure that trail interpretation will be delivered restaurants, restrooms, lodging, gasoline, consistently and strategically, using different and Wi-Fi service are sparse, and often techniques and materials as appropriate. Such visitors can find very little tourism a process should create at least a baseline level information to help them locate these of interpretation across the entire length of the necessities along the way. trail, complementing rather than impinging on • Winter weather may make some areas of partners’ other interpretive needs. the trail impassable part of the year.

Resource Protection In any vast natural area, the prospect of damage Opposite: Massive rhythmites laid down by Ice Age to precious natural and cultural resources is a floods form these striking White Bluffs in Hanford Reach National Monument. Photo: Bruce Bjornstad

28 Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail Long-range Interpretive Plan Recommendations

National Park Service 29 Section 2: Recommendations

In a setting as vast as Ice Age Floods National National Historic Trail, have had long Geologic Trail, visitors need assistance in struggles for recognition and funding. Yet exploring and understanding the floods’ despite setbacks, leadership changes, and magnitude and meaning. How can trail seemingly endless planning, supporters supporters help every visitor have an persevered, passing along enduring national outstanding experience along the trail? legacies to future visitors they will never know. The answer to this question encompasses dozens of important details, among them Over the past ten years, the Ice Age Floods physical access (good directions, well- Institute has had some success in obtaining maintained roads, safe pull-offs, and public funding for trail interpretation at the National Trail signage), tourism chapter and state levels. Recommendations infrastructure (bathrooms, Wi-Fi), and in this interpretive plan will require federal operational coordination across four states. funding, which is subject to budget Perhaps no single factor is more important, fluctuations and cycles. Certain plan however, than consistent and engaging trail elements may be funded later (or somewhat interpretation. Without interpretation, Ice differently) than expected, while other Age floods features, despite their immense elements may be funded earlier, at a much size and grandeur, will remain invisible to lower budget, or not at all. Some elements most observers, hidden within the rocky will be eliminated from the plan as cliffs and undulating grasslands of one of the circumstances change. most unusual landscapes on earth. In order to implement the recommendations A Note on Timing of this Long-range Interpretive Plan for the In the long trajectory of setting aside and trail fully and in a timely manner, it will be establishing public lands as parks or trails, it necessary for trail staff, volunteers, and is important to remember that Ice Age supporters to pursue other potential funding Floods National Geologic Trail is still in its sources to augment future federal infancy. Although this Long-range appropriations from Congress in support of Interpretive Plan makes recommendations to trail interpretation. These sources can guide development of interpretive programs include additional funding from state and and services along the trail over the next local governments in the area, along with seven to ten years, the establishment of private sector funding support from suggested frameworks and strategies will foundations, charitable trusts, and influence interpretation for a much longer organizations such as the Ice Age Floods time period. Institute and other private sources.

However, as with most plans, many aspects Years from now, Ice Age Floods National of implementation depend on funding – and Geologic Trail will be a fixture on the historically, funding for these kinds of landscape of Pacific Northwest tourism, a projects can take a long time, even decades, well-established route enabling visitors of all to achieve. Many of our nation’s ages and abilities to explore extraordinary monuments, parks, and trails, from the scenes illustrating ancient stories and Washington Monument to Lewis & Clark modern science. That said, professional-

30 Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail Long-range Interpretive Plan quality interpretive and educational To help the trail’s interpretive teams materials cannot be created for Ice Age strategize, fund, and staff for future Floods National Geologic Trail without interpretive needs, this plan proposes adequate, reliable funding for hard costs recommendations in three stages. Short- such as staffing and media production (i.e., range recommendations are proposed for waysides, interior exhibits, brochures, and years 1 to 3; mid-range recommendations digital media). While interpretive programs span years 4-6; and long-range recommendations and services may be less visible and less address years 7 to 10 and beyond. The intent expensive than major capital improvements of the NPS is to address the recommendations such as new highway pull-offs or public within each time range, as funding and staffing restrooms, sustained funding for the levels permit. It is expected that there will be development and maintenance of a number of different focuses moving forward interpretive facilities and programming is at the same time, at different rates. critical to the trail’s success.

Thick white clouds in the Purcell Trench near Lake Pend Oreille evoke the icy glacial fingers that filled the trench 15,000 years ago. Photo: Tony Lewis/IAFI

National Park Service 31 Short-range Recommendations Floods National Geologic Trail. Importantly, Congress provided for the potential of future SHORT-RANGE FOCUS ONE: changes in trail routing and alignment Defining the Trail without having to go back again to Congress for approval. Therefore, so long as any (1) Map It change to the trail that might be proposed by At the risk of stating the obvious, visitors the National Park Service is vetted in a public need a first-rate roadmap to explore Ice Age planning process, and the results published Floods National Geologic Trail. More in the Federal Register, the official trail map accurately, visitors need one consistent, can be modified and changed as appropriate. universally available master map showing the trail routes through all four states. Since this Long-range Interpretive Plan is being produced in a public forum, with input Over the years, many volunteers and partner from numerous trail partners and the general sites have interpreted floods-related public, the NPS can move to incorporate itineraries, views, and features – but not all of suggested map changes (as described below) the sites chosen for interpretation lie along officially by publishing a new map number in designated trail routes. Conversely, some the Federal Register, following the finalization areas lying along the designated routes have and official adoption of this plan. yet to be interpreted as part of the trail. o A new master map created for the June As longtime trail supporters know, Congress 2015 recommendations workshop is a directed the National Park Service to study good starting point to become the the significant resources associated with the trailwide interpretive map used ice age floods in the northwest United States. universally by all trail partners. This new The resultant study, an NPS-commissioned map should be refined, completed, and Study of Alternatives and Environmental put to use as soon as possible. (Among Assessment (Jones & Jones, 2001), includes a other points, the 2015 map needs master map depicting the major flood Interstate, US, and state road numbers channels and the recommended trail tour and major towns as well as Ice Age floods routes for the public to view flood features sites.) Trail partners will need timely and throughout the four-state region. This map equitable consideration of sites to be defined an Ice Age Floods Pathways Tour included on the map. A set of criteria Route consisting of three intertwined routes: needs to be established by the Interagency connecting pathways (usually depicted in Technical Committee, with input from the yellow) that link the floods’ course via named other working groups established at the roadways leading from western Montana to 2012 Summary Workshop. When the Pacific Ocean, supplemented by finalized and approved by the Interagency numerous loop pathways and spur pathways Technical Committee, the new map that branch off the main route. When should replace the 2001 map in all visitor- Congress established Ice Age Floods use applications throughout the trail. National Geologic Trail on March 30, 2009 (Public Law 111-11), the act included a o Ron Hall, an interpretive planning reference to this master map, which was participant and volunteer, has created an delineated in the Study of Alternatives. This interactive map based on Jones Report map became the official map ofce I Age and the draft of this plan. This map is

32 Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail Long-range Interpretive Plan available online at https:// stand-alone tear-off map pad, in a NPS www.google.com/maps/d/viewer? unigrid brochure, in all itinerary-based mid=1XyPcxIOpCsRywER45MXsaXmJ9 interpretive media and programs by all Gk. The map is interactive, so map scale is partners, and in all new exterior (wayside) not a limitation (a problem with paper/ and interior exhibits about the trail. printed maps); users simply just use “zoom” tools (“+”/“-”) in lower right (2) Choose Trail Hubs. corner of the screen/map. A paper map To grasp the vastness of the trail’s terrain, can be created from the material in this visitors need well-marked places to go for map, and it can be “shared” via Facebook, orientation, suggested itineraries, guided Twitter, Google+, general email, or tours if preferred, and various other levels of embedded on a website, including the interpretation and guidance. In many public nps.gov/iafl site. The map is in a format lands, these stopping points are identified as that can be worked on collaboratively. Ice Visitor Contact Stations. Some are staffed, Age Floods Institute Chapters, Gateways, while others are 24-hour self-accessed and Portal locations are included, as well kiosks. For Ice Age Floods National as the location of all Washington State Geologic Trail, a network of clearly Parks and the routes of the John Wayne identified “trail hubs” (mostly at existing and Columbia Plateau Rail Trails. (Click partner sites) should be formally designated these layers in the map legend on the left; to fulfill these visitor-contact functions. all layers have this capability). Pieces/ A number of trail partner sites are already layers of the map are based on a Fusion functioning as hubs or portals for visitors Table (cloud database), which can also be exploring the Ice Age floods. Acknowledging shared, worked on, edited, and updated these contributions, this plan recommends collaboratively. The “Sites” icon is the the following places be designated as the image from the Jones Report, which initial hubs for Ice Age Floods National illustrates one way the trail can be Geologic Trail. In sequence, following the branded. The background of the map can general path of the floods, these locations be changed to “Satellite View” (button on are: lower left), and the opening background Montana Natural History Center, MT can also be changed. o o Farragut State Park, Athol, ID o Fort Spokane Visitor Center (Lake Format: Ultimately the master trail map Roosevelt National Recreation Area), should be available on paper, online on NPS WA and other websites, as a digital download in a o Sun Lake-Dry Falls State Park variety of formats, and as a complex online Visitor Center, central WA interactive. Regardless of its eventual o Hanford Reach Interpretive formats and platforms, it is important to Center/The REACH, Richland, WA recognize that the map’s essential content o Columbia Gorge Discovery Center creation and completion can and should be and Museum, The Dalles, OR done without delay. Once the basic trail map o Vista House and Portland Women’s is approved, others can use digital technology Forum, Crown Point, OR to adapt it to specific purposes at will. o Multnomah Falls, OR o Lewis and Clark Interpretive Center, For example, the upgraded, visitor-friendly Cape Disappointment State Park, WA master map can be adapted for use as a

National Park Service 33 Once these hubs have been designated and (4) a clear identity as an Ice Age Floods enhanced as appropriate, a second group can National Geologic Trail hub, including be selected to expand the potential for visitor the ability to provide National Parks contacts: Passport Stamps. o National Bison Range, near Polson, o For an excellent example of a MT trail’s approach to granting NPS o Turnbull National Wildlife Refuge, passport stamps, see the Passport near Spokane, WA page at the website for Juan o Grand Coulee Dam Visitor Center, Bautista de Anza National Historic WA Trail (www.nps.gov/juba/ o Ice Age Floods National Geologic planyourvisit/nps-passport- Trail administrative headquarters, stamps.htm). A total of 26 sites Lake Roosevelt National Recreation have their own Anza Passport Area, WA stamps, and visitors are o Gingko Petrified Forest State Park, encouraged to collect all 26! central WA o Individual sites might also want to o Palouse Falls/Lyons Ferry State Park, introduce unique visitor central WA participation opportunities, such o Sacajawea State Park, WA as tactile trail logos suitable for o Oregon Museum of Science and making tracings or rubbings, Industry, Portland, OR commemorative trail coins, etc. o Tualatin Heritage Center, OR In addition, several other state, NPS, US Each partnership site that serves as a trail Fish & Wildlife Service, and US Army Corps hub, and any future hub sites that may be of Engineers (USACE) sites along the route added later, will be permitted to display the should be considered as potential contact officialce I Age Floods National Geologic stations. Trail logo along with their own logo or While the hubs can take various forms, each signage at each site. Where certain should have four essential things: partnership arrangements are formalized through agreements with the National Park (1) a consistent set of basic, approved Service, the NPS arrowhead logo may also be interpretive materials, readily available displayed as appropriate. to visitors, about not only the Ice Age floods, but the trail itself; Use of the official trail logo at each of these (2) a designated, informed staff member visitor contact sites, reinforced by use of trail or local volunteer who is charged with signs on the trail route, spurs and loops, along communicating regularly with trail with trail logo use on interpretive media, interpretive staff, maintaining the websites, and other interpretive materials, will interpretive offerings of the hub, and help reinforce the trail experience at each trail providing or arranging for some level location for the visiting public. Consistent use of personal interpretation (i.e., guided of the trail logo and interpretive messaging tours) of nearby trail sites; st will provide continuity for visitor experiences (3) basic 21 -century visitor amenities up and down the trail, regardless of the trail including adequate parking, ADA- location or partner site being visited. accessible restrooms, drinking water, and cell phone connectivity; and

34 Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail Long-range Interpretive Plan Of the suggested hubs listed above, four are Polson, Montana; Sandpoint and Lewiston, private non-profit sites, four are federal agency Idaho; Spokane, Wenatchee, Ellensburg, sites, four are Washington state parks, two are Longview/Kelso, Yakima, and Ilwaco, Oregon state parks, one is an Idaho state park, Washington; and Pendleton, Eugene, and and one is a city museum. Each hub should be Astoria, Oregon. willing to sign an agreement committing to the four basic elements listed above. One of the principal purposes for identifying these communities is to encourage tourism- The Washington State Parks listed are among related business owners and non-profits more than a dozen Washington parks within these trail gateways to become more identified in the Interpretive Master Plan for knowledgeable about the trail and include the Ice Age Floods in Washington State Parks promotion of trail experiences in the tourism (Bucy Associates, 2006) as premier sites for promotion programs in their area. Since the interpreting the floods. Completed three years traveling public will be accessing the trail before Congressional action creating the trail, from at least one or more of these larger the Washington State Parks plan offers population centers, trail visitors can be detailed recommendations for an array of expected to take advantage of lodging, food, interpretive programs and materials focused and other commercial services these on the Ice Age floods in 22 different state communities offer. parks and recreation areas across the state. At many of these parks, the only additional To date, however, visitor guidance for Ice Age information needed for interpretation of the floods explorations starting in communities trail is specific trail and route information at along the trail is highly variable. Some appropriate sites. gateways, especially those with active Ice Age Floods Institute chapters, offer excellent Various elements of this plan are being put in materials and programs, while others have place at selected parks as funding becomes minimal materials and information available. available. For example, the Dry Falls Visitor Center Concept Plan, adopted in 2009, was To the fullest extent possible, tourism and created with the idea that the NPS and others, museum/nature center organizations in each such as federal and state transportation named gateway community should be agencies, may contribute to the development contacted and provided with a set of basic of this key facility. Washington State Parks is interpretive materials created to emphasize willing to develop an agreement related to and define the trail. These communities desired amenities for designated Ice Age should also be encouraged to include the Floods National Geologic Trail hubs, as its trail as a major recreational and educational resources permit. resource in local marketing and tourism information, local festivals, websites, visitor (3) “Open the Gateways” centers, and other outlets. to the Trail. The 2001 study identified 13 “gateway In reaching out to the gateway communities, communities” on the perimeter of Ice Age the NPS trail leadership can take the floods zones; presumably, trail travelers opportunity to clarify the two formal would enter the region and/or access the trail categories of partners with the trail: through these locations. The communities 1) formal partners governed by identified in the study include Missoula and legislation or memoranda, including

National Park Service 35 the Ice Age Floods Institute and encouraged to become an active participant landowners along the trail (primarily in learning about and promoting the trail, state or federal agencies); and sharing information with the traveling 2) museums, interpretive centers, and public, and providing tangible support to local park systems within known Ice trail development and ongoing operations. Age floods regions. The Oregon city of Tualatin is an inspiring A third category for outreach, also vitally example of one municipality that has taken important to the trail’s success, includes significant steps to become a gateway to the organizations in the tourism/hospitality trail. In October 2010, the Tualatin-Sherwood industry, local chambers of commerce, and Road exit on Interstate 5 was recommended other entities providing marketing and by a national branding expert (Total promotion for the trail. Destination Management) as a key gateway to local Ice Age floods history and visitor areas Of course, similar efforts to acquaint the and a central element of the Tualatin Ice Age traveling public with visitor services and Heritage Tourism Plan (funded by a grant from other tourism opportunities should be the Washington County Visitors Association to emphasized in all communities up and down the Tualatin Historical Society). In the spring the trail – whether they are smaller towns of 2016, the $3 million-plus Tualatin River Trail like Davenport or Hood River, or larger (I-5 Exit 289) along the south side of Tualatin populated centers such as the Tri-Cities or River was completed, which holds some of the Portland/Vancouver metropolitan areas. lowest elevation points of the Ice Age floods. While this plan does not list all communities An Ice Age interpretive timeline is included along the trail by name, it should be clear this trail. In 2014, CenterCal Corporation that similar recommendations and support erected a $220,000 bronze sculpture at an apply to all the communities on the route. adjacent remodeled shopping center depicting In that spirit, each community within the the Tualatin mastodon, whose bones are now four-state trail region is enthusiastically at the Tualatin Library and Heritage Center.

The new NPS website for Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail launched in March 2016. NPS websites are now optimized for mobile use.

36 Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail Long-range Interpretive Plan SHORT-RANGE FOCUS TWO: government websites, an alternative might Getting the Word (and Pictures) Out be to launch the discussion group through the Ice Age Floods Institute or (1) Enable More Partner-to-Partner another non-profit organization. Ideally, Communication. this interpreters’ working group would be Trail partners can improve interpretation – initiated from the field, not as a one-way for their own visitors and for the trail as a communication from the NPS. whole – by communicating and sharing with • Partners should take the initiative and each other in productive working actively seek ways to collaborate on partnerships. For example: ambitious, high-investment trail o Partners need to share relevant interpretive projects such as new exhibits, calendars of events throughout the festivals, scholarly/academic conferences, year. multi-day field trips, and educational o Partners need to communicate with curricula. For example, a traveling exhibit each other about proposed with customizable local elements can be interpretive programs and media and funded jointly and enjoyed by multiple coordinate efforts to enhance visitor audiences for years. experience and avoid duplication. o Partners need to share knowledge and resources as they work on interpretive The Ice Age Floods Institute and its 11 programming for different aspects of chapters constitute a remarkably successful the trail. all-volunteer, self-governing organization that provides invaluable service to the trail, o Partners could work collaboratively to compile visitation data along the its partners, and its visitors. As a founding length of the trail. partner providing geological and technical expertise, the Institute’s many contributions o Partners could establish a volunteer/ experts database as a trailwide to the trail are absolutely vital to its success. interpretive resource. Now that the trail has been established, it may be time for the Institute (a named o Partners could help each other compile a master inventory of partner within the Congressional legislation) interpretive media used along the trail. to undertake a self-study or develop a To encourage higher levels of partner-to- strategic plan to help reposition the partner communication, the following organization for the challenges ahead. recommendations are proposed: • An informal, online interpreters’ working For example, the Institute has very strong group could offer guidance and chapters in some locations, while chapters in inspiration to trail interpreters in a variety other locations are less active; chapter of settings. Simple online tools such as formation depends in large part on interested members-only list-servs, Google or individuals stepping forward in their local Yahoo groups, LinkedIn groups, and the areas. Looking to the future, the trail and NPS Common Learning Portal offer a trail partners will likely need more in-depth, variety of options for instant, free consistent, trail-wide technical assistance communication with minimal set-up and with interpretation from Institute members, administrative time. While some of these even in locations with less active or widely popular online programs may be off- dispersed chapters. One suggestion is that as limits for government employees using trail hubs are identified and developed, the Institute might take a strategic look at each

National Park Service 37 hub’s individual needs and explore how and supporters to use in a variety of contexts. existing (or new) chapters could meet those Although the most visible use of the logo will needs. Another suggestion is to consider eventually be on Department of launching an aggressive membership drive Transportation road signs, the approved trail among targeted areas and populations to logo can be put into circulation for other uses grow the organization and ensure its future without waiting on the state DOTs. vitality as the trail becomes more visible and viable across its full length. A third need • Clarify abbreviations. may be to examine the volunteer Effective branding captures not only the full opportunities within the Institute, so as to name of an entity, but also its familiar spread and share volunteer duties, help abbreviations: The Coca-Cola Company/ members avoid burnout, and build a Coke, the Hanford Reach Interpretive broader base of active, engaged volunteers Center/The REACH. Unfortunately, the over time. In reviewing these suggestions, various abbreviations for Ice Age Floods however, it is important to recognize that National Geologic Trail can confuse casual the Institute is an independent organization visitors. with its own management team and strategic o The NPS internal abbreviation for Ice vision. Going forward, open and regular Age Floods National Geologic Trail is communication about trail needs and IAFL, a tag reflected in the NPS trail organizational concerns will be essential for website launched in 2016: www. both the Institute and its multiple trail nps.gov/iafl. (This nomenclature partners across the four-state region. helps differentiate this trail from a Unless there are deliberate efforts to Wisconsin site, the Ice Age National improve communication and coordination Scenic Trail, found at www.nps.gov/ among partner organizations responsible for iatr.) interpreting the trail, visitors will not o Many interagency materials and perceive the flood pathways as a cohesive partners refer to the trail as IAFNGT. whole. Without this improved o The Ice Age Floods Institute communication among partners, the trail’s abbreviates itself as IAFI, with the visitors will continue to perceive floods website styled www.iafi.org. features as separate, localized attractions This plan recommends that the partners championed by local individuals or groups. reach a consensus on a short common name (2) Brand the trail. (for example, “Floods Trail” as a possible • Complete, approve, and introduce the common name on second reference) in trail logo. documents aimed at the general public: After several years of work, the new trail logo Welcome to Ice Age Floods National is expected to be approved within FY2016. Geologic Trail. When you follow the The logo will be the center element in the Ice Floods Trail, you can see…. Age Floods National Geologic Trail road signs, which will use the “rounded triangle” Precedents for this kind of common-use template that is standard on all National identification already exist with other national Trails. trails: the Pacific Crest Trail, the Oregon Trail, the Mormon Trail. Using “Floods Trail” Once the logo is finalized, it should be made distinguishes this trail from the Wisconsin Ice available (with guidelines for proper use) in Age National Scenic Trail and emphasizes the multiple formats for download by partners essential element of the trail – the floods.

38 Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail Long-range Interpretive Plan (3) Deliver Fact Sheets. • Hire one or more professional Prepare and distribute a series of concise, photographers to photograph specific accurate fact sheets about key locations along flood features in different regions. the trail. These fact sheets will become the • Explore ways to commission aerial foundation of the Interagency Technical photographs of the trail. Committee and Interpretation and Education • Negotiate or purchase rights to working group content database. At a selected photographs taken by minimum, fact sheets should be created on Institute members and others. the following topics: • The overall story of the floods’ torrential Make this photography collection available rush from Montana to the sea; online at the NPS.gov website for the trail, and include selection and links in all • The ice dam at Sandpoint, including the publicity materials for the trail. repeated cycles of forming and collapsing; • Glacial Lake Missoula, a body of water as large as two of the Great Lakes; • The channeled scablands, created by floods scouring down to bedrock; • Columbia Gorge and how the floods carved cliffs for waterfalls we see today; • Willamette Valley and its large deposits of sediments and glacial erratics; • The mouth of the Columbia River, where floodwaters entered the Pacific Ocean; and • The Ice Age shoreline, where the floods reached their highest point. Fact sheets should be widely distributed across hub sites, gateway communities, other partners, and the Institute membership across all four states. (4) Start a Photo Bank. All trail partners need high-resolution, clearly identified photographs of major trail features, as well as images showing visitors enjoying the trail. These photos need to be available at no cost, with usage rights granted for any purpose Ice Age floodwaters reached the Pacific Ocean (print, posters, exhibits, video stills, etc.) as about 30 miles beyond the present coastline of Washington's Cape Disappointment State Park. public domain images. The park's Lewis and Clark Interpretive Center provides a good vantage point for interpreting the floods. Photo: Allie Goolrick/GIG

National Park Service 39 SHORT-RANGE FOCUS THREE: • The website should contain at least a Prioritizing Interpretive Media dozen high-resolution, public-domain photographs available for download by (1) Develop a Feature-Rich National news media, chambers of commerce, and Park Service Website for Ice Age the general public. These photographs Floods National Geologic Trail. should be representative of the geological Launched in March 2016, the NPS website highlights, geographical regions, and for the trail will grow to become a pivotal major stories of the trail. resource for trail partners and communities, • All planning documents for the trail, as well as for visitors near and far. including this plan, should be available to the public on the NPS website. • The NPS website should include the new master map featuring pathways, major • The NPS website should provide links to sites, and trail hubs, with clickable links the trail’s social media sites. to the hub sites. Website users should • The NPS website should provide a link to also be able to click from the master map the Ice Age Floods Institute main website. to a series of segmented regional maps supportive of day-trip itineraries. Now that the NPS.gov website is established for Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail, • The NPS website content should include the trail should be added to the National interpretation that addresses each of the Trails system map and the website included five primary interpretive themes of the trail. in other relevant federal and state listings. • The NPS website should present an up- to-date seasonal calendar of interpretive (2) Produce Essential Publications. programs, tours, and events available Several essential publications (available both in from all trail partners. Ideally, this print and electronically) need to be developed capability could be automated – even if it as basic benchmark interpretive tools for the must be housed outside the NPS site. trail. Other, more in-depth pieces may be • All NPS-generated visitor-oriented print developed later, but key publications are materials (site bulletins, etc.) about the needed as soon as possible. trail should be available on the website.

Guided by members of the Ice Age Flood Institute, city leaders in Tualatin, Oregon, have incorporated Ice Age floods interpretation into city parks. Photo: Rick Thompson/IAFI

40 Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail Long-range Interpretive Plan • Prepare and distribute a master NPS site of the trail, along with a larger and more bulletin on the trail. This publication, readable scale of precise trail routing of the which can be locally produced (and already main trail and any loop or spur trails within in draft in mid-2015), can serve as an that particular segment. This plan proposes interim brochure until an NPS unigrid that the segment maps be developed with brochure is created. oversight by NPS trail management, with • Prepare and distribute an NPS rack card review and advice from the interpretive and promoting the trail. Produced in large geology subcommittees of the Interagency quantities, these colorful, durable cards can Technical Committee, and with the key be stocked in brochure racks at interstate support, content input, and financial highway rest stops, other NPS sites, state sponsorship of the Ice Age Floods Institute parks, and local tourism venues across the and its local chapters. entire northwestern Pacific region. All segment maps will be from the same • Prepare and distribute an NPS unigrid template, in order to standardize map size, brochure (with map) for Ice Age Floods fonts and colors, use of trail logo, and overall National Geologic Trail. These distinctive map configuration. Segment maps could be full-color multi-fold brochures are color-coded, with the name of the segment produced by the National Park Service clearly marked. Each segment could be Interpretive Media division in Harpers numbered sequentially, starting with Ferry Center, West Virginia, for every Missoula and ending at the mouth of the National Park Service unit in the nation. Columbia River, and also given a name Depending on funding, these essential NPS associated with its dominant geography and print publications should be completed no floods-related geology. In the next few years, later than FY 2017. then, individual trail segment maps would become available for the following segments: These publications will complement, but not replace, a series of Ice Age Floods Institute • Segment One: Glacial Lake Missoula brochures for each region. The Institute has Region undertaken an effort to develop interpretive materials in each of its main chapter areas. • Segment Two: Lake Pend Oreille-Spokane The first of these, created for the Lake Lewis Valley Region chapter, is already available online at http:// • Segment Three: Cheney-Palouse Region www.iafi.org/brochures/documents.asp. • Segment Four: Grand Coulee-Glacial Hard copies (7,500 printed) are available at Lake Columbia Region the Tri-Cities Visitor and Convention Bureau (www.visittri-cities.com) in Kennewick, WA, • Segment Five: Quincy Basin Region and at The REACH in Richland, WA. • Segment Six: Glacial Lake Lewis and Lower Snake River Region The Lake Lewis Chapter map is an example of the publications to be developed and • Segment Seven: Wallula Gap-Walla Walla produced by the Ice Age Floods Institute to Basin Region complement the NPS unigrid brochure. • Segment Eight: Lake Condon-Eastern These trail segment maps will provide the Columbia Gorge Region traveling public with much greater detail • Segment Nine: Western Columbia Gorge- about the features located along that portion Portland Area Region

National Park Service 41 • Segment Ten: Willamette Valley Region development) available as digital • Segment Eleven: Lower Columbia Region downloads from the new nps.gov website for the trail. The design concept for the segment maps is • The NPS employee who maintains the to show the map and details on one side, with nps.gov/iafl website will contact all trail legend keys denoting key features along the partners to gather, approve, and post their trail segments. Small photographs and short many short videos and slide shows. descriptions of key features at each site could • Consider using existing tools such as be placed down the sides of the maps. On Google Groups and Hangouts to capture the reverse, advertising from tourism-related and share the many lectures the various businesses might appear; this advertising can IAFL chapters sponsor. help pay for the cost of producing and • Consider using streetview/360° images to printing the maps, with a reimbursement engage users with the various trail account set up at the Ice Age Floods Institute landscapes. to cover its costs. Segment maps can be produced and released in phases as funding • Make sure that all digital tools used by the support and production schedules allow. trail also enable the content to be County and community tourism offices and accessed and used on mobile devices. chambers of commerce may also be asked for • Support grant requests and provide trail support, along with area businesses. materials for development of a prototype trail app, as proposed in 2015 by an Ideally, printed segment maps may be Eastern Washington University public available free of charge to trail users, used in history professor and his students, the conjunction with the NPS-produced unigrid successful developers of Spokane brochure, and available on the NPS and Ice Historical, a web and mobile story-telling Age Floods Institute websites and other platform. supporting websites as appropriate. • Continue to work on providing downloadable, self-guided audio tours, (3) Go Digital. itineraries, and apps to enrich visitors’ Visitors everywhere now expect instant experiences along the trail, with or digital access to information and without personal guides or rangers. interpretation. To meet visitor expectations, Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail (4) Continue Social Media. should begin providing quick, convenient All partners and volunteers can take an active digital versions of interpretive materials. part in promoting the trail through social Regardless of their eventual digital platform, media, including Facebook and Instagram. the interpretive content of digital programs On the official NPS Facebook page can be determined and developed using (Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail NPS), readily available technology such as simple individuals can promote the page across their podcasts (audio only, or audio plus images) own social networks, share news and housed within and downloadable from the observations, post photos, “like” the page, new NPS website. and suggest items to feature. • As a first step, make all printed trail • Consider establishing a schedule for interpretive materials (now under

42 Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail Long-range Interpretive Plan partner contributions to the trail logo, along with the logo of the host agency Facebook page. For example, each or organization at individual sites. This hub site and Institute chapter could be approach can best be accomplished when the asked to make at least two managing partner determines that new contributions per month, assigned wayside exhibits are needed, or that current one week per quarter, or some other interpretive exhibits are out of date, arrangement. inaccurate, or in poor condition and need to • Develop a social media policy for the trail. be replaced. The NPS introduced a Directors Order for Social Media in December 2011 As listed in this plan, the prioritized sites for (www.nps.gov/policy/Socialmedia.pdf) new waysides fall into three categories: addressing NPS units’ use of Facebook, (1) places with higher visitation, including Twitter, Flickr, and YouTube and proposed trail hubs where existing requiring each park to submit a social interpretation on the floods may be excellent media strategy. but the trail itself is not highlighted, (2) places with older signs that do not meet • Maintain and regularly update trail accessibility standards or are otherwise in entries in Wikipedia and other popular disrepair, and (3) floods sites currently user-generated online resources such as lacking any level of Ice Age floods or trail www.historylink.org, a free online interpretation. encyclopedia of Washington state history. (5) Start the Wayside Exhibit Plan At a minimum, all partners involved with the trail should be cognizant of the need Provide new or expanded wayside to integrate trail interpretation into any interpretation along the trail, using the forthcoming, new, or proposed wayside signs. wayside exhibit recommendations charted in this plan as a guide (see Section 3). Short-range recommendations for trail information to be added to existing outdoor As prioritized in this Long-range Interpretive Ice Age floods interpretation include: Plan, the wayside recommendations focus • Turnbull National Wildlife Refuge, WA only on visitors’ needs for information and interpretation; the list does not attempt to • Grand Coulee Dam Visitor Center, WA address cost-efficiencies in sign production • Sun Lakes-Dry Falls State Park, WA or installation. These efficiencies may be • Steamboat Rock State Park, WA achieved if future matching funding is secured by partners, with NPS aid, to support • Palouse Falls State Park, WA wayside exhibit fabrication and installation at • Ginkgo Petrified Forest State Park, WA partner sites in cooperation with site owners/ • Beacon Rock State Park, WA managers. • Columbia Hills State Park, WA Using the Columbia River Gorge National • Maryhill State Park, WA Scenic Area as an example of continuity, • Bridgeport State Park, WA the long-term goal for trail signing is that all • Lincoln Rock State Park, WA trail interpretive signs will have the same general template in terms of style, font, use • Yakima Sportsman Sate Park, WA of colors, etc., as well as the official trail • Columbia Plateau Trail State Park, WA

National Park Service 43 • Centennial Trail State Park, WA (7) Seek Visitor Input. • Columbia Gorge Discovery Center and • Explore ways to start collecting visitor Museum, OR feedback regarding trail visitation and visitor experiences. Opportunities may • Portland Women’s Forum, OR include observations/reports from field • Lewis & Clark Interpretive Center, Cape interpreters, visitor survey cards, exhibit Disappointment State Park, WA evaluations, online travel ratings (Travelocity, TripAdvisor), and social Short-range recommendations for new media review sites such as Yelp. wayside installations include: o Seek interpreters’ input on evaluating • Lake Como/Bitterroot National Forest, and using this data. MT o The protocol for collecting data • Montana Natural History Center, MT should be established early on, in order that statistics can be efficiently • Downtown Sandpoint, ID managed and compared. • Lake Pend Oreille, ID o Develop a protocol for appropriate • Farragut State Park, ID responses/feedback to critical or incorrect user-generated social media (6) Expand Interior Exhibits. entries. • Create several small, easily portable traveling exhibits (perhaps consisting of one or two roll-up stands per set) about SHORT-RANGE FOCUS FOUR: the trail for use at public lectures, Building Capacity community events, festivals, public libraries, and special events. These (1) Train Interpreters about portable exhibits can be checked out by the Trail. partners for use as needed. Launch an annual two-day training conference for interpreters at a central • Work with Farragut State Park to location along the trail. This training incorporate the trail into forthcoming conference could include presentations by exhibits on the Ice Age floods in the new Ice Age Floods Institute experts, updates on exhibit wing. educational programming and curricula, • Begin discussions with the Oregon work sessions on the unique challenges of Museum of Science and Industry (OMSI) interpreting geology, and examples of to create and install an exhibit featuring effective programs for different audience the Ice Age floods and the trail. types, as well as time for networking and • Begin discussions with the Museum of sharing ideas. Natural and Cultural History, an affiliate of • Seek to engage more experienced the University of Oregon in Eugene, to interpreters in the process as instructors. incorporate the Ice Age floods and the trail • Prepare a digital Interpreters Notebook into exhibits and/or programming. (with optional hard copy) about the trail • Begin discussions with the Lewis and as a take-away from these meetings. The Clark Interpretive Center at Cape notebook should include the basic factual Disappointment State Park regarding and interpretive materials about the trail, inclusion of the Ice Age floods in the including trail themes, site bulletins, fact “Changes at the Mouth of the River” sheets, and images of trail features. exhibit and future exhibits.

44 Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail Long-range Interpretive Plan o These notebooks could be developed workers and other underserved local further and customized by individual constituencies. interpreters and sites over time. (Washington State Parks has already (3) Lay Groundwork for a Trail developed a similar resource, which Education Program includes a comprehensive series of site- As detailed in the Education Plan (Section 3) specific fact sheets.) The notebooks in the next three years Ice Age Floods could guide personal interpretation National Geologic Trail should work to build across the entire trail and minimize awareness, review existing programs, and seek duplication at the different sites. funding and staff to start a comprehensive curriculum-based K-12 educational program • Ask trained interpreters to share their starting in 2019. training with other visitor services personnel and volunteers within their site or (4) Support Capacity Building for the region. These additional trainees might Ice Age Floods Institute. include park/site bookstore workers, As a named partner in the trail’s legislation shuttle bus drivers, front-desk staff, fee and a key resource for information, takers, safety/security personnel, and any interpretation, education, and scientific others on the front lines of customer/visitor research, the Ice Age Floods Institute plays a services. vital role in working with other partners and • Encourage partner interpreters and helping the public understand the volunteers to seek professional training extraordinary landscape wrought by the through organizations such as the National ancient floods. Now that the trail is a reality, Association for Interpretation or it is essential that this mission-critical group inexpensive online courses from the Eppley function smoothly and cohesively as a Institute for Parks and Public Lands at resource across the length of the trail and Indiana State University (www.eppley.org) serve as a key “go to” organization for the and other vendors. NPS and other trail partners to help advance • Encourage trail supporters from different the trail and its interpretive, educational, and areas to attend the next biennial National scientific programs. Trails Conference in 2017. Organizationally, the Ice Age Floods Institute (2) Train Other Visitor Contact operates as an entirely volunteer organization Personnel about the Trail. with 11 local chapters plus the parent • Host a “get acquainted” program on-site to organization. Each chapter does its own introduce the trail to representatives of fundraising and initiates its own community tourism, hospitality, and service-sector and trail activities. At least three chapters have industries in the area. their own websites, each with a different • Provide basic trail information, invitations design template and each hosted separately and free passes for workers to visit sites, and from the main IAFI.org website. (While all tokens such as window decals, stickers, or four of the websites link accurately to the pins acknowledging their support of the current calendar of events, all the sites have a trail. number of bad links and out-of-date o The outreach program will help trail information.) Some chapters produce visitors coming from out of town – but it proprietary materials with usage restrictions, will also promote NPS sites, state parks, such as an elementary school curriculum and public lands among low-wage available for purchase only, or a field guide

National Park Service 45 researched for one chapter that “should not Floods National Geologic Trail could benefit be used for other purposes without written immensely from a dedicated 501(c)3 Friends consent of the authors.” organization or foundation devoted to fundraising for the trail as a whole. A Like many volunteer organizations, the fundraising Friends group could pursue Institute has a robust general membership various grants for interpretive projects, but relies heavily on a small core of people including facilities, media or programming, for the majority of its administrative and funding support for contract or temporary organizational tasks. At the local chapter staffing to augment NPS or partner staff, level, this group of active volunteers may be special events, media production, and much very small indeed. more. In a legal sense, this function could be Capacity-building support for Ice Age housed under the Ice Age Floods Institute. Floods Institute should focus on the However, given the rather decentralized following points: nature of the current chapter structure, centralized fundraising by the Institute may Identifying the main chapter and central • prove somewhat difficult. organization as the primary contact point for trailwide initiatives; To address this issue, the Institute could shift • Expanding the core group of active some of its current focus and take on a trail volunteers; funding support role, which could involve • Ensuring a reliable chain of succession hiring a grants specialist to pursue grants when active members step down; from non-profit foundations, charitable • Clarifying circumstances under which trusts, and individuals. If the Institute Board Institute-produced or sponsored of Directors felt uncomfortable taking on this materials may be shared among partners; role, a separate dedicated fundraising organization in the form of a “trail friends • Providing the technological bandwidth to group” could be established as a separate compile and archive the Institute’s entity. The Friends group would have to extensive research and knowledge from work with the chapters to establish all its chapters into one searchable, consensus on the method used for accessible online repository; distribution of funds. However, if the • Informing the Institute of specific Institute Board is willing to take on this new interpretive needs centered on the trail, in role, it is important not to dilute the critical contrast to interpretation of other Ice Age role that Institute members already play as floods sites beyond the trail routes; and scientific and educational experts and • Developing more reliable funding advisors for the trail. resources for the Institute as a whole and for local chapters. A trailwide fundraising group, whether part of the Institute’s organization or not, could SHORT-RANGE FOCUS FIVE: seek grant eligibility status with national Funding resources such as the “Google Grants for (1) Explore Creating a Friends Group Non-profits” program, as well as regionally or Foundation for Trailwide based philanthropic community foundations Fundraising. in Portland, Seattle, Spokane, and Missoula. Many community foundations have grants Given the ongoing budgetary pressures categories earmarked for environmental and facing federal and state agencies, Ice Age

46 Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail Long-range Interpretive Plan educational needs. To cite only one example, facilities and media, matching private, state, the Spokane-based Inland Northwest or local government funds could move Community Foundation recently awarded interpretive projects from plan to reality. $18,000 for protection of native plants in the • To start, the NPS interpretive team might Idaho Panhandle National Forest, $10,000 to present this need for discussion among Lake Pend Oreille Waterkeeper organization, the Interagency Technical Committee and and $6,000 to the Friends of Scotchman the Institute board, as well as poll Peaks Wilderness. stakeholders from the interpretive planning workshops to identify Having a dedicated organization, or a volunteers with fundraising expertise. designated arm of the Ice Age Floods Institute, committed to fundraising could make a world of difference for trail (2) Log Volunteer Hours interpretation. A successful fundraising Develop a simple system to log and calculate program could enable trail leaders to plan the monetary value of volunteer hours. ahead with confidence, invest in interpretive These calculations should be based on NPS staffing and media, and relieve the Ice Age standards as well as those developed by Floods Institute chapters of some of the established non-profits to document their burden of funding brochures and engagement and support within their programming along the trail. Also, if the NPS communities. This kind of data can be very is able to secure some future matching persuasive in making the case for support federal funds for development of interpretive from many grant-making organizations.

Employees of the Battelle Memorial Institute, the world's largest nonprofit research and development organization, support many Ice Age Floods Institute projects. "Team Battelle" and other community and corporate supporters are vital to the trail's success. Photo: Lake Lewis Chapter/IAFI

National Park Service 47 (3) Join the Partnership for the National Trails System. One initiative of particular importance for Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail is Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail is the clearly identified in its founding legislation as “Next Generation” program, described as among the 2009 additions to the National follows: Trails System (Public Law 111-11, Title V: “Engaging the next generation of trail Rivers and Trails, Subtitle C). Therefore, one stewards and champions is a priority for or more entities associated with Ice Age the Partnership and its member Floods National Geologic Trail should organizations. These programs directly pursue membership in the Partnership for align with the goals of the Decade for the the National Trails System (www.pnts.org), a National Trails Outreach, Protection and well-established organization that lobbies for Capacity building. A variety of programs, trail funding and provides an extensive scholarships and interns have been network of resources for managing and offered to help develop an interest in the interpreting trails. Among other activities, outdoors and the national scenic and the partnership is currently sponsoring historic trails.” nationwide activities as part of “A Decade for National Trails”; it also sponsors National Trails Day every June and holds a biennial conference. The next conference is set for summer 2017.

Photo: Djembayz/Creative Commons Following a city tradition established decades ago, the Missoula chapter of the IAFI has placed huge stones along the high-water mark of ancient Glacial Lake Missoula. Photo: Jim Sheldon/IAFI

48 Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail Long-range Interpretive Plan Mid-range Recommendations park systems along the trail, and in some private non-profit partner sites as well. By the second phase of this long-range Ideally, trail partners could work together interpretive plan – approximately 2019 (or jointly outsource) to develop a through 2021 – Ice Age Floods National collaborative Junior Ranger program, Geologic Trail will have far greater visibility either under the adopted Ice Age Floods than it does today. Highway signage with the National Geologic Trail logo or under trail logo will likely be in place across all four the adopted trail partner logos. states, and a new generation of wayside signs o Introduce the Junior Ranger program about the Ice Age floods will have begun as an online interactive offering with incorporating the trail into the stories of the virtual tours and animations, and floods. At the same time, many individuals propose adding an Ice Age floods currently holding staff or volunteer positions component to other relevant NPS serving the trail will have moved on. These Webrangers online programs. mid-range recommendations focus on o Web-based Junior Ranger activities continuing to move trail interpretation can be downloaded at home or on- forward even as personnel, funding, and site. Trail hubs, gateway communities, site-by-site priorities may change. and visitor centers can direct young visitors to these materials as part of an MID-RANGE FOCUS ONE: on-site visit as well as in response to Youth and Educational Programming inquiries from afar. When a child finishes the Junior (1) Build an Educational Program. o Ranger activities and submits the • As detailed in the Education Plan (Section completed worksheets, he or she 3), by the years 2019-2021 Ice Age Floods receives an online Junior Ranger National Geologic Trail should be badge, patch, or certificate. positioned to start comprehensive curriculum-based educational • However the Junior Ranger program is programming for grades K-12. designed, care should be taken to include elements representing the entire length of o In brief, the Education Plan the trail and all four states. recommends outreach and relationship-building in the short • Plan to launch the Junior Ranger program term, hiring an NPS trail education for the trail on Junior Ranger Day of specialist and developing middle National Park Week in April. school and K-2 curricula in the mid- • The online Junior Ranger template can term, and developing curricula for also be used as a template for creating high school and grades 3-5 in within other participatory programs for youth the next seven to ten years. and adults interested in becoming trail stewards or citizen scientists. (2) Introduce Junior Rangers. • Create a series of simple, engaging Junior Ranger activities for children to enjoy and learn from when they visit Ice Age floods sites. Junior Ranger activities are a widely used approach for youth programming, offered in most NPS sites, in all four state

National Park Service 49 (3) Engage Youth Groups. • Develop a series of very short "pocket • Reach out to community youth groups such programs" (2 minutes or so) on different as Boys and Girls Clubs and scout troops as aspects of the floods for interpreters' use audiences for youth-oriented trail activities while roving their sites. and programs. (2) Expand Tours from every o Develop day hikes with programming and hands-on activities. trail hub. o Develop weekend and summer • Continue staging and supporting guided overnight programs using state park tours of the trail led by members of the Ice cabins or campsites as home base. Age Floods Institute. o Seek to establish these connections as • Develop and launch new tours led by the annual events to help build multi- Institute in additional areas where tours generational stewardship for the trail. have not been developed. • Consider starting a youth or families • chapter of the Ice Age Floods Institute. Engage recreationists with the trail by offering specialized interpretive programs by activity, such as: (4) Develop Youth-Oriented Programs. • Promote the “Be a Landscape Detective” o Bicycle tours concept for self-guided exploration. o Equestrian tours o Programs/interpretive materials for • Design a template for geocaching or climbers geocache trail activities throughout the trail. Guided boat tours Include best practices guidelines for cache o o Site-specific immersion programs such management for trail and hub site as day camps or scientific explorations managers. For sites already doing geocaching, seek ways to add trail-related (3) Continue Training. elements to the geocaching activities. • Continue to offer interpreters’ training • Propose scavenger-hunt sheets, word workshops and support materials annually, puzzles, and similar activities on floods both for new staff and volunteers and as features as handouts or downloads at refresher or extension activities for popular sites. experienced trail supporters. • Create digital resources with which trail • Continue to engage more experienced sites, hubs, schools, and gateway interpreters as instructors in the training communities can create their own process. “traveling trunks.” This resource would include a shopping-list of materials needed (4) Seek Visitors’ Opinions. for various activities. • Look for ways to build in visitor responses and active participation in all interpretive MID-RANGE FOCUS TWO: programming, including personal services Personal Services and Visitor Engagement and exhibits/indoor activities. o Visitor response can be simple: a bulletin (1) Offer Short Programs at every hub. board with “Question of the Day” and • Develop at least two alternating short sticky-note answers; a Rate Us handout, programs of 15 to 20 minutes each to be a reminder to visit the trail Facebook delivered by partner staff on a regular page, or even designated areas for schedule each week at each hub. “selfies” with a photo-friendly sign and background in view promoting the trail.

50 Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail Long-range Interpretive Plan The spectacular overlook at Sun Lake-Dry Falls State Park already attracts more than 100,000 visitors a year, with more visitors likely if a proposed new interpretive center is completed in the next few years. This popular, centrally located park can be one of several designated "trail hubs" where visitors can not only explore a unique floods-related site, but also find in-depth information about the entire trail. Photo: NPS/Dunbar

MID-RANGE FOCUS THREE: This plan recommends the addition of at least three full-time NPS staff additions At present, NPS staffing for Ice Age for the trail over the next ten years. Given Floods National Geologic Trail consists of the uncertainties of funding new three people: a superintendent, a chief of positions, the timing of these staff interpretation and education, and an additions cannot be guaranteed; however, education specialist, all of whom also hold this plan recommends the following the same positions with Lake Roosevelt priorities: National Recreation Area. Their support of Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail • A management assistant to the trail superintendent; is a responsibility added to their duties as part of the staff at Lake Roosevelt • An education specialist; and National Recreation Area. Therefore, to • An interpretive ranger, preferably build a top-notch interpretive and with an academic background in educational program that can meet the geology. demands of this complex new earth At least one of these positions should have sciences-focused trail, additional digital media capability. interpretive and educational staff will be required to augment the existing NPS staff Partners should also seek annual assignments duty stationed at Lake Roosevelt NRA. of seasonal employees, student interns

National Park Service 51 through local colleges and the Student recordings by experienced Institute Conservation Association, Teacher-Ranger- volunteers – for visitors accessing the trail Teachers, and temporary workers supported from each of the designated hubs or by the Geological Society of America and portals. These may be informal, personal other organizations. Project-specific grants presentations and do not require or a strong fundraising effort by volunteers professional actors or media talent. could also provide stipends to graduate students, interns, and other temporary staff. Assign a staff member to maintain the trail’s NPS.gov website and keep it up to MID-RANGE FOCUS FOUR: date. Continue to upgrade and fine-tune Expanding Interpretive Media the site, adding video components, image Once the NPS website and baseline print collections, virtual tours, etc. Monitor publications are in place, the trail usage statistics (metrics), make interpretive team can begin providing more adjustments, and use social media in-depth materials targeted to different strategically to help drive more page audiences. views for primary stories. • Continue to expand the use of social (1) Print Publications media for communication with and • The NPS unigrid brochure should be among trail enthusiasts across the four completed and distributed to key states and around the world. Choose new locations within the likely zones of social media tools selectively as new visitation across the four states. applications are introduced. • NPS rack cards should be readily available • Assess the varied collections of video, throughout the Ice Age floods pathways in film, and computer-generated graphics brochure racks in all partner sites, public (CGI) for allowable use in sites along the lands, regional tourism and visitor centers, trail for interpretive and educational popular tourist sites, state parks, interstate programming or on the trail’s NPS.gov rest stops, hotels, museums, and public website. (Although there are many video lands. clips available, many have copyright • Produce four to six additional NPS site restrictions.) For example, video clips and bulletins offering more in-depth animations from online sites created by interpretation on some of the themes, several different Ice Age Floods Institute topics, or stories appearing in the master members could be enjoyable for visitors site bulletin. These topical bulletins could at trail hubs. address specific flood events or features, • Evaluate the feasibility of expanding or provide an overall glossary of flood terms, creating additional trail travel apps based or present engaging stories built upon on the prototype proposed by the public selected topics or storylines attached to history department at Eastern primary themes. Washington University. • Provide materials and assistance for print • Provide materials and assistance for publications to support visitor experience electronic components at Sun Lake-Dry at Dry Falls State Park visitor center. Falls State Park visitor center. (2) Audiovisual/Web Materials (3) Wayside Exhibits • Create a set of downloadable, self-guided Mid-range recommendations for waysides audio tours/itineraries – simple audio (see Section 4) include the following:

52 Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail Long-range Interpretive Plan (1) New wayside installations vertical blade with the logo and a link o Coeur d’Alene Parkway, ID (either by QR code or other technology) o Downtown Lewiston, ID enabling visitors to access a trail overview o Spokane Riverfront, WA and map. o Great Bar Overlook, Quincy, WA • As partner sites build or replace o Hanford Reach National Monument, permanent interior exhibits, a section on WA Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail o Downtown Pendleton, OR should be a prominent component of any treatment of the floods. (2) Additions to existing wayside installations • Work in partnership to aid development o Camas Prairie Road/Highway 382, MT of a comprehensive visitor experience at National Bison Range, Polson, MT the Sun Lake-Dry Falls Visitor Center, as o well as other partnership sites. o Cabinet Gorge Dam, ID o Fort Spokane Visitor Center, WA o Drumheller Channels, WA MID-RANGE FOCUS FIVE: o Sun Lakes-Dry Falls State Park, WA Special Events Badger Mountain, WA o • Have a birthday party! Ice Age Floods For further details, see Section 4. Depending National Geologic Trail will be ten years on funding, installation of new signs or old in 2019. additions to existing signs may occur on varying schedules independent of this o Trail partners can mark the occasion priority list. Regardless of the timing, with “Happy Birthday” events such as however, the goal remains: to use wayside festivals, special programs, guest exhibits effectively to provide reliable, speakers, open house community consistent visitor interpretation across the events, overnight programs, etc. length of the trail. Partners should evaluate • Provide materials and assistance for existing wayside sign condition and age as special events commemorating the well as potential new signs and determine interpretive facilities, programs, and their priorities in relation to this plan. exhibits within the new Dry Falls State Park visitor center. (4) Interior Exhibits • Have another birthday party! The Ice Age • Work with gateway communities to Floods Institute will be 25 years old in develop exhibits featuring the trail or, 2020. Trail partners across all four states alternately, develop portable exhibits to should plan events in honor of this share among sites. These installations may extraordinary volunteer organization that be in local museums, chamber or city played and continues to play a critical role visitor centers, or both. in preserving, studying, and interpreting • Update/refresh hub sites’ existing Ice Age the sites along the trail. floods exhibits to incorporate the trail. o Partner sites and the NPS team should Depending on partner preferences and consult with the Institute and follow budgets, any of the following approaches its lead in planning events for this might be used: “Silver Anniversary.” • Prepare a trail-specific panel for use with • Continue to provide trail representation the partner’s existing exhibits. This panel and participation – and look for new could be as simple as one freestanding opportunities – at other special events at

National Park Service 53 sites and communities along the trail. capacity to provide interpretation • Create a calendar of special events and along the trail. This work should potential special events for the trail. include providing interpretive training Special events are a very effective way to opportunities and networking, generate publicity and recognition for the providing support materials, and trail and its sites while also attracting providing administrative support as large audiences of newcomers to the needed for trail-based activities and venue. Co-sponsors, volunteers, and events sponsored by the Institute. collaborators can help make a variety of o If possible, make funding assistance events affordable and manageable, even available to the Institute (possibly for limited staff. through the Friends group for fundraising) for production of trail MID-RANGE FOCUS SIX: guides, subsidy of trail trips and Funding and Capacity Building speakers, etc. • Support volunteers’ efforts to build a viable Adequate funding and interpretive capacity Friends funding organization to support are critical to the viability of the trail over the interpretive programs along the trail. decades. • Work with the Ice Age Floods Institute board and membership to continue expanding and sustaining the group's

An aerial camera captured this stunning photo of the lower portion of Moses Coulee. Can you imagine the gigantic Ice Age floods that carved this broad valley? Photo: Bruce Bjornstad

54 Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail Long-range Interpretive Plan Long-range Recommendations providing or arranging programs and maintaining materials and displays. In seven to ten years, Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail will be more fully integrated into interpretive and educational LONG-RANGE FOCUS TWO: pro-gramming across all the partner sites and Personal Services and their communities. At this stage, the Visitor Engagement interpretive staff can shift somewhat from building an interpretive program to • Continue to offer an annual training maintaining and improving existing workshop on the Ice Age floods and the networks. trail for new interpretive partners. Continue to engage more experienced LONG-RANGE FOCUS ONE: interpreters in the process as instructors. Staffing o Investigate awarding continuing As the trail’s highway signage is fully installed education credits for professional and new waysides highlight the trail across all training or other recognitions as four states, additional NPS interpretive staff appropriate. will be needed to continue managing a solid interpretive and education program. LONG-RANGE FOCUS THREE: By this stage of its development, the trail will Youth and Educational need a full complement of interpretive staff, Programming ideally five full-time individuals: • A management assistant to the trail • As detailed in the Education Plan, superintendent, educational programming should be • A chief of interpretation and education, extended in years 7 through 10 to encompass curriculum development for • An education specialist, the remaining K-12 age groups: students • An interpretive ranger, and in grades 3-5 and high school. • A visual information specialist • The trail education specialist should also Some of these positions may require focus on extending the reach of Ice Age regular travel. Floods National Geologic Trail curriculum-based programs to an ever- In addition, the NPS staff may require broadening list of schools within a day’s assistance in collections and archives. drive of the trail. Among trail partners, as noted earlier, • Partners, NPS staff, and local colleges/ this plan recommends committing to universities should begin seeking ways assignment of one specific interpreter or to offer K-12 curriculum-based distance learning about the trail. Through volunteer at each trail hub as the interactive distance learning programs, responsible party for Ice Age floods and students across the nation (and the trail interpretation, including world) could learn about and share their discoveries along the trail.

National Park Service 55 LONG-RANGE FOCUS FOUR: LONG-RANGE FOCUS FIVE: Defining and Interpretive Media Mapping the Trail (1) Digital/Audiovisual • Commission or sponsor a short • Add Ice Age Floods National Geologic documentary movie (10 to 15 minutes Trail data onto topo maps produced by maximum) featuring contemporary the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). In adventures along America’s first National 2015, only six of the nation’s national Geologic Trail. The trail covers an abstract trails are featured on USGS topo maps, event for most people, and a film is one of but the USGS intends to add all national the best ways to tell the big story of what trails in its national map products over the happened across four states in a consistent next few years. manner and in a way that will build a • Explore ways to augment the motor route foundation for visitors when they go out on of the trail with walking and water routes. the trail. Include a series of professionally developed visual simulations that show the changes that occurred on a large scale o Several hiking routes and short interpretive trails already exist across the entire trail and also for each of alongside some parts of the trail, and the key hubs and trail sites. Elements of this the Columbia River runs parallel to the documentary can be delivered in a range of motor route through the Columbia other electronic formats. This movie can be Gorge. used in a variety of settings along the trail and also as a part of the trail’s media/ publicity materials, pre-visit educational o Designated hiking trails could augment visitors’ experiences along the trail. package, and traveling trunks. • Consider installing audio listening posts o A Columbia River trail guide could whenever new waysides are installed. highlight the many dramatic Ice Age Newer versions of these sturdy, unobtrusive floods features visible from the river. devices are solar-powered, inexpensive, and low-maintenance; used creatively (with • Commission a substantive guidebook with “live” quotes, sound effects, and quality itineraries, interpretation, and narration), they provide an extra layer of comprehensive travelers’ information interpretation for all visitors while also about Ice Age Floods National Geologic meeting ADA requirements. Trail. • Streamline the trail social media presence, • Take steps to get the trail included in focusing on those that generate the most popular guidebooks and websites engagement with targeted audiences for the produced by the American Automobile time expended; eliminate those that are too Association (AAA), Fodor’s, Lonely Planet difficult or time-consuming for low-level Guides, and others. results. (2) Wayside Exhibits Long-range recommendations for waysides (see Section 4) include the following new signs requiring roadside pull-out construction:

56 Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail Long-range Interpretive Plan • Frenchman Coulee/the Feathers (new LONG-RANGE FOCUS SIX: roadside pull-out, new signs) Funding and Capacity Building

• Wallula Gap (new roadside pull-out, new Funding and capacity-building must remain signs) top priorities for trail leadership. • Crescent Bar Overlook/Quincy, WA (paved roadside pull-out, new signs) • Introduce fundraising partners to partners across the length of the trail. Sites needing trail information added to The trail fundraising group should be existing outdoor interpretation include: presented not as a competitor, but as an additional resource for the trail. • Gingko Petrified Forest State Park Consider providing training aimed to • Lyons Ferry State Park o help trail supporters seek and prepare • Palouse Falls State Park grant proposals for trail • Sacajawea State Park interpretation needs. • Develop a transparent, simple system for • Yakima Sportsman State Park evaluating and awarding funds through With regard to the above lists, funding and the trail’s fundraising group. cost-efficiency will inevitably affect the • Continue working with the Ice Age timing of installations; ultimately, however, Floods Institute to support its following this plan will enable the trail to organizational structure and capacity for provide engaging and consistent wayside trailwide interpretive services. interpretation from beginning to end. In addition to these sites, trail partners may wish to add signs in other, more outlying Other Recommendations locations. Trail staff should work with In addition to the grouping of these partners as needed to provide recommendations in three-year intervals, guidance on wayside standards and this Long-range Interpretive Plan recognizes interpretive content. other needs to be provided by other NPS units and partners in support of trail (3) Other Outdoor Exhibits interpretation. These activities should • Explore opportunities to create continue through the life of the plan and interpretive playscapes that introduce beyond. younger visitors to features of the Ice Age floods. A playscape experience could also Research Needs in Support of be integrated into Junior Ranger Interpretation programs for younger children. • Work with the regional bookstore • Explore ways to use trail traveling trunks cooperating association (Discover Your or simple outdoor activities such as a hose Northwest) and private vendors to develop and sand on-site at trail hubs. a “scope of sales” for desirable books and other interpretive materials to sell at (4) Interior Exhibits partners’ retail outlets along the trail. • Refresh/replace traveling temporary • Update the comprehensive inventory of exhibits as needed. floods features begun as part of the 2001 Jones report and maintain this database as • Assist partners in refreshing existing part of the trail’s collections. exhibits or developing new trail-focused segments as needed. • Work with the Interagency Technical

National Park Service 57 Committee and the Geologic Resources o Interviewees might also include tribal and Research working group to compile elders willing to share their tribes’ and maintain a comprehensive database stories about giant floods. of original research on Ice Age floods held in universities and other institutions Archival and Artifact Needs in Support of around the world. This trail database Interpretation should include locations of existing • Contract with the archivist team at Nez LIDAR and maps, aerial images, digital Perce National Historical Park to catalog elevation models (DEMS), satellite and archive relevant materials associated imagery, a bibliography of published with the establishment of Ice Age Floods and unpublished (i.e., theses and National Geologic Trail. dissertations) scholarly research, and • Contract with the archivist team at Nez special collections pertaining to the Perce NHP to create and maintain an floods or the trail. Notably, these interpretive media reference library to be collections include: available to all trail partners for o The papers of the Ice Age Floods developing interpretive materials. Institute at Eastern Washington Suggested collections include: University in Cheney, WA. o Photographic resources: historic, o The papers of J. Harlan Bretz at the site-specific flood features, events. University of Chicago. Wherever possible, photographs o The papers of Joseph T. Pardee, should high-resolution, public domain presented to the Montana Natural images that can be used at no charge. History Center in 2015. Copyrighted photographs should be clearly identified with instructions for • Consider co-sponsoring a conference obtaining permissions. (perhaps rotating among state o Audio resources: oral histories, universities) every ten years to highlight broadcast media, podcasts, recorded new/contemporary research on the Ice lectures Age floods, with the first conference to be o Video and film resources: archival- held in 2019, the tenth anniversary of the quality DVD copies of all known creation of the trail. professional television documentaries • Begin collecting oral histories (preferably about the floods, partner-produced audio or video recordings) of individuals videos, computer-generated imaging and groups associated with the founding (CGI) depicting the floods, etc. of the trail. These histories will be o Print resources: trail logos, invaluable later for uses such as a trail reproductions of historic documents, administrative history, new exhibits and large-format maps web programs, etc. o Interviewees might include numerous members of the Ice Age Floods Institute, academics, and agency personnel active in the trail’s formation. o An Institute member is already at work on oral histories for the organization.

58 Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail Long-range Interpretive Plan Recommendations, Themes, and Visitor Experience Goals Matrix

This table provides examples for how the provide quality experiences for people with plan’s recommendations address the disabilities. various interpretive themes and visitor experience goals for Ice Age Floods Items in blue indicate recommendations that National Geologic Trail. More specific should provide experiences through other descriptions of the interpretive themes and languages in addition to English. visitor experience goals can be found in Italicized items refer to projects for which Section 1: Foundation for Planning. partners can take the lead. Items in red indicate recommendations that should be specifically structured to

Theme Titles Geologic Cataclysmic Evidence That In Search of Lives and Setting versus Remains Truth Livelihoods Incremental Introduce Junior Expand Interior Start the Train Interpreters “Open the Rangers Exhibits Wayside about the Trail Gateways” to the Exhibit Plan Trail Offer Short Special Events Engage Youth Increase Staffing Train Other Programs at Groups Visitor Contact every hub Personnel about the Trail Expand Tours Other Outdoor Develop Youth- Personal Services Funding and

Experiential Goals from every trail Exhibits Oriented and Visitor Capacity Building hub Programs Engagement

Theme Titles Geologic Cataclysmic Evidence That In Search of Lives and Setting versus Remains Truth Livelihoods Incremental Brand the Trail Produce Essential Define and Map Deliver Fact Expand Interior Publications the Trail Sheets Exhibits Lay Ground- Expand Wayside Start a Photo Develop an NPS work for a Trail Exhibits Bank Website Education Program Build an Expand Print

Cognitive Goals Educational Publications Program

National Park Service 59 Theme Titles Geologic Cataclysmic Evidence That In Search of Lives and Setting versus Remains Truth Livelihoods Incremental Expand Seek Visitors’ Explore Starting a Audiovisual/Web Opinions Friends Group or Materials Foundation Goals Emotional

Theme Titles Geologic Cataclysmic Evidence That In Search of Lives and Setting versus Remains Truth Livelihoods Incremental Join the Go Digital Choose Trail Enable More Partnership for Hubs Partner-to-Partner the National Communication Trails System Continue Social Support Capacity Media Building for the Ice Age Floods Institute

Behavioral Goals Log Volunteer Hours

Opposite: Trail explorers stand beneath a huge overhang as they investigate the floor of a pothole carved by Ice Age floods. Photo: Bruce Bjornstad

60 Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail Long-range Interpretive Plan Education Plan

National Park Service 61 Section 3: Education Plan

Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail offers a the trail as a vital educational resource within remarkable range of opportunities for communities and schools along its routes. curriculum-based educational programming, especially in “STEAM” fields of science, • Prepare short fact sheets describing the Ice technology, engineering, art, and mathematics. Age floods and Ice Age Floods National College-level geology and other earth sciences Geologic Trail and linking its themes to departments have long used trail routes and K-12 learning goals and educational sites as field study destinations across the standards, specifically (1) the Next region. Generation Science Standards (www. nextgenscience.org) used nationally by a With assistance from trail interpreters, majority of K-12 teachers of the sciences, education specialists, and volunteers, and (2) the inquiry-based learning thousands of K-12 students in Montana, standards reflected in the Common Core Idaho, Washington, and Oregon – and indeed, State Standards Initiative (www. around the world – can explore and learn from corestandards.org). the trail. o Distribute these fact sheets widely via electronic media, printed flyers/ This plan offers the following strategies to handouts, and presentations in make consistent, high-quality curriculum- communities and schools. based programming to aid teachers and school o This information should also include a systems in tapping into the trail’s resources. link to the NPS national website for • Short-range recommendations can begin teachers (www.nps.gov/teachers). immediately, with leadership from the NPS • Introduce Ice Age Floods National education specialist currently assigned to Geologic Trail and its educational potential Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail (a at state teacher conferences across all four position currently shared, like the trail’s states. chief of interpretation, with similar duties for Lake Roosevelt National Recreation • Begin an online networking forum for Area). educators interested in Ice Age floods and • Mid-range recommendations are proposed the trail. for implementation after the trail acquires • Establish a multi-state advisory additional staffing, specifically a full-time committee of partners and educators NPS educational specialist. who can help plan, advise, and review • Long-term recommendations are proposed curriculum development. for implementation after Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail acquires • Explore the expanding universe of appropriate staffing. online science education tools and curricula to determine potential uses EDUCATION RECOMMENDATIONS: with Ice Age floods curricula. Among Short-range these are Foss Science Kits (www.fossweb.com), a project of the (1) Build Awareness. University of California/ Berkeley, In creating a trailwide educational program, trail leaders must first gain recognition for

62 Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail Long-range Interpretive Plan and classroom activities and curriculum levels: K-2, 3-5, middle, and high school. materials from the National • Arrange for trail interpreters and Nanotechnology Infrastructure Network volunteers to visit classrooms across the (www.nnin.org), a consortium of 14 region to introduce the trail and available universities. curricula. (2) Review Existing Curricula. • Review existing curriculum-based (3) Develop Curriculum for Middle educational programs on the Ice Age floods, as developed by the Cheney-Spokane School (Grades 6-8) chapter of the Ice Age Floods Institute, the • Develop an Ice Age floods curriculum REACH, Washington State Parks, and other based on Next Generation Science entities. Standards for the middle school grade levels. This curriculum should be designed o Share best practices, user data, student to span several weeks of classroom study and teacher evaluations, and other incorporating hands-on, inquiry-based information as appropriate. activities, interactive components using online mapping tools such as ArcGIS (3) Seek Funding for the Future (www.arcgis.com) or Google Earth, guest • Begin seeking funding for a full-time presentations by trail/park staff or Ice Age education specialist for Ice Age Floods Floods Institute volunteers when possible, National Geologic Trail. Given the trail’s and a culminating day-long or multi-day vast terrain, complex science, and multi- visit to an Ice Age Floods National Geologic state school systems, a dedicated education Trail site. specialist is necessary to guide and develop long-term educational programming. • Make all aspects of the curriculum available online, including downloading materials, • Explore options for grants to assist in scheduling guest speakers, and making developing educational programming, reservations to bring classroom groups/ materials, curricula, and school bus/site visit buses to preferred trail sites. funding. • Wherever possible, the curriculum should EDUCATIONAL RECOMMENDATIONS: use creative approaches such as puzzles, Mid-term trailblazing, orienteering, geocaching, (1) Hire and Train Educational outdoor activities with a water hose and Personnel sand, etc. • Hire an NPS education specialist devoted • Work with partners across the four-state exclusively to Ice Age Floods National area to develop and stock “traveling trunks” Geologic Trail. for local check-out to be used to support the curriculum. • Introduce an annual training workshop (perhaps conducted online) for interpreters and volunteers charged with delivering (4) Develop Curriculum for K-2. on-site programs for youth and K-12 • Develop an Ice Age floods curriculum educational groups. based on Next Generation Science Standards for grade levels K-2. This (2) Promote New Curricula. curriculum, geared for young readers and • Produce and distribute NPS-style site pre-readers, should focus on age- bulletins on the trail at four grade appropriate hands-on activities and

National Park Service 63 interactive components, perhaps • Make all aspects of the curriculum including music, art, dance, or playacting; available online, including downloading guest presentations by trail/park staff or materials, scheduling guest speakers, and Ice Age Floods Institute volunteers when making reservations to bring classroom possible; and a culminating day trip to an groups/buses to the preferred trail sites. Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail • Wherever possible, the curriculum site. should use creative approaches such as • Make all aspects of the curriculum puzzles, trailblazing, orienteering, available online, including downloading geocaching, outdoor activities with a materials, scheduling guest speakers, and water hose and sand, etc. making reservations to bring classroom groups/buses to the preferred trail sites. • Work with partners across the four-state (3) Develop Curriculum for High area to develop and stock “traveling School (Grades 9-12) trunks” for local check-out to be used to • Develop an Ice Age floods curriculum support the curriculum. based on Next Generation Science EDUCATIONAL RECOMMENDATIONS: Standards for high school students. This Long-term curriculum should be designed to span several weeks of classroom study (1) Continue Educational Training. incorporating hands-on, inquiry-based • Develop a short online teacher workshop activities, interactive components using to aid teachers in using the existing online mapping tools such as ArcGIS curricula and trail resources. (www.arcgis.com) or Google Earth, guest presentations by trail/park staff or Ice Age • Expand the reach/enrollment in training Floods Institute volunteers when workshops for interpreters and possible, and a culminating day-long or volunteers delivering on-site programs for multi-day visit to an Ice Age Floods youth and K-12 educational groups. National Geologic Trail site. • Make all aspects of the curriculum (2) Develop Curriculum for available online, including downloading Elementary School (Grades 3-5) materials, scheduling guest speakers, and • Develop an Ice Age floods curriculum making reservations to bring classroom based on Next Generation Science groups/buses to the preferred trail sites. Standards for students in grades 3 through 5. This curriculum should be • Integrate contemporary online tools from designed to span several weeks of sources such as the Full Option Science classroom study incorporating hands-on, System (www.fossweb.com) and the inquiry-based activities, interactive National Nanotechnology Infrastructure components using online mapping tools Network (www.nnin.org) to supplement such as ArcGIS (www.arcgis.com) or and expand trail curricula. Google Earth, guest presentations by trail/park staff or Ice Age Floods Institute volunteers when possible, and a day- or Opposite: Hog Canyon Falls is a lesser-known waterfall multi-day visit to an Ice Age Floods along the floods route. Find it on BLM-managed public National Geologic Trail site. land about 30 miles southwest of Spokane. Photo: Eugene Kiver/IAFI

64 Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail Long-range Interpretive Plan Wayside Exhibits

National Park Service 65 A striking basalt formation called Twin Sisters gets its name from a Cayuse legend. These giant pillars tower above the Columbia River at Wallula Gap, just off a busy highway. Photo: Williamborg/Creative Commons.

66 Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail Long-range Interpretive Plan Section 4: Wayside Exhibits

Reliable interpretation can greatly update will provide visitors with trailwide and enhance visitors’ experiences as they regional wayfinding elements. explore Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail. Wayside interpretive signs – low- Therefore, this wayside plan addresses the tech, long-lasting, and always available – need for both updated and/or additional signs continue to be one of the best ways to to provide visitors with specific information provide accurate, consistent and interpretation about Ice Age Floods interpretation, especially in areas where National Geologic Trail. digital or personal (ranger/volunteer) services are impractical. Low-profile The following points apply to all future interpretive signs are typically designed wayside signs for the trail: and positioned so that visitors can gaze out over the sign to the landscape being • Wayside signs should be designed and described. Ideally, their placement on placed so as to meet ADA standards for roadside pullouts or park vistas does not accessibility. (See www.nps.gov/hfc/ intrude upon the natural landscape. accessibility.)

Partners have installed a variety of wayside • For durability and excellent graphics, the interpretive signs across the four-state trail vast majority of outdoor wayside route. Some of these signs provide interpretive signs for NPS sites, state excellent interpretation of various aspects parks, and other public lands are of the Ice Age floods. For example, manufactured in either porcelain enamel Washington State Parks has sets of or phenolic resin, also known as high- relatively recent, well-designed Ice Age pressure laminate or HPL. Most floods-related signs installed at many state installations are mounted (with or parks within the floods pathways. Among without frames) on aluminum posts. the multi-site signs are these: • The total cost of wayside signs typically • Explore Massive Floodscapes! ranges from $3000 to $5500 per sign, • Overwhelming Proof for an including creative services (research, “Outrageous” Theory writing, graphic design, images or • In the Path of Cataclysmic Floods illustrations), sign fabrication and posts, and shipping. However, because these signs were created before the trail was authorized, none includes specific information about the routes that make up Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail. Washington State Parks has anticipated the need for inclusion of the official map on existing waysides. Once the official map is approved, a wayside exhibit

National Park Service 67 • Wayside signs are most effective with Small, vertical audio listening posts high-quality, interesting images and short emblazoned with the trail logo (and text that is non-technical and easy to read. perhaps an embedded link) could expand For an excellent guide to creating wayside accessibility for non-readers and people interpretive signs, see the Anza Trail with visual impairments and also offer the Wayside Exhibit Style Guide prepared for option of web links translating into Juan Bautista de Anza National Historic different languages. Trail partners at www.nps.gov/juba/learn/ management/upload/JUBA-Wayside- This plan proposes a hierarchy of wayside Style-Guide-2014.pdf. signs with a consistent design template and two levels of information, preferably • Consideration should also be given to conveyed in two separate, paired signs: installation of audio listening posts at (1) a trail overview with the master map, high-use locations to provide another and (2) interpretive details about floods layer of accessibility to trail information. features or concepts relevant to the specific site.

Where's the trail? Travelers along the west wall of the Grand Coulee had a rough ride in the 1890s. Photo by U.S. Geological Survey, Bulletin 108, 1893.

68 Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail Long-range Interpretive Plan Sanders USDA Forest Forest USDA Service Montana Natural Center History City of Sandpoint State Idaho City or Parks of Sandpoint Owner County , Montana DOT New signs New High Priority: gateway near spur Trail community Hub signs/Trail New High** Priority: to info trail Add interpretation existing High Priority: signs New High Priority: gateway near spur Trail community High Priority: old- existing Replace sign style Status/Priority Land Geologic Setting Geologic Incremental vs Cataclysmic That Remains Evidence Setting Geologic Incremental vs Cataclysmic That Remains Evidence Truth the for Search Setting Geologic Incremental vs Cataclysmic That Remains Evidence Truth the for Search Setting Geologic Incremental vs Cataclysmic That Remains Evidence Setting Geologic Incremental vs Cataclysmic That Remains Evidence • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Theme Age Floods Ice Age f loods Ice Lake Pend Oreille as a Overview of Ice Age Floods Age Overview of Ice map with trail the and of Glacial depth and Extent Missoula Lake Floods Age Overview of Ice map with trail the and Missoula/visible Lake Glacial lines strand (papers Pardee and Bretz MNHC) at archived Floods Age Overview of Ice map with trail the and ripples current Giant Floods Age Overview of Ice map with trail the and that dam ice the about Details here near formed Overview of and the trail with map Details about the ice dam that formed near here; formation of result of Interpretive Waysides Recommendations Waysides Interpretive Topics • • • • • • • • • • • Location Lake Como Lake MT Hamilton, Near MT Missoula, Center, Perma, 200/382), near MT County, Sanders Short-Range/High Short-Range/High Priority 1 Forest/ National Bitterroot 2 History Natural Montana 3 (Hwy Prairie Camas 4 ID Sandpoint, 5 ID Oreille, Pend Lake ** Locations where audio listening posts might be added. posts audio listening where ** Locations

National Park Service 69 Idaho State State Idaho Parks & US Fish Wildlife Service Washington Parks State of Bureau U.S. Reclamation Washington Parks State Washington Parks State Washington Parks State Add trail info to to info trail Add interpretation existing High** Priority: Hub Trail Hub signs/Trail New High** Priority: to info trail Add set sign existing High Priority: High** Priority: to info trail Add interpretation; existing Hub Trail to info trail Add set sign existing High Priority: to info trail Add set sign existing High Priority: to info trail Add set sign existing High Priority: Geologic Setting Geologic Incremental vs Cataclysmic That Remains Evidence Truth the for Search Setting Geologic Incremental vs Cataclysmic That Remains Evidence Truth the for Search Livelihoods and Lives Setting Geologic Incremental vs Cataclysmic That Remains Evidence Truth the for Search Livelihoods and Lives Setting Geologic Incremental vs Cataclysmic That Remains Evidence Setting Geologic Incremental vs Cataclysmic That Remains Evidence Truth the for Search Livelihoods and Lives Setting Geologic Incremental vs Cataclysmic That Remains Evidence Truth the for Search Livelihoods and Lives Setting Geologic That Remains Evidence • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Overview of Ice Age Floods Age Overview of Ice map with trail the and of evidence showing Features dam ice Floods Age Overview of Ice map with trail the and map with Overview of trail Floods Age Overview of Ice map with trail the and map with Overview of trail map with Overview of trail map with Overview of trail • • • • • • • • Refuge, near Spokane, WA Spokane, near Refuge, WA Center, WA 6 ID Park, State Farragut 7 Wildlife National Turnbull 8 Park State Trail Centennial 9 Dam Visitor Coulee Grand 10 WA Park, State Bridgeport 11 Park, State Rock Lincoln 12 Park State Rock Steamboat

70 Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail Long-range Interpretive Plan Washington Washington Parks State Washington Parks State Washington Parks State Washington Parks State Washington Parks State REACH The Washington Parks State Add trail info to to info trail Add set sign existing High; Priority: Hub** Trail to info trail Add interpretation existing High Priority: to info trail Add interpretation existing High Priority: to info trail Add interpretation existing High Priority: to info trail Add interpretation existing High Priority: Hub signs/Trail New High Priority: to info trail Add interpretation existing High Priority: Geologic Setting Geologic That Remains Evidence Setting Geologic That Remains Evidence Setting Geologic Incremental vs Cataclysmic That Remains Evidence Truth the for Search Livelihoods and Lives Setting Geologic Incremental vs Cataclysmic That Remains Evidence Setting Geologic Incremental vs Cataclysmic That Remains Evidence Setting Geologic Incremental vs Cataclysmic That Remains Evidence Truth the for Search Livelihoods and Lives Setting Geologic Incremental vs Cataclysmic That Remains Evidence Truth the for Search Livelihoods and Lives • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Overview of trail with map with Overview of trail Floods Age Overview of Ice map with trail the and Floods Age Overview of Ice map with trail the and Floods Age Overview of Ice trail the and Floods Age Overview of Ice trail the and Floods Age Overview of Ice map with trail the and Floods Age Overview of Ice map with trail the and • • • • • • • Park State Park State Trail Columbia Plateau Park State Park Center Interpretive Richland, REACH), (The WA 13 State Falls Sun Lake-Dry 14 Forest Petrified Gingko 15 16 Park State Falls Palouse 17 State Sportsman Yakima 18 Reach Hanford 19 WA Park, State Maryhill

National Park Service 71 Washington Washington Parks State Columbia Gorge Discovery Center Washington Parks State State Oregon Parks Washington Parks State Add trail info to to info trail Add interpretation existing High Priority: info/exterior trail Add existing to signs interpretation Trail High; Priority: Hub to info trail Add interpretation existing High Priority: Hub signs/Trail New Vista with (shared House) High Priority: Hub signs/Trail New High Priority: Geologic Setting Geologic Incremental vs Cataclysmic That Remains Evidence Truth the for Search Livelihoods and Lives Setting Geologic Incremental vs Cataclysmic That Remains Evidence Truth the for Search Livelihoods and Lives Setting Geologic Incremental vs Cataclysmic That Remains Evidence Truth the for Search Livelihoods and Lives Setting Geologic Incremental vs Cataclysmic That Remains Evidence Truth the for Search Livelihoods and Lives setting Geologic Remains that Evidence • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Overview of Ice Age Floods Age Overview of Ice map with trail the and Floods Age Overview of Ice map with trail the and Floods Age Overview of Ice map with trail the and Floods Age Overview of Ice map with trail the and Floods Age Overview of Ice map with trail the and end as trail’s site This the under Floods’ impact today’s ocean beyond coastline • • • • • • • Discovery Center, The The Center, Discovery WA Dalles, WA OR Point, Crown Cape Center, Interpretive State Disappointment WA Ilwaco, near Park, WA 21 Gorge Columbia 22 Park, State Rock Beacon 23 Forum, Women’s Portland 24 Lewis & Clark 20 Park, State Hills Columbia

72 Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail Long-range Interpretive Plan US Fish & US Fish Wildlife Service Power Avista State Idaho Parks City of Lewiston City of Spokane NPS Owner Add trail info to to info trail Add interpretation existing Mid-range Priority: to info trail Add interpretation existing Mid-range Priority: signs New Mid-range Priority: Mid-range; Priority: Gateway and Hub Community Mid-range** Priority: Gateway and Hub Community to info trail Add interpretation existing Mid-range** Priority: Status/Priority Land Geologic Setting Geologic Incremental vs Cataclysmic That Remains Evidence Setting Geologic Incremental vs Cataclysmic That Remains Evidence Setting Geologic Incremental vs Cataclysmic That Remains Evidence Setting Geologic Incremental vs Cataclysmic That Remains Evidence Truth the for Search Setting Geologic Incremental vs Cataclysmic That Remains Evidence Truth Search for Livelihoods and Lives Setting Geologic Incremental vs Cataclysmic That Remains Evidence Truth the for Search Livelihoods and Lives • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Theme Overview of Ice Age Floods Age Overview of Ice map with trail the and Floods Age Overview of Ice map with trail the and that dam ice the about Details here near formed Floods Age Overview of Ice map with trail the and Coeur of Lake Interpretation the during formation d’Alene’s Floods Age Ice Floods Age Overview of Ice map with trail the and Floods Age Overview of Ice map with trail the and Overview of floods how in landscapes shaped Oregon and Washington gorge, coulees, country, (wine etc.) exposed basalt, Floods Age Overview of Ice map with trail the and Topics • • • • • • • • • Location Lake Pend Oreille, ID Oreille, Pend Lake ID Flathead Indian Indian Flathead Polson, near Reservation MT Fort Spokane Visitor Visitor Spokane Fort Center, Lake Roosevelt Nat iona l Recreation Area, WA 2 Dam near Gorge Cabinet 3 Parkway, Coeur d’Alene 4 ID Lewiston, 5 WA Spokane, Riverfront, 6 Mid-Range Priority Mid-Range 1 Range, Bison National

National Park Service 73 Washington State Parks Washington Washington Parks State & US Fish Wildlife Service City of Quincy Washington Parks State Friends of Badger Mountain & US Fish Wildlife Service New waysides to complement the new interpretive center Priority: Mid-range (depending on Interpretive Center construction) to info trail Add interpretation existing Mid-range Priority: signs New Mid-range Priority: to info trail Add interpretation existing Mid-range Priority: to info trail Add interpretation existing Mid-range Priority: to info trail Add interpretation existing Mid-range Priority: New signs Priority: Mid-range T ruth T ruth T ruth T ruth Evidence That Remains Search for the Lives and Livelihoods Geologic Setting Cataclysmic vs Incremental Geologic Setting Geologic Incremental vs Cataclysmic That Remains Evidence Truth the for Search Geologic Setting Cataclysmic vs Incremental Evidence Tha t Remains Search for th e Truth Geologic Setting Cataclysmic vs Incremental Evidence That Remains Search for the Geologic Setting Cataclysmic vs Incremental Evidence That Remains Search for the Lives and Livelihoods Geologic Setting Cataclysmic vs Incremental Evidence That Remains Geologic Setting Cataclysmic vs Incremental Evidence That Remains Search for the Lives and Livelihoods • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Overview of Ice Age Floods, Age Overview of Ice discussion and map, trail the floods left of the how “dry falls” present-day Floods Age Overview of Ice map with trail the and channeled Butte-and-basin scablands Floods Age Overview of Ice map with trail the and ripples current Giant Pardee and Bretz Floods Age Overview of Ice map with trail the and and Gorge River Columbia ship cruise floods (for the travelers) Floods Age Overview of Ice map with trail the and reach as highest Mountaintop Lewis Lake of Glacial Floods Age Overview of Ice map with trail the and Bluffs White at Rhythmites Overview of Ice Age Floods and the trail with map • • • • • • • • • • • • • Falls Riverside State Park W est Bar Overlook, Crescent Bar Rd. Quincy, WA Sun Lake- Dry Interpretive Center, W A National Columbia WA Refuge, Wildlife WA Richland, Monument, 13 7 8 Channels, Drumheller 9 10 Park State Ferry Lyons 11 Mountain Badger 12 National Reach Hanford

74 Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail Long-range Interpretive Plan Washington State Parks

Washington Washington Parks State City of OR Pendleton, Columbia Gorge Interpretive Center Army U.S. of Corps Engineers State Oregon Parks New signs New Mid-range Priority: Mid-range Priority: Gateway and Hub Community info/exterior trail Add existing to signs interpretation Mid-range Priority: to info trail Add interpretation existing Mid-range Priority: to info trail Add interpretation existing Mid-range Priority: New signs Priority: Mid-range T ruth T ruth T ruth Geologic Setting Cataclysmic vs Incremental Evidence That Remains Geologic Setting Cataclysmic vs Incremental Evidence That Remains Search for the Lives and Livelihoods Geologic Setting Cataclysmic vs Incremental Evidence That Remains Search for the Lives and Livelihoods Geologic Setting Cataclysmic vs Incremental Evidence That Remains Truth Search for the Lives and Livelihoods Geologic Setting Cataclysmic vs Incremental Evidence That Remains Search for the Lives and Livelihoods • Geologic Setting • Cataclysmic vs Incremental • Evidence That Remains • Search for the Truth • Lives and Livelihoods • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Overview of Ice Age Floods and the trail with map Overview of Ice Age Floods Age Overview of Ice map with trail the and Floods Age Overview of Ice map with trail the and Floods Age Overview of Ice map with trail the and Floods Age Overview of Ice map with trail the and Floods Age Overview of Ice map with trail the and of erratics Definition Bellevue of Erratic the Story • • • • • • • • Sacajawea State Park, Tri- Park, State Sacajawea WA area, Cities OR Pendleton, Gorge Columbia OR Center, Interpretive Dam Bonneville Natural State Rock Erratic Bellevue Erratic), (the Site OR Sheridan, Mt. Spokane State Park 19 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8

National Park Service 75 Private Multiple jurisdictions Walla Walla Benton and counties, private federal, NPS of West City Linn, OR Owner eeds n New signs New Long-range Priority: roadside requires Site access and pull-out improvements. Long-range Priority: New signs Priority: Long-range hiking; via Best view roadway pull-off. upgraded signs New Long-range Priority: to info trail Add interpretation existing Long-range Priority: Status/Priority Land Geologic Setting Geologic That Remains Evidence Setting Geologic Incremental vs Cataclysmic That Remains Evidence Setting Geologic Incremental vs Cataclysmic That Remains Evidence Truth the for Search Livelihoods and Lives Setting Geologic Incremental vs Cataclysmic That Remains Evidence Truth the for Search Livelihoods and Lives Setting Geologic Incremental vs Cataclysmic That Remains Evidence Truth the for Search Livelihoods and Lives • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Theme Overview of Ice Age Floods Age Overview of Ice map with trail the and field boulder and Erratics Floods Age Overview of Ice map with trail the and and of coulees Explanation called columns exposed basalt Feathers” “The Floods Age Overview of Ice map with trail the and Floods Age Overview of Ice map with trail the and map with trail Overview of the Topics • • • • • • • Location WA Feathers Site, Historic National WA Walla, Walla OR Tualatin, Long-Range Priority 1 Ephrata, near Fan, Ephrata 2 Coulee/The Frenchman 3 Gap Wallula 4 Mission Whitman 5 Park, Bridge Field’s

76 Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail Long-range Interpretive Plan Notes: For comparison, the following is the prioritized list from the 2006 Washington State Parks interpretive plan for the Ice Age floods. Several samples of the ceI Age floods-related wayside signs resulting from the 2006 plan are shown on the following pages. The modular, multiple- use approach adopted by Washington State Parks is a good model for future signs interpreting the trail across many far-flung locations. The trail team will need to determine how best to integrate the NPS and National Trail logos with the symbols of the host sites. Park sites highlighted in red below have existing Ice Age floods waysides already; map updates can be done when available.

Highest Priority Moderate Priority Low Priority • Dry Falls Interpretive Center • Wenatchee Confluence State Park • Bridgeport State Park • Sun Lakes State Park • Riverside State Park • Centennial Trail State Park • Steamboat Rock State Park • Frenchman Coulee • Daroga State Park • Palouse Falls State Park • Crown Point State Heritage Area • Lake Lenore Caves • Ginkgo Petrified Forest State • Cape Disappointment State Park • Maryhill State Park Park • Columbia Plateau Trail State Park • Mount Spokane State Park • Columbia Hills State Park • Lincoln Rock State Park • Potholes State Park • Beacon Rock State Park • Wanapum Recreation Area • Sacajawea State Park • Lyons Ferry State Park • Yakima Sportsman State Park

Signs interpreting the Ice Age floods vary widely across the four-state region. This imaginative example appears in a plaza outside the Oregon Museum of Science (OMSI) in Portland. Photo: Rick Thompson/IAFL

National Park Service 77 Interpretive Wayside Examples from Washington State Parks

IN THE PATH OF CATACLYSMIC FLOODS How Many Floods Were There? No one knows for sure, but geologists discovered You are standing in the pathway of some of the largest evidence that the Lake Missoula and other glacial floods ever known. They carved steep-walled lakes filled and emptied many times during the last canyons, sculpted immense waterfalls, and left behind Ice Age. landscapes found nowhere else on earth. (Photo Caption) At times, the ice dam was more than two miles Massive Glacial Dams and Lakes wide and 30 miles long. During the last Ice Age, a lobe of ice at least a half- mile high blocked the Clark Fork River in Idaho, (Photo Caption) creating an enormous lake called Glacial Lake Pressure from rising water caused the ice dam to Missoula. This ice dam failed -- over and over -- leak and crack. Over time, water began pouring sending billions of tons of water rampaging across the from large fractures beneath the surface, eroding land. the dam from below until it suddenly failed. Raging Journey to the Pacific (Photo Caption) The thundering torrent of water, icebergs, and mud You can visit many of the remarkable features raced at speeds up to 60 mph, stripping away tons of created by the Ice Age floods, including Dry Falls, soil and rock. The floodwaters raged across eastern Washington, through the Columbia River Gorge, and Steamboat Rock, and Beacon Rock. to the ocean.

78 Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail Long-range Interpretive Plan EXPLORE MASSIVE FLOODSCAPES (Photo Caption) When temporary Lake Lewis pooled behind Raging Ice Age floodwaters carved spectacular Wallula Gap, most of the Pasco Basin region, features throughout eastern Washington, creating including the Tri-Cities and Sacajawea State Park, unique landscapes. Follow the path of the floods and was under hundreds of feet of water. discover more about this amazing story. (Photo Caption) Path of Least Resistance Lyons Ferry Park, located at the confluence of the As floodwaters rushed across eastern Washington, Snake and Palouse rivers, provides opportunities to they followed existing rivers and streams until they see more Ice Age floods features, including great overwhelmed them. They then found their own way view of Palouse River Canyon. toward the ocean, going over or around large obstacles and carving new routes wherever they (Photo Caption) could. These streamlined hills were sculpted by Ice Age floods. Although not obvious at ground level, their Are You a Landscape Detective? tear-drop shape points in the direction of the Landscape features provide us with many clues about floodwaters. the Ice Age floods. What do the shapes of the Palouse Hills across Highway 261 tell us?

National Park Service 79 OVERWHELMING PROOF FOR AN “OUTRAGEOUS” THEORY

Geologist J Harlen Bretz spent decades meticulously (Photo Caption) documenting evidence to support his theory that J Harlen Bretz sparked one of the biggest massive Ice Age floods carved the Channeled debates in geologic history when he proposed Scabland of eastern Washington. But the geologic his Ice Age floods theory in 1923. community only ridiculed and scorned his work ... until they saw the evidence themselves. (Satellite Image Caption) Modern satellite photography would have James Gilluly, one of Bretz’s most vocal critics, visited helped Bretz illustrate his Ice Age floods theory. Palouse Falls and said, “How could anyone have The Channelized Scabland of eastern been so wrong?” Washington can easily be seen from space.

Opposite: A coating of snow and ice only enhances the beauty (and the geology) of Palouse Falls. Photo: Lloyd Stoess/IAFI

80 Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail Long-range Interpretive Plan Implementation Plan

National Park Service 81 Section 5: Implementation Plan

Short, Medium, and Long-term A fourth category of recommendations, Implementation Guide listed last, addresses activities outside the interpretive and educational division to be Implementing the recommendations in this carried on throughout the life of the plan. Long-range Interpretive Plan will be a gradual process. Trail decision makers should review The cost projection column provides a this implementation plan at least once a year to rough estimate of the projected costs of ensure it is in line with changing circumstances each recommendation. “Staff” denotes and funding opportunities. This activities completed without outside implementation guide is designed to help the expenditures. The symbol $ estimates a trail and trail partners set priorities and make moderate annual cost (under $50,000); the concrete, measurable progress in building its $$ indicates annual expenditures estimated interpretive and educational program over the between $50,000 and $100,000; and the $$$ next seven to ten years. indicates major expenditures, usually capital expenditures such as facilities The chart below presents step-by-step remodeling, exhibit installations, visitor sequences for each major focus and category transportation vehicles, etc. of recommendations. Recommendations appear in three categories:

1) Short-range recommendations are proposed for action within the next three years.

2) Mid-range recommendations are proposed for action within the next four to six years.

3) Long-term recommendations are proposed for action within the next seven to ten years.

82 Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail Long-range Interpretive Plan Cost Staff Staff Staff Staff Staff Staff Staff Timing Trails National by Launch 2016 June Day, 2016 one- be chosen may Hubs time. over by-one Ongoing Ongoing sites 4 hub least at Launch in 2016 are Sheets Fact Start when ongoing ready; Trail Team Members Interagency by approvals NPS, with Institute and Committee Technical L ocal Institute chapters with assistance from NPS Technical NPS Interagency and Committee NPS partner sites and designated staff, NPS interpretive individual interpreters NPS hub and management NPS hub and NPS partners and Action Item One: Focus DefiningTrail the Map It. whole the for map visitor-oriented a public, Finalize trail. and hubs use at for maps itinerary regional Create online. Hubs. Trail Choose or staffmember designated with liaison Form volunteer. site. at needs materials Assess interpretive hub. as trail site each Announce/promote Gateways. the Open communities. gateway to out Reach Seek buy-in from each proposed hub. hub. proposed each from Seek buy-in Chart One: Short-range Recommendations for Calendar years 2016, 2017, 2018

National Park Service 83 Events planning planning Events costs Staff Staff (USGS) Free online online Free group discussion Staff hours Volunteer only underway N/A; Staff 2016 Launch in 2016 Ongoing in Ongoing As soon as possible, as possible, As soon of momentum on building 2015 workshops the new when As needed arise projects 2016-17 Launch in 2016 Launch in 2016 NPS, partners Technical NPS Interagency and Committee NPS management All partners All partners executive Floods Institute Age Ice partners and board Committee and NPS region from help NPS with HFC anniversary year year anniversary th progress/milestones on Make the logo available to state DOTs as part of DOTs state to available logo the Make funding seek to continue plan; transportation trail trail. the signing on commitments DOT state and Sheets Fact Deliver consistent with sheets fact distribute and Complete trail. the on information All Rights with Bank Start a Photo of the trail. of the Focus Two: Two: Focus Communication Partner-to-Partner Partner-to-Partner More Enable Communication working interpreters’ online Start an informal, ideas. sharing and networking for group high- high-dollar, on collaborate to ways Explore projects. interpretive impact trailwide” versus “chapter current the Reassess Floods Institute. Age of Ice structure/focus Trail. the Brand logo. trail the introduce and approve, Complete, use. Technical logo for guidelines NPS Interagency and Develop/compile on public the partners and to logo the Launch 7 the during Day Trails National Keep partners informed of this important matter.

84 Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail Long-range Interpretive Plan $ ($1,000/day up) and $ Staff Staff Staff Staff Staff and volunteers Staff HFC by Creative IAFL staff; and HFC by printing HFC by Creative IAFL staff; and HFC by printing Staff Staff 2016-17 2016-17 Ongoing Ongoing Launch ed in first quarter 2016 M id-2016 2017-18 Mid- 2016 2016 2016-17 Creative work in 2016; seek printing in 2017 Creative work in 2017; seek printing in 2018 NPS, all partners and Institute from advice NPS, with partners other NPS NPS NPS Technical Interagency and Institute Committee from support/review NPS with Technical Interagency and Institute Committee from support/review NPS with Technical Interagency and Institute Committee NPS NPS Institute and Obtain professional feature-specific p hotograph s that will be for full public use. photos. aerial Explore/price and/or Institute from photos selected to Seek rights supporters. other for files in high-resolution online collection Put download. Three: Focus Media Interpretive Prioritizing Website. NPS.gov the Launch a develop to standards NPS web latest Follow site. rich robust, partner sites. and media social to NPS site Link the website. System Trails National the to trail the Add NPS NPS Institute and publications. essential Produce trail. the for bulletin site an NPS master Complete from support/review NPS with card. an NPS rack Create map. with brochure an NPS unigrid Create Digital. Go website. the on publications print all Put NPS the to contributions Institute adding into Look website.

National Park Service 85 Seek grant and and Seek grant funding EWU Staff and volunteers Staff Staff and volunteers Staff $ $ $ $ $$ $ $ $ ~$3500 to $ 55 00 per sign $ 2016 Now 2016-17 Ongoing 2016-2019 2016-2019 2017 2016-17 2017 2017 2017 2017 O ngoing 2017 2017 NPS and Eastern Washington Washington NPS Eastern and University Everyone! NPS and Committee Technical Interagency interns NPS with in consultation Partners Institute and NPS with in consultation Partners Institute and Technical NPS, Interagency Committee I daho State Parks , NPS Institute NPS, OMSI, Portland-area members Institute NPS, MNCH, Eugene-area members NPS, partners Partners NPS, partners All partners T rials Support development of trail app. of trail development Support Social Media. Continue join in. partners to Get all policy. media social a trail Develop web. the over all entries trail Update Plan. Exhibit Wayside Start the first all at no interpretation with sites Consider in produce to not be practical may it (although isolation). trail outdoor adding for sites hub Prioritize information. Exhibits. Expand Interior event and community for exhibits portable Create use. Farragut in forthcoming materials trail Integrate exhibits. Park State at OMSI in floods exhibits Age trail/Ice Discuss Portland ofMuseum at floods exhibits Age trail/Ice Discuss in Eugene. History Cultural and Natural Four: Focus Capacity Building Interpreters. Train workshop. training an annual Launch sites. their with share to interpreters trained Ask other and Eppley, NAI, through training Encourage Partners sources. Participate in the 2017 National Conference. Personnel. Contact Visitor Other Train event service-sector and hospitality, tourism, Host sites. on

86 Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail Long-range Interpretive Plan $ Staff Staff Staff volunteers Staff, volunteers Staff, volunteers Staff, volunteers Staff, volunteers Staff, volunteers Staff, volunteers Staff, Staff N/A $ 2017 2017 2017 2017 Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing with is signed trail After DOT signs All partners NPS, partners NPS, partners All partners Institute NPS, Institute NPS, Institute NPS, Institute NPS All partners Institute All partners Institute volunteers; All partners with Ongoing Reach out to engage front-line staff in these these staff in front-line engage to out Reach industries. Education Trail a for Groundwork Lay (See Section 3) Program. for as a resource trail of the awareness Build educators. floods the about K-12 curricula existing Review trail. the and programming. future for staff and Seek funding Age Ice the for Building Capacity Support Institute Floods trailwide for chapter main/central the Strengthen needs. volunteers. active Expand of succession. chain Ensure copyrights. and sharing Clarify online for bandwidth technological Provide repository. needs. of trail specific Institute Inform resources. funding additional Develop Five: Focus Funding foundation. trail or group a Friends starting Explore hours. Log volunteer System.Trails National the for Partnership the Join NPS

National Park Service 87 $$ $ $ $ Staff; possible outside de sign and printing costs Staff Staff Staff Staff Staff $ eek Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing 2019 Ongoing Launch the Junior Ranger program on multiple sites on Junior Ranger Day during National Park W Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing in April. in NPS, partners, teachers NPS, partners, teachers committee committeeNPS, teachers committeeNPS, teachers 2020 2021 NPS partners and All partners All partners Institute All partners All partners All partners All appropriate partners youth groups: Scouts, etc. hikes, weekend overnights, etc., preferably as annual events that become preferably established in communities. Focus One: Focus Programming and Educational Youth Program. an Education Build personnel. educational train and Hire Standards- Science Generation Next new Promote based curricula. school. middle for curricula Develop K-2. for curricula Develop Rangers. Junior Introduce Groups. Youth Engage Reach out to community Girl and Boy Develop day Consider youth or families units within the Institute. Programs Youth-Oriented Develop Services and Visitor Personal Two: Focus Engagement Introduce scavenger hunts, etc. Create traveling trunks for sites . Offer Short Programs. Introduce geocaching. Collaborate among partners to create Junior Ranger activities for different sites, using online, downloadable materials. Chart Two: Mid-range Recommendations for Calendar years 2019, 2020, and 2021 Chart Two:

88 Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail Long-range Interpretive Plan Staff Staff Volunteers Staff, Volunteers Staff, Volunteers Staff, $$ Possibly Staff Staff $$ $ $$ Staff Staff Staff Ongoing Ongoing 2019 Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing 2019 2019 Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing 2019-20 Partners at individual sites individual at Partners Ongoing NPS partners and Institute Partners, volunteers Institute Partners, volunteers Institute Partners, tourism possibly volunteers; concessionaires or operators All partners All partners NPS NPS NPS partners and NPS partners and NPS partners and NPS Interagency and Committee Technical Develop at least two short alternating programs per programs alternating short two least at Develop hub. roving. for programs pocket Develop Tours Expand tours. day Continue areas. in new tours new Launch of interest, in areas in tours recreationists Engage climbing, riding, horseback as bicycling, such boating. Training Continue courses refresher staffand new for training Offer staff experienced for Opinions. Seek Visitors’ visitor solicit/accommodate to methods Develop tours. during and site on input Seek funds for adding an education specialist f or the trail. seasonal recruit and funding seek to Continue positions. temporary other and interns, employees, Four: Focus Media Expanding Interpretive Publications Print key to brochure NPS unigrid the Distribute locations. the throughout widely cards NPS rack Distribute region. key on bulletins NPS site 6 additional 4 to Produce trail. of the aspects Seek funds for adding a m anagement assistant . Focus Three: Focus Staffi ng

National Park Service 89 Staff Staff Staff Staff $ Staff Staff Staff $$ $$ $$ $$ $$ Staff Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing 2019 Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing 2019 Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing All partners NPS partners and Institute All partners Partners, Institute Institute Partners, volunteers NPS All partners NPS partners and NPS partners and Partners Partners All partners

th birthday. th Celebrate the Ice Age Floods Institute’s 25 Floods Institute’s Age Ice the Celebrate Look for other opportunities for special events to to events special for opportunities other for Look trail. the for visibility gain Six: Focus Building and Capacity Funding throughout concerns these on spotlight the Keep plan. of the lifetime the birthday. Audiovisual/Web Materials Audiovisual/Web for tours/itineraries audio self-guided Create download. up to it keep and well NPS website the Maintain date. drive and trail the promote to media social Use website. main the to traffic trail the about media of visual abundance Assess the usage. and of rights consideration with apps. travel additional creating Consider (See Section 4) Exhibits Wayside become as funds installations wayside to Add available. Interior Exhibits gateway for as needed exhibits Develop communities. trail. the incorporate to exhibits sites’ hub Update exhibits. use in existing for panels trail Prepare Partners Collaborate on future exhibits to incorporate information about the trail. Partners Five: Focus Events Special 10 trail’s the Celebrate

90 Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail Long-range Interpretive Plan $$ Staff $ $ Staff Staff Staff Staff Staff Staff Staff $$ 2022 Ongoing Ongoing 2022 Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing 2023 NPS All partners NPS All partners NPS partners and committeeNPS teacher and Ongoing committeeNPS teacher and Ongoing committeeNPS teacher and Ongoing All partners All partners All partners T rail. t he Focus One: Staffi ng Seek funding to add an interpretive ranger for the trail. Services and Visitor Personal Two: Focus Engagement volunteer and interpreter offer to Continue training. and sites to NPS visits regular Coordinate trail. the across communities hubs. trail at Stamps NPS Passport Introduce trail. the on feedback visitor Collect Three: Focus NPS Programming and Educational Youth to programs of curriculum-based reach the Extend trail. the along systems school other 3-5. Grades for curriculum Create School. High for curriculum Create learning. distance for possibilities Explore maps. USGS topo to trail the Add walking with route motor the augmenting Consider routes. water and the for guidebook a comprehensive Commission trail. Focus Four: Defining and Mapping Chart Three: Long-range Recommendations for Calendar years 2022, 2023, 2024, and beyond Chart Three:

National Park Service 91 Staff $$ $$ $ Staff $$$ $$ $$$ $ $$ Staff Staff and volunteers Staff Staff 2023 2024 2024 Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing 2024-26 2024-onward As needed As needed Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing NPS partners and NPS partners and Partners Partners NPS NPS DOTs, Partners, management Partners Partners All partners Partners P artners All partners All partners All partners Add the trail to popular guidebooks and travel sites, sites, travel and guidebooks popular to trail the Add etc. Planet, Lonely AAA, Fodor’s, as such Media Interpretive Five: Focus about movie documentary a short Commission trail. the traveling next- with posts listening audio installing at Look of trail accessibility improve to waysides generation interpretation. materials, touring self-guided on work to Continue formats. in digital preferably in choosing be strategic media; social Streamline outlets. effective most the Exhibits Wayside road without (i.e., sites difficult for options Explore with work features; floods at exemplary pull-offs) etc. DOTs, existing to trail the adding with forward Move as needed. installations wayside Exhibits Outdoor Other trail interpret that playscapes designed Consider features. outdoor into trunks traveling Incorporate possible. whenever interpretation Interior Exhibits exhibits. traveling/temporary Refresh new on partners as needed with Collaborate use. trailwide for adaptation potential and exhibits Building and Capacity Funding the across as a need fundraising successful Promote trail. funds. in awarding Be transparent interpretive Floods Institute’s Age Ice the Support trail. the for mission

92 Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail Long-range Interpretive Plan $ $ $$ $$ $$ $$ Yearly or as needed or Yearly Ongoing Ongoing intervals Five-year Ongoing Ongoing NPS , Institute NPS , Institute NPS vendors and Technical NPS, Interagency Committee NPS NPS Research Needs in Support of in Support Interpretation Needs Research the along bookstores of for sales a scope Develop trail. begun in features of flood inventory the Update 2001. of database a comprehensive maintain and Compile floods. Age Ice the on research original scholarly a regular launching/hosting Consider floods. the on conference of in Support Needs Artifact and Archival Interpretation the to related materials archive and Catalog trail. of the founding library reference a media maintain and Create as historic items such partners, containing all for etc., maps, large-format histories, oral photographs, programs. and exhibits use in interpretive for Chart Four: Additional Recommendations through the Life of the Trail the Life of Trail Chart Four: Additional Recommendations through

National Park Service 93 Appendices

95 Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail Long-range Interpretive Plan Appendix A: Abbreviations

Abbreviations used in this document and in OPRD: Oregon Parks and Recreation discussions of Ice Age Floods National Department Geologic Trail may include the following: The REACH: Hanford Reach Interpretive BLM: Bureau of Land Management Center (U.S. Department of the Interior) USACE: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers BOR: Bureau of Reclamation (U.S. Department of Defense) (U.S. Department of the Interior) USFWS: U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service DOI: U.S. Department of the Interior (U.S. Department of the Interior) DOT: Department of Transportation USFS: U.S. Forest Service (state or local) (U.S. Department of Agriculture) EWU: Eastern Washington University WSPRC: Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission HFC: Harpers Ferry Center National Park Service (U.S. Department of the Interior) IAFI: Ice Age Floods Institute IAFL: Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail IDPR: Idaho Department of Parks and Recreation MNCH: Museum of Natural and Cultural History (Eugene, OR) NAI: National Association for Interpretation

NPS: National Park Service (U.S. Department of the Interior) OMSI: Oregon Museum of Science and Industry (Portland, OR

Opposite: How many of the 2 million annual visitors to Oregon's beautiful Multnomah Falls know of its connection to the Ice Age floods? Photo: Allie Goolrick/GIG

National Park Service 96 Appendix B: Legislation

SEC. 5203. ICE AGE FLOODS NATIONAL (b) DEFINITIONS.—In this section: GEOLOGIC TRAIL. (1) ICE AGE FLOODS; FLOODS.— (a) FINDINGS; PURPOSE.— The term ‘‘Ice Age floods’’ or ‘‘floods’’ means the cataclysmic floods that occurred (1) FINDINGS.—Congress finds that— in what is now the northwestern United (A) at the end of the last Ice Age, some 12,000 to States during the last Ice Age from massive, 17,000 years ago, a series of cataclysmic floods rapid and recurring drainage of Glacial occurred in what is now the northwest region of Lake Missoula. the United States, leaving a lasting mark of dramatic and distinguishing features on the (2) PLAN.—The term ‘‘plan’’ means landscape of parts of the States of Montana, the cooperative management and Idaho, Washington and Oregon; interpretation plan authorized under subsection (f)(5). (B) geological features that have exceptional value and quality to illustrate and interpret this (3) SECRETARY.—The term extraordinary natural phenomenon are present ‘‘Secretary’’ means the Secretary of the on Federal, State, tribal, county, municipal, and Interior. private land in the region; and (4) TRAIL.—The term ‘‘Trail’’ means (C) in 2001, a joint study team headed by the the Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail National Park Service that included about 70 designated by subsection (c). members from public and private entities completed a study endorsing the establishment of an Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail— (c) DESIGNATION.—In order to provide for public appreciation, (i) to recognize the national significance of this understanding, and enjoyment of the phenomenon; and nationally significant natural and cultural (ii) to coordinate public and private sector entities features of the Ice Age floods and to in the presentation of the story of the Ice Age promote collaborative efforts for floods. interpretation and education among public and private entities located along the pathways of the floods, there is (1) PURPOSE.—The purpose of this section is designated the Ice Age Floods National to designate the Ice Age Floods National Geologic Geologic Trail. Trail in the States of Montana, Idaho, Washington, and Oregon, enabling the public to view, experience, and learn about the features and story of the Ice Age floods through the collaborative efforts of public and private entities.

97 Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail Long-range Interpretive Plan (d) LOCATION.— (5) MANAGEMENT PLAN.—

(1) MAP.—The route of the Trail shall (A) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 3 be as generally depicted on the map years after funds are made available to carry entitled ‘‘Ice Age Floods National out this section, the Secretary shall prepare a Geologic Trail,’’ numbered P43/80,000 and cooperative management and interpretation dated June 2004. plan for the Trail. (2) ROUTE.—The route shall generally follow public roads and highways. (B) CONSULTATION.—The Secretary (3) REVISION.—The Secretary may shall prepare the plan in consultation with— revise the map by publication in the Federal Register of a notice of availability (i) State, local, and tribal governments; of a new map as part of the plan. (ii) the Ice Age Floods Institute; (e) MAP AVAILABILITY.—The map referred to in subsection (d)(1) shall be (iii) private property owners; and on file and available for public inspection in the appropriate offices of the National (iv) other interested parties. Park Service. (C) CONTENTS.—The plan shall— (f) ADMINISTRATION.— (1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary, (i) confirm and, if appropriate, expand acting through the Director of the National on the inventory of features of the floods Park Service, shall administer the Trail in contained in the National Park Service study accordance with this section. entitled ‘‘Ice Age Floods, Study of (2) LIMITATION.—Except as provided Alternatives and Environmental in paragraph (6)(B), the Trail shall not be Assessment’’ (February 2001) by— considered to be a unit of the National Park System. (I) locating features more accurately;

(3) TRAIL MANAGEMENT OFFICE. (II) improving the description of features; —To improve management of the Trail and and coordinate Trail activities with other public agencies and private entities, the Secretary (III) reevaluating the features in terms of may establish and operate a trail their interpretive potential; management office at a central location within the vicinity of the Trail. (4) INTERPRETIVE FACILITIES.— The Secretary may plan, design, and construct interpretive facilities for sites associated with the Trail if the facilities are constructed in partnership with State, local, tribal, or non-profit entities and are consistent with the plan.

National Park Service 98 (i) review and, if appropriate, modify (6) COOPERATIVE the map of the Trail referred to in AGREEMENTS.—The Secretary may subsection (d)(1); enter into cooperative agreements with public or private entities to carry out (ii) describe strategies for the this section. coordinated development of the Trail, including an interpretive plan for (7) EFFECT ON PRIVATE facilities, waysides, roadside pullouts, PROPERTY RIGHTS.—Nothing in this exhibits, media, and programs that section— present the story of the floods to the public effectively; and (A) requires any private property owner to allow public access (iii) identify potential partnering (including Federal, State, or local opportunities in the development of government access) to private property; interpretive facilities and educational or programs to educate the public about the story of the floods. (B) modifies any provision of Federal, State, or local law with respect to public access to or use of private (6) COOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT.— land.

(A) IN GENERAL.—In order to facilitate (9) LIABILITY.—Designation of the the development of coordinated Trail by subsection (c) does not create interpretation, education, resource any liability for, or affect any liability stewardship, visitor facility development and operation, and scientific research associated under any law of, any private property with the Trail and to promote more efficient owner with respect to any person administration of the sites associated with the injured on the private property. Trail, the Secretary may enter into cooperative management agreements with appropriate (g) AUTHORIZATION OF officials in the States of Montana, Idaho, APPROPRIATIONS.—There are Washington, and Oregon in accordance with authorized to be appropriated such the authority provided for units of the sums as are necessary to carry out this National Park System under section 3(l) of section, of which not more than Public Law 91–383 (16 U.S.C. 1a–2(l)). $12,000,000 may be used for development of the Trail. (B) AUTHORITY.—For purposes of this paragraph only, the Trail shall be considered a unit of the National Park System.

99 Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail Long-range Interpretive Plan Appendix C: Participants in the Long-range Interpretive Planning Process

Yvonne Addington, Tualatin Historical Keith Dunbar, Volunteer Society Janice Elvidge, Education Specialist, Lake John Ashley, Manager, Coulee Corridor, Roosevelt National Recreation Area, Washington State Parks and Recreation National Park Service Commission Kristine Komar, Bitter Root Cultural Errin R. Bair, Idaho Department of Parks Heritage Trust, MT and Recreation Jennifer Karson Engum, Anthropologist Pat Baird, Tribal Historic Preservation and Administrator, Tamástslikt Cultural Officer, Nez Perce Tribe Institute Cayuse/Umatilla/Walla Walla: the Denise Bausch, Chief of Interpretation and Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Education, Lake Roosevelt National Reservation) Recreation Area, National Park Service Gary Ford, Ice Age Floods Institute Debra Berg, Science Teacher Dan Foster, Superintendent, Lake Nathan Blackburn, Idaho Department of Roosevelt National Recreation Area and Parks and Recreation Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail, National Park Service Melanie Joy Moore Bell, Ice Age Floods Institute Valerie Glowinski, Park Ranger, U.S. Forest Service Colin Bloom, Geoscientist in the Park, Transportation Plan, Ice Age Floods Ron Hall, The Funny Farm National Geologic Park, National Park Paul Hennon, City of Tualatin Service Richard Honey, Geologist, Bureau of Lynne Brougher, Public Affairs Officer, Reclamation Bureau of Reclamation Terry Hurd, Ice Age Floods Institute Stephanie Button, Curator, Hanford Reach Jeff Jones, Geologist, U.S. Forest Service Interpretive Center (The REACH) Ryan Karlson, Interpretive Program Larry Cebula, Eastern Washington Manager, Washington State Parks and University Recreation Commission Brent Cunderla, Geologist, Bureau of Land Gary Kleinknecht, Ice Age Floods Institute Management Steve Kruger, Supervisory Park Ranger, Jorie Clark, Geologist and Archaeologist, Oregon Parks and Recreation US Fish & Wildlife Service George Last, Ice Age Floods Institute Marsha Davis, Geologist, Pacific West Regional Office, National Park Service Tony Lewis, Ice Age Floods Institute Lloyd DeKay, Ice Age Floods Institute Andy Dunau, Executive Director, Lake Roosevelt Forum

National Park Service 100 Bonnie Lippitt, Regional/State Interpretive Consultant Team: Specialist, U.S. Forest Service Region 6; Bureau of Land Management OR/WA State Office Faye Goolrick, Goolrick Interpretive Vicki (Sink) Moles, Lead Visitor Experiences Group Coordinator, Oregon Parks & Recreation Allie Goolrick, Goolrick Interpretive Linda Moholt, Tualatin Chamber of Commerce Group Pat Moran, Scenic Byways Program Manager, Paula Keinert, Goolrick Interpretive Oregon Department of Transportation Group/Education Specialist Carolyn Purcell, Executive Director, Columbia Shannon Kettering, Goolrick Gorge Discovery Center and Museum Interpretive Group Peg Scherbaum, Contracting Officer’s Representative, Harpers Ferry Center, National Park Service Beverly Sherrill, Interpretive Park Ranger, Oregon Parks and Recreation Rick Thompson, Ice Age Floods Institute Sylvia Thompson, Ice Age Floods Institute Lisa Toomey, CEO, Hanford Reach Interpretive Center (The REACH) Richard Waitt, Geologist, U.S. Geological Survey David White, North Regional Manager, Idaho Parks and Recreation Stephen Wood, Interpretive Specialist, Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission Rachel Woods, Ravalli County Museum & Historical Society, Hamilton, MT

101 Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail Long-range Interpretive Plan Keep with and share news, events, and your own experiences along Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail on Facebook, Instagram, and the NPS trail website at www.nps.gov/iafl.

Back Cover: An aerial view of Lake Lenoir accents its islands: hogback ridges of tilted basalt. Photo: Bruce Bjornstad

National Park Service Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail U.S. Department of the Interior

Headquarters Location: 1008 Crest Drive Website: www.nps.gov/iafl Coulee Dam, WA 99116 Phone: 509-754-7800