DOCSLIB.ORG

Divided We Stand! the Origins of Separation in South African Rugby

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Divided We Stand! the Origins of Separation in South African Rugby Divided We Stand! The Origins of Separation in South African Rugby. 1861-1899 by Colin du Plessis Submitted as requirement for the degree MAGISTERS HEREDITATIS CULTURAEQUE SCIENTAE (HISTORY) in the Faculty of Humanities University of Pretoria 2017 Supervisor: Prof. Karen L. Harris © University of Pretoria “…the history of the country is repeated in the history of sport…” H.P. Swaffer, 1914. © University of Pretoria Table of Contents List of Acronyms and Abbreviations i Acknowledgement ii Summary iii CHAPTER 1 THE DRESSING ROOM: INTRODUCTION 1 Sport and Division Social Identity Symbols, Rituals and Invented Traditions Cultural Hegemony Conclusion CHAPTER 2 THE PLAYING FIELD: LITERATURE OVERVIEW 16 Introduction General Histories Sports Specific Conclusion CHAPTER 3 WARM-UPS: A BRIEF HISTORY OF GAMES AND HUMANITY AT PLAY 36 Introduction Sport: unifier and divider The Historical Divide The Victorians and Modern Sport Sport and social control Conclusion CHAPTER 4 THE KICK OFF: BRITISH SCHOOLS, SPORT AND SOUTH AFRICA 65 Introduction The British at the Cape Education at the Cape The Cape, British Education and rugby Rugby Beyond the Cape Schools, Rugby and the Trekker Republics Conclusion © University of Pretoria CHAPTER 5 THE SECOND HALF: RUGBY BEYOND THE SCHOOLS 91 Introduction Cape Rugby Clubs The Transvaal Rugby Football Union as case study Conclusion CHAPTER 6 THE FINAL WHISTLE: EPILOGUE 109 SOURCES 119 Primary Sources Contemporary Literature Literature Magazines and Journal Articles Newspaper Articles Personal Correspondence and Consultations Electronic Information Unpublished Dissertations and Theses DECLARATION 135 © University of Pretoria List of acronyms and abbreviations BRFU - Border Rugby Football Union CSRU - City and Suburban Rugby Union EPRFU - Eastern Province Rugby Football Union EPRU - Eastern Province Rugby Union GWCRFU - Griqualand West Colonial Rugby Football Union GWRFU - Griqualand West Rugby Football Union NRFU - Natal Rugby Football Union OFSRFU - Orange Free State Rugby Football Union PECRU - Port Elizabeth Coloured Rugby Union RSPCA - Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals SACRFB - South African Colonial Rugby Football Board SACS - The South African College School SARB - South African Rugby Board SARU - South African Rugby Union SARFU - South African Rugby Football Union TRCRFU - Transvaal Coloured Rugby Football Union TRFU - Transvaal Rugby Football Union VOC - Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie WPCRU - Western Province Coloured Rugby Union WPRU - Western Province Rugby Football Union ZAR - Zuid Afrikaansche Republiek i © University of Pretoria Acknowledgement The process of writing this dissertation has seen many ups and downs and I am indebted to a number of people for their encouragement during the ups and their support during the downs. My foremost gratitude goes towards my father, mother and my brothers for their unwavering support and encouragement, without which I would have been lost. I am also grateful to my friends and fellow students at the Department of Historical and Heritage Studies for all the advice and assistance they have afforded me. I owe a substantial amount of gratitude to Janene Tuniz for her words of encouragement during frequent moments of doubt. Due to her the times of solitary academic uncertainty were neither so solitary nor so uncertain. My greatest debt of gratitude and unbridled appreciation goes to my supervisor, Professor Karen L. Harris. It is without question or doubt that this dissertation would have remained unfinished had it not been for her determined encouragement and steadfast, untiring support. I am eternally grateful for not only for the vital academic guidance she has provided during this process, but also the invaluable personal and emotional support. It is through compassion and love that this dissertation has come to fruition. ii © University of Pretoria Summary The importance of sport in the revision of the past has gained much recognition in recent times and the genre of sport history has become ever more popular as a result. This dissertation attempts to locate and trace the historically binary relationship of sport with concepts such as unification and division, inclusion and exclusion, while focussing on the historical divide in South African rugby. While it is true that sport creates community and pulls people together, it is also true that sport often serves as a stage for division and social exclusion. This is well illustrated in the development and diffusion of rugby in South Africa. Various theories have been developed to analyse division within societies which may shed more light on the effectiveness of sport as a social divider in the nineteenth century. The concepts and theories include B. Bernstein, H. L. Elvin and R. S. Peters’s ideas on rituals and symbols; Eric Hobsbawm’s “Invented Traditions”; Benedict Anderson’s “Imagined Communities”; as well as Antonio Gramsci’s “Cultural Hegemony”. These theories, employed within a strong legacy of British cultural imperialism, could explain how the rugby community in South Africa came to be racially stratified. This dissertation sets out to show how the establishment of schools based on the English public school model, and exclusive rugby clubs and unions in South Africa, all aided in the formalisation of rugby and in doing so unlocked the political power of the sport. By looking to the formalisation, and thus politicisation of rugby, this dissertation attempts to trace the origins of separation in South African rugby. It is thus the aim of this study to discern the link between middle class schools, the establishment of exclusive clubs and unions and the racial stratification of South African rugby. Keywords: Rugby; sport; South Africa; schools; division; separation; race; class; formalisation; hegemony; exclusion. iii © University of Pretoria iv © University of Pretoria Chapter One The Dressing Room: Introduction In line with the emergence of social history, many previously ignored sections of society have come under the spotlight and our understanding of different societies in history has benefited immensely. The significance of leisure time studies has received increasing attention, bringing with it a fuller picture of a community and its past. In what historians describe as a “post-modern globalising world”, it has become apparent that while studies tend to be more thematic, focusing on specific topics, there is also a tendency to focus more on previously “ignored histories” of the marginalized or suppressed groups. It has been argued that there is a need to write “new kinds of history making [such as] the histories of families, 1 of sport...” Historical research of sport is not only important because of what it can tell us 2 about the past, but also because of what history can tell us of the present. Thus the importance of sport in the revision of the past has gained more recognition in recent times.3 This chapter will briefly consider sport as integral to social history; sport as a divisive factor and various theories related to the latter. Historically, sport has been seen as an important shaper of the social landscape in much the same way as wars, revolutions and elections. It only makes sense that sport should be considered within the realm of social history as it offers the historian glimpses of ways in which social groups interacted outside the traditional confines of historical study such as work or political organisations, providing another facet to social history and the study of past societies. Today sport features prominently in the lives of most communities around the world. It forms part of the social and cultural fabric and millions of people all over the globe find themselves influenced by sport in some way or the other. Even if one is not directly involved in sport as a coach, player or spectator, it is most likely that at some point you will be confronted with sport in some shape or form. Sport is thus a global phenomenon with extensive impact. Newspapers devote entire sections to sport, setting it on equal footing with 1 M. Morris, Every step of the way. The journey to freedom in South Africa, p. 321. 2 T. Marjoribanks & K. Farquharson, Sport and Society in the Global Age, p. 38. 3 See for example: A.M. Green, “Dancing in Borrowed Shoes: A History of Ballroom Dancing in South Africa (1600-1940s)”, M.A. Thesis, U.P., 2008; A. Grundlingh, Potent Pastimes: Sport and Leisure Practices in Modern Afrikaner History, 2014; S. Cornelissen & A. Grundlingh, Sport Past and Present in South Africa: (Trans)forming the Nation, 2012; G. Jarvie, Sport, Culture and Society, 2006. 1 © University of Pretoria other “more serious” fields such as politics and economics. Entire television channels are also devoted to sport, in some cases even to a single sport. Sport generates numerous job opportunities and various levels of employment and also provides extreme wealth for select top performers. Children are encouraged by parents and schoolteachers to pursue sport from a very young age and the state and politicians are often more than willing to appropriate sport into their own agendas.4 Some of the world’s biggest events or social gatherings are bound to sporting activities: events such as the Olympic Games, tennis’s Wimbledon, baseball’s World Series, cycling’s Tour de France, golf’s Ryder Cup, association football’s FIFA World Cup, American football’s Super Bowl, cricket’s ICC World Cup, and rugby union’s IRB World Cup. Not only are these gatherings of sportsmen and women, but they are events that attract millions of spectators to the live showpieces and even more through media coverage. Sport is very seldom separate from the community from which it is comprised and sporting teams often come to represent a whole society where the team’s success is the community’s success, and so too their failure. We see this throughout modern sporting history where the comings and goings of a sporting team directly influences the society it has come to represent. Sport can thus be a very influential force within society and can be quite versatile in its impact.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Southern African Law Teachers Conference 2020 Skukuza, Kruger National Park a Conference of the Society of Law Teachers of Southern Africa 20 – 24 January 2020
    Southern African Law Teachers Conference 2020 Skukuza, Kruger National Park A conference of the Society of Law Teachers of Southern Africa 20 – 24 January 2020 ‘Law, Nature and Sustainable Development' #SALTC2020 “Ihloka liyakhohlwa kodwa isihlahla asikhohlwa” (an axe forgets but the tree doesn’t forget) – Ndebele proverb “Isihlahla asinyelelwa” (a tree is not defecated upon) – Zulu proverb “Inkomo kayisengwa ngokwehlisa” (do not continuously milk a cow until there is nothing to milk) – Ndebele proverb AND COMPANY (PTY) LTD “Aiva madziva ava mazambuko” (what used to be rivers are now crossings) – Shona proverb Monday 20 January 2020 14:00 – 17:00 Check in: Reception – Skukuza Rest Camp Registration: Nombolo Mdhluli Conference Centre 19:00 – Till late LexisNexis Cocktail Function: Next to the Sabie River (Directions to be provided during registration) Tuesday 21 January 2020 07:00 – 09:00 Breakfast: Cattle Baron Restaurant 08:00 – 09:00 Council Meeting: Ingwe Venue – Nombolo Mdhluli Conference Centre 09:00 – 10:00 Opening Ceremony: Ndlopfu Venue – Nombolo Mdhluli Conference Centre Prof Letlhokwa Mpedi (Chair) – Executive Dean, Faculty of Law, University of Johannesburg Prof Puseletso Letete – President, Society for Law Teachers of Southern Africa Prof Saurabh Sinha – Deputy Vice-Chancellor for Research and Internationalisation, University of Johannesburg Judge Boissie Mbha – Judge of Appeal at the Supreme Court of Appeal, South Africa 10:00 – 11:00 Plenary Session 1: Ndlopfu Venue – Nombolo Mdhluli Conference Centre Sustainable development,
    [Show full text]
  • Three Day Golfing & Sporting Memorabilia Sale
    Three Day Golfing & Sporting Memorabilia Sale - Day 2 Wednesday 05 December 2012 10:30 Mullock's Specialist Auctioneers The Clive Pavilion Ludlow Racecourse Ludlow SY8 2BT Mullock's Specialist Auctioneers (Three Day Golfing & Sporting Memorabilia Sale - Day 2) Catalogue - Downloaded from UKAuctioneers.com Lot: 1001 Rugby League tickets, postcards and handbooks Rugby 1922 S C R L Rugby League Medal C Grade Premiers awarded League Challenge Cup Final tickets 6th May 1950 and 28th to L McAuley of Berry FC. April 1956 (2 tickets), 3 postcards – WS Thornton (Hunslet), Estimate: £50.00 - £65.00 Hector Crowther and Frank Dawson and Hunslet RLFC, Hunslet Schools’ Rugby League Handbook 1963-64, Hunslet Schools’ Rugby Union 1938-39 and Leicester City v Sheffield United (FA Cup semi-final) at Elland Road 18th March 1961 (9) Lot: 1002 Estimate: £20.00 - £30.00 Keighley v Widnes Rugby League Challenge Cup Final programme 1937 played at Wembley on 8th May. Widnes won 18-5. Folded, creased and marked, staple rusted therefore centre pages loose. Lot: 1009 Estimate: £100.00 - £150.00 A collection of Rugby League programmes 1947-1973 Great Britain v New Zealand 20th December 1947, Great Britain v Australia 21st November 1959, Great Britain v Australia 8th October 1960 (World Cup Series), Hull v St Helens 15th April Lot: 1003 1961 (Challenge Cup semi-final), Huddersfield v Wakefield Rugby League Championship Final programmes 1959-1988 Trinity 19th May 1962 (Championship final), Bradford Northern including 1959, 1960, 1968, 1969, 1973, 1975, 1978 and
    [Show full text]
  • Tendense En Tematologie in Populêre Werke Oor Suid- Afrikaanse Rugby, 1948-1995: ’N Historiografiese Studie
    Tendense en tematologie in populêre werke oor Suid- Afrikaanse rugby, 1948-1995: ’n Historiografiese studie. Wouter de Wet Tesis voorgelê in ooreenkoms met die vereistes vir die graad MA (Geskiedenis) aan die Universiteit van Stellenbosch Studieleier: Prof. A.M. Grundlingh December 2013 [1] Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za Verklaring: Ek, die ondergetekende, erken hiermee dat die werk wat in hierdie navorsing/verhandeling vervat is, my eie, oorspronklike werk is en dat ek dit voorheen nie in sy geheel, of gedeeltelik, by enige ander universiteit vir ’n graad ingehandig het nie. Handtekening: WJ de Wet Datum: 2 September 2013 Copyright © 2013 Stellenbosch University All rights reserved [2] Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za Opsomming Hierdie studie is ’n historiografiese studie van populêre rugby geskiedskrywing, en dek die jare 1948 tot 1995. Die doel is om te dui op hoe dié sport in populêre skrywes uitgebeeld is. Die fokus gaan val op die twee vorme van populêre geskiedskrywing in hierdie tydperk, naamlik algemene rugbygeskiedenisboeke en biografiese werke. Die manier hoe hierdie verhandeling te werk gaan, is om tendense en tematologie in hierdie werke te identifiseer en die verandering daarvan oor die jare, na te volg. Hierdie werk lê op die breekvlak tussen ’n studie van die geskiedenis en die letterkunde. Deur die gewilde rugby skrywes inhoudelik en letterkundig in fyn detail te bestudeer, gaan lig op die veranderende tendense en tematologie gewerp word. Aanhalings word deurgans ingesluit en bespreek om die ontwikkeling van die populêre rugby geskiedskrywing oor die jare te verduidelik. Deur op hierdie kompleksiteite klem te lê, poog die studie om ’n bydrae te lewer tot die steeds ontwikkelende veld van Suid- Afrikaanse sportgeskiedenis.
    [Show full text]
  • 41129 22-9 Legala
    Government Gazette Staatskoerant REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA REPUBLIEK VAN SUID-AFRIKA September Vol. 627 Pretoria, 22 2017 September No. 41129 PART 1 OF 2 LEGAL NOTICES A WETLIKE KENNISGEWINGS ISSN 1682-5843 N.B. The Government Printing Works will 41129 not be held responsible for the quality of “Hard Copies” or “Electronic Files” submitted for publication purposes 9 771682 584003 AIDS HELPLINE: 0800-0123-22 Prevention is the cure 2 No. 41129 GOVERNMENT GAZETTE, 22 SEPTEMBER 2017 IMPORTANT NOTICE: THE GOVERNMENT PRINTING WORKS WILL NOT BE HELD RESPONSIBLE FOR ANY ERRORS THAT MIGHT OCCUR DUE TO THE SUBMISSION OF INCOMPLETE / INCORRECT / ILLEGIBLE COPY. NO FUTURE QUERIES WILL BE HANDLED IN CONNECTION WITH THE ABOVE. Table of Contents LEGAL NOTICES BUSINESS NOTICES • BESIGHEIDSKENNISGEWINGS Gauteng ....................................................................................................................................... 13 Eastern Cape / Oos-Kaap ................................................................................................................. 14 Free State / Vrystaat ........................................................................................................................ 15 KwaZulu-Natal ................................................................................................................................ 15 Mpumalanga .................................................................................................................................. 15 North West / Noordwes ....................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Analysing Rugby Game Attendance at Selected Smaller Unions in South Africa
    Analysing rugby game attendance at selected smaller unions in South Africa by PAUL HEYNS 12527521 B.Com (Hons), NGOS Mini-dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Business Administration at the Potchefstroom Business School of the North-West University Supervisor: Prof. R.A. Lotriet November 2012 Potchefstroom ABSTRACT Rugby union is being viewed and played by millions of people across the world. It is one of the fastest growing sport codes internationally and with more countries emerging and playing international and national games, the supporter attendance is crucial to the game. The rugby industry is mostly formal, with an international body controlling the sport globally and a governing body in each country to regulate the sport in terms of rules and regulations. These bodies must adhere to the international body’s vision and mission to grow the sport and to steer it in the correct direction. This study focuses on rugby game attendance of selected smaller unions in South Africa. Valuable information was gathered describing the socio- economic profile and various preferences and habits of supporters attending rugby games. This information forms the basis for future studies to honour the people that support their unions when playing rugby nationally or internationally. The research was conducted through interviews with influential administrators within the rugby environment and questionnaires that were distributed among supporters that attended a Leopard and Puma game. The main conclusions during the study were the failure to attract supporters to the Leopards and the Pumas local matches. The supporters list various reasons for poor supporter attendances namely: a lack of marketing, no entertainment, the quality of the teams that are competing, and the time-slots in which the matches take place.
    [Show full text]
  • The Seven Seas Tattler Issue 4.3 – August 2020
    The Seven Seas Tattler Issue 4.3 – August 2020 Good Day fellow members and welcome to the August edition of Tattler. As always, your comments, contributions and critique are welcome - Send to me at [email protected] Chairman's Report The Committee has not been idle during this lockdown and is managing issues of the Club virtually to determine the way forward when the Club reopens for business. The Committee is highly appreciative of Ancient Mariners and Honorary members who have forfeited their privilege of no subs, to make a donation for this financial year to assist the Club tackle the financial predicament it finds itself in during this lockdown period. The same appreciation goes towards the 100 club winners who have donated their winnings back to the Club. BZ. The Club is still fortunate to be able to remunerate its staff during this period with the exception of the Club Manager who has refused to take a salary and donated it back to the Club. This, once again, is highly appreciated. The good intentions of the above is soured a bit by certain members who have yet to pay their annual subscription. I urge those members to settle their accounts as soon as possible. Jonathan Golding is putting an auction together during this lockdown period to generate funding for the Club. It would appreciated if members support this endeavor as much as possible. Looking forward to seeing you all at the Club, sooner rather than later. Be safe. Birthdays in August The Club wishes the following members a very happy birthday and hopes that year ahead will be very kind to each of you! Capt.
    [Show full text]
  • An Anthropological Study Into the Lives of Elite Athletes After Competitive Sport
    After the triumph: an anthropological study into the lives of elite athletes after competitive sport Susanna Maria (Marizanne) Grundlingh Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements in respect of the Doctoral Degree in Philosophy in the Department of Anthropology in the Faculty of Humanities at the University of the Free State Supervisor: Professor Robert Gordon December 2015 DECLARATION I, Susanna Maria (Marizanne) Grundlingh, declare that the thesis that I herewith submit for the Doctoral Degree of Philosophy at the University of the Free State is my independent work, and that I have not previously submitted it for a qualification at another institution of higher education. I, Susanna Maria (Marizanne) Grundlingh, hereby declare that I am aware that the copyright is vested in the University of the Free State. I, Susanna Maria (Marizanne) Grundlingh, hereby declare that all royalties as regards intellectual property that was developed during the course of and/or in connection with the study at the University of the Free State, will accrue to the University. In the event of a written agreement between the University and the student, the written agreement must be submitted in lieu of the declaration by the student. I, Susanna Maria (Marizanne) Grundlingh, hereby declare that I am aware that the research may only be published with the dean’s approval. Signed: Date: December 2015 ii ABSTRACT The decision to retire from competitive sport is an inevitable aspect of any professional sportsperson’s career. This thesis explores the afterlife of former professional rugby players and athletes (road running and track) and is situated within the emerging sub-discipline of the anthropology of sport.
    [Show full text]
  • The Long Shadow of the 1981 Springbok Tour of New Zealand and the United States of America
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Stellenbosch University SUNScholar Repository “Barbed-Wire Boks”: The Long Shadow of the 1981 Springbok Tour of New Zealand and the United States of America by Sebastian Johann Shore Potgieter Thesis presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts and Social Sciences in the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences at Stellenbosch University Supervisor: Prof. Albert Grundlingh March 2017 Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za DECLARATION By submitting this thesis electronically, I declare that the entirety of the work contained therein is my own, original work, that I am the sole author thereof (save to the extent explicitly otherwise stated), that reproduction and publication thereof by Stellenbosch University will not infringe any third party rights and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it for obtaining any qualification. March 2017 Copyright © 2017 Stellenbosch University All rights reserved Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za ABSTRACT In 1981, during the height of apartheid, the South African national rugby team, the Springboks, toured to New Zealand and the United States of America. In South Africa, the tour was expected to reopen the doors to international competition for the Springboks after an anti-apartheid sporting boycott had forced the sport into relative isolation during the 1970s. In the face of much international condemnation, the Springboks toured to New Zealand and the USA in 1981 where they encountered large and often violent demonstrations as those who opposed the tour attempted to scuttle it.
    [Show full text]
  • Government Gazette Staatskoerant REPUBLIC of SOUTH AFRICA REPUBLIEK VAN SUID-AFRIKA
    Government Gazette Staatskoerant REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA REPUBLIEK VAN SUID-AFRIKA January Vol. 643 Pretoria, 25 2019 Januarie No. 42189 PART 1 OF 2 LEGAL NOTICES A WETLIKE KENNISGEWINGS ISSN 1682-5843 N.B. The Government Printing Works will 42189 not be held responsible for the quality of “Hard Copies” or “Electronic Files” submitted for publication purposes 9 771682 584003 AIDS HELPLINE: 0800-0123-22 Prevention is the cure 2 No. 42189 GOVERNMENT GAZETTE, 25 JANUARY 2019 IMPORTANT NOTICE: THE GOVERNMENT PRINTING WORKS WILL NOT BE HELD RESPONSIBLE FOR ANY ERRORS THAT MIGHT OCCUR DUE TO THE SUBMISSION OF INCOMPLETE / INCORRECT / ILLEGIBLE COPY. NO FUTURE QUERIES WILL BE HANDLED IN CONNECTION WITH THE ABOVE. Table of Contents LEGAL NOTICES BUSINESS NOTICES • BESIGHEIDSKENNISGEWINGS Gauteng ....................................................................................................................................... 12 Eastern Cape / Oos-Kaap ................................................................................................................. 13 KwaZulu-Natal ................................................................................................................................ 13 Mpumalanga .................................................................................................................................. 13 Northern Cape / Noord-Kaap ............................................................................................................. 13 Western Cape / Wes-Kaap ...............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Building on Nature: Area-Based Conservation As a Key Tool for Delivering Sdgs
    Area-based conservation as a key tool for delivering SDGs CITATION For the publication: Kettunen, M., Dudley, N., Gorricho, J., Hickey, V., Krueger, L., MacKinnon, K., Oglethorpe, J., Paxton, M., Robinson, J.G., and Sekhran, N. 2021. Building on Nature: Area-based conservation as a key tool for delivering SDGs. IEEP, IUCN WCPA, The Nature Conservancy, The World Bank, UNDP, Wildlife Conservation Society and WWF. For individual case studies: Case study authors. 2021. Case study name. In: Kettunen, M., Dudley, N., Gorricho, J., Hickey, V., Krueger, L., MacKinnon, K., Oglethorpe, J., Paxton, M., Robinson, J.G., and Sekhran, N. 2021. Building on Nature: Area-based conservation as a key tool for delivering SDGs. IEEP, IUCN WCPA, The Nature Conservancy, The World Bank, UNDP, Wildlife Conservation Society and WWF. CORRESPONDING AUTHORS Nigel Dudley ([email protected]) and Marianne Kettunen ([email protected]) PARTNERS Institute for European Environmental Policy (IEEP) IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas (WCPA) The Nature Conservancy (TNC) The World Bank Group UN Development Programme (UNDP) Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) WWF DISCLAIMER The information and views set out in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect official opinions of the institutions involved. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report and the work underpinning it has benefitted from the support of the following people: Sophia Burke (AmbioTEK CIC), Andrea Egan (UNDP), Marie Fischborn (PANORAMA), Barney Long (Re-Wild), Melanie McField (Healthy Reefs), Mark Mulligan (King’s College, London), Caroline Snow (proofreading), Sue Stolton (Equilibrium Research), Lauren Wenzel (NOAA), and from the many case study authors named individually throughout the publication.
    [Show full text]
  • Table of Contents
    TABLE OF CONTENTS Page TITLE PAGE vii THESIS REQUIREMENTS DECLARATION viii DECLARATION ix ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS x DEDICATION xi CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 BACKGROUND 1 1.2 PURPOSE OF THE RESEARCH / PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION 4 1.2.1 Research questions 4 1.2.2 Research process 5 1.3 FOCUS OF RESEARCH 6 1.3.1 Grounded theory analysis 6 1.3.2 Qualitative research 6 1.4 RESEARCH PHILOSOPHY 7 1.4.1 Epistemology 7 1.4.2 Ontology 7 1.4.3 Constructivism 8 1.4.4 Post-Modernism 8 1.4.5 The transformation debate 10 1.5 RATIONALE AND MOTIVATION 13 1.6 RESEARCH STRATEGY 15 1.6.1 Field research 15 1.6.2 Key analytic strategy 15 1.6.3 Participant observation 16 1.6.4 Unstructured interviews 16 1.6.5 Case studies 17 1.6.6 Triangulation 17 i 1.6.7 Purposive sampling 17 1.6.8 Data gathering and data analysis 18 1.6.9 Value of the research and potential outcomes 18 1.6.10 The researcher's background 19 1.6.11 Chapter layout 19 CHAPTER 2: CREATING CONTEXT: SPORT AND DEMOCRACY 21 2.1 INTRODUCTION 21 2.2 SPORT 21 2.2.1 Conceptual clarification 21 2.2.2 Background and historical perspective 26 2.2.2.1 Sport in ancient Rome 28 2.2.2.2 Sport and the English monarchy 28 2.2.2.3 Sport as an instrument of politics 29 2.2.3 Different viewpoints 30 2.2.4 Politics 32 2.2.5 A critical overview of the relationship between sport and politics 33 2.2.5.1 Democracy 35 (a) Defining democracy 35 (b) The confusing nature of democracy 38 (c) Reflection on democracy 39 2.3 CONCLUSION 40 CHAPTER 3: SPORT IN A GLOBAL CONTEXT 42 3.1 INTRODUCTION 42 3.2 A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE OF SPORT 43
    [Show full text]
  • The Dynamics of the Interaction Between Music and Society in Recorded Popular Afrikaans Music, 1900 – 2015
    The dynamics of the interaction between music and society in recorded popular Afrikaans music, 1900 – 2015. by Schalk Daniël van der Merwe Dissertation presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (History) in the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences at Stellenbosch University Supervisor: Prof. Albert Mauritz Grundlingh Co-supervisor: Prof. Stephanus Muller December 2015 Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Declaration By submitting this dissertation, I declare that the entirety of the work contained therein is my own, original work, that I am the owner of the copyright thereof (unless to the extent explicitly otherwise stated) and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it for obtaining any qualification. December 2015 Copyright © 2015 Stellenbosch University All rights reserved Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Acknowledgements Firstly, I would like to extend my gratitude to my two supervisors, Professors Albert Grundlingh and Stephanus Muller – I cannot think of a more suitable combination of minds for guiding me through the specific challenges of writing on this subject. I am also grateful for the History Department of Stellenbosch University for financial support, and to my colleagues Professors Sandra Swart, Bill Nasson, Wessel Visser, Dr. Anton Ehlers, (soon-to- be Dr.) Chet Fransch, Melvyn Daniels and Leschelle Morkel, and former colleague Dr. Sarah Duff – all of whom contributed in their own ways. Thank you to Mimi Seyffert, Marina Brink and Lynne Fourie at the University of Stellenbosch’s Library Archive for their help and guidance with archival material. Thank you also to Ernéne Verster and Huibre Lombard at the University of the Free State’s Institute for Contemporary History Archives, and to Monica van Deventer at the SABC Information Library for their help and correspondence.
    [Show full text]