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Czech Republic Monitoring Media Pluralism in the Digital Era: Application of the Media Pluralism Monitor in the European Union, Albania and Turkey in the years 2018-2019 Country report: Czech Republic Vaclav Stetka, Loughborough University Roman Hajek, AnFas s.r.o. © European University Institute 2020 Content and individual chapters © Vaclav Stetka, Roman Hajek, 2020 This work has been published by the European University Institute, Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies. This text may be downloaded only for personal research purposes. Additional reproduction for other purposes, whether in hard copies or electronically, requires the consent of the authors. If cited or quoted, reference should be made to the full name of the author(s), editor(s), the title, the year and the publisher. Requests should be addressed to [email protected] Views expressed in this publication reflect the opinion of individual authors and not those of the European University Institute. Centre for Media Pluralism and Media Freedom Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies Research Project Report RSC / Centre for Media Pluralism and Media Freedom QM-01-20-144-EN-N Published in July 2020 European University Institute Badia Fiesolana I – 50014 San Domenico di Fiesole (FI) https://cadmus.eui.eu/ The Centre for Media Pluralism and Media Freedom is co-financed by the European Union. This publication reflects the views only of the author(s), and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein. TABLE OF CONTENT 1. About the project 5 1.1. Overview of the project 5 1.2. Methodological note 5 2. Introduction 7 3. Results from the data collection: assessment of the risks to media pluralism 8 3.1. Basic protection (27% - low risk) 8 3.2. Market plurality (74% - high risk) 10 3.3. Political independence (56% - medium risk) 12 3.4. Social inclusiveness (50% - medium risk) 13 4. Pluralism in the online environment: assessment of the risks 16 5. Conclusions 19 6. References 20 Annexe 1. Country Team Annexe 2. Group of Experts Monitoring Media Pluralism in the Digital Era: Application of the Media Pluralism Monitor in the European Union, Albania and Turkey in the years 2018-2019 Country report: Czech Republic Vaclav Stetka, Loughborough University Roman Hajek, AnFas s.r.o. Page 4 The Centre for Media Pluralism and Media Freedom is co-financed by the European Union 1. About the project 1.1. Overview of the Project The Media Pluralism Monitor (MPM) is a research tool designed to identify potential risks to media pluralism in the Member States and Candidate Countries of the European Union, and considering both online and offline news environments. This narrative report has been produced within the framework of the implementation of the MPM carried out in 2019, under a project financed by a preparatory action of the European Parliament. The implementation was conducted in 28 EU Member States, Albania and Turkey with the support of a grant awarded by the European Union to the Centre for Media Pluralism and Media Freedom (CMPF) at the European University Institute. 1.2. Methodological note The CMPF partners with experienced, independent national researchers to carry out the data collection and to author the narrative reports, except in the case of Italy where data collection was carried out centrally by the CMPF team. The research is based on a standardised questionnaire and apposite guidelines that were developed by the CMPF. In Czech Republic the CMPF partnered with Vaclav Stetka (Loughborough University), Roman Hajek (AnFas s.r.o.),who conducted the data collection, scored and commented the variables in the questionnaire and interviewed relevant experts. The report was reviewed by CMPF staff. Moreover, to ensure accurate and reliable findings, a group of national experts in each country reviewed the answers to particularly evaluative questions (see Annexe II for the list of experts). Risks to media pluralism are examined in four main thematic areas, which are considered to capture the main areas of risk for media pluralism and media freedom: Basic Protection, Market Plurality, Political Independence and Social Inclusiveness. The results are based on the assessment of a number of indicators for each thematic area (see Table 1 below). Basic Protection Market Plurality Political Independence Social Inclusiveness Protection of freedom of Transparency of media Political independence of Access to media for expression ownership media minorities Protection of right to News media concentration Editorial autonomy Access to media for information local/regional communities and for community media Journalistic profession, Online platforms Audiovisual media, online Access to media for people standards and protection concentration and platforms and elections with disabilities competition enforcement Independence and Media viability State regulation of resources Access to media for women effectiveness of the media and support to media sector authority Universal reach of traditional Commercial & owner Independence of PSM Media literacy media and access to the influence over editorial governance and funding Internet content Table 1: Areas and Indicators of the Media Pluralism Monitor The Monitor does not consider the digital dimension to be an isolated area but rather as intertwined with traditional media and existing principles of media pluralism and freedom of expression. Nevertheless, the Monitor allows for an extraction of a digital-specific risk score and the report contains a specific analysis of risks related to the digital news environment. The results for each domain and indicator are presented on a scale from 0 to 100%. Scores between 0 and 33% are Page 5 The Centre for Media Pluralism and Media Freedom is co-financed by the European Union considered low risk, 34 to 66% are medium risk, while those between 67 and 100% are high risk. On the level of indicators, scores of 0 were rated 3% and scores of 100 were rated 97% by default, to avoid an assessment of total absence or certainty of risk. Disclaimer: The content of the report does not necessarily reflect the views of the CMPF or the EC, but represents the views of the national country team that carried out the data collection and authored the report. Due to updates and refinements in the questionnaire, the MPM2020 scores may not be fully comparable with MPM2017 ones. For more details, see the CMPF report on MPM2020, soon available on: http://cmpf.eui.eu/media-pluralism-monitor/. Page 6 The Centre for Media Pluralism and Media Freedom is co-financed by the European Union 2. Introduction The Czech Republic is a Central European country with an area of 78 866 km² and a population of nearly 10.6 million inhabitants. The country is ethnically very homogeneous, with a relatively marginal presence of ethnic minorities (estimated 1.5-3% of Roma people, 1.6% of Ukrainians, 1.5% of Slovaks). The official (and dominant) language is Czech. The GDP has recorded 3% growth in 2018 (CZSO 2019), and about the same number estimated has been estimated for 2019. The unemployment rate is one of the lowest in the EU (2.6% in November 2019), which in some sectors has been causing a lack of workforce. The average inflation rate in 2019 was about 2.8% (CTK 2020), the highest since 2012 and exceeding the Czech National Bank's inflation target (2.0%). Despite growing public support for the adoption of the Euro, the government does not have any plans for the country to join the Eurozone, and the majority of political representation opposes such step as well. The current Czech political landscape has been to a significant degree shaped by the results of the 2017 Parliamentary Election which secured half of the seats for two populist parties - centrist, technocratic-populist party ANO led by the billionaire Andrej Babiš, which won 30% of the votes; and far-right anti-immigration party Freedom and Direct Democracy, which claimed the fourth spot (BBC 2017) - as well as by the 2018 Presidential Election that resulted in re- election of the incumbent President Miloš Zeman, a vocal critic of liberal media who has been systematically advocating for Russia- and China-friendly foreign policies (McLaughlin 2019). Partly as a result of intensifying criticism of Andrej Babiš's unprecedented conflict of his political, media and business interests, an informal power alliance has been emerging between Prime Minister Babiš and President Zeman, supported by the Freedom and Direct Democracy as well as by the Communist Party, despite officially being part of the opposition. The attempts to halt the growing political influence of this block have been largely unsuccessful so far also due to the notorious fragmentation of the parties under the umbrella label "democratic opposition"; on the other hand, new anti-government movements and initiatives have recently been launched within the civil society, the most successful of which being "Million moments for Democracy" that repeatedly managed to bring hundreds of thousands of people into the streets in 2019 (BBC 2019). Despite increasing prominence of online media, the advertising market is still dominated by commercial television, attracting about 46% of the total advertising expenditures in the country in 2019 (SPIR 2019). Compared to most other Central and Eastern European countries, public service broadcasting still maintains a stable position on the market and manages to successfuly compete with its commercial competitors in terms of audience shares, while surpassing them in
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