DOCSLIB.ORG

Regulatory, Genetic, and Genomic Investigations of Natural Products Biosynthesis in Marine Cyanobacteria

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Regulatory, Genetic, and Genomic Investigations of Natural Products Biosynthesis in Marine Cyanobacteria UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Regulatory, genetic, and genomic investigations of natural products biosynthesis in marine cyanobacteria A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Oceanography by Adam Christopher Jones Committee in charge: William Gerwick, Chair Michael Burkart Pieter Dorrestein Lena Gerwick Bradley Moore Brian Palenik 2011 UMI Number: 3456277 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent on the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI 3456277 Copyright 2011 by ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This edition of the work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, MI 48106 - 1346 Copyright Adam Christopher Jones, 2011 All rights reserved. ii The dissertation of Adam Christopher Jones is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: Chair University of California, San Diego 2011 iii DEDICATION My doctoral dissertation is dedicated to my parents. Thank you so much for all you have done for me and the constant support, guidance, and love you provide. My doctoral dissertation is dedicated to my wife, Carla. Thank you for being with me on this journey and for making me a better person. I love you. iv EPIGRAPH Our deepest fear is not that we are inadequate. Our deepest fear is that we are powerful beyond measure. It is our light, not our darkness that most frightens us. We ask ourselves, who am I to be brilliant, gorgeous, talented and fabulous? Actually, who are you not to be? You are a child of God. Your playing small doesn't serve the world. There is nothing enlightened about shrinking so that other people won't feel insecure around you. We were born to make manifest the glory of God that is within us. It is not just in some of us: it's in everyone. And when we let our own light shine, we unconsciously give other people permission to do the same. As we are liberated from our own fear, our presence automatically liberates others. Nelson Mandela, 1918 - Walk away quietly in any direction and taste the freedom of the mountaineer. Camp out among the grasses and gentians of glacial meadows, in craggy garden nooks full of Nature's darlings. Climb the mountains and get their good tidings. Nature's peace will flow into you as sunshine flows into trees. The winds will blow their own freshness into you, and the storms their energy, while cares will drop off like autumn leaves. As age comes on, one source of enjoyment after another is closed, but Nature's sources never fail. The grand show is eternal. It is always sunrise somewhere; the dew is never dried all at once; a shower is forever falling; vapor is ever rising. Eternal sunrise, eternal dawn and gloaming, on sea and continents and islands, each in its turn, as the round Earth rolls. John Muir, 1838 - 1914 v TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature page .............................................................................................................iii Dedication.................................................................................................................... iv Epigraph .......................................................................................................................v Table of Contents .........................................................................................................vi List of Abbreviations.....................................................................................................x List of Figures..............................................................................................................xii List of Tables..............................................................................................................xvi Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................xvii Vita .............................................................................................................................xxi Abstract of the Dissertation.......................................................................................xxv Chapter 1: Introduction..................................................................................................1 1.1 Importance of natural products in drug discovery.................................................1 1.2 Cyanobacteria........................................................................................................7 1.3 Biosynthesis of natural products in marine cyanobacteria..................................14 1.4 Current limitations in accessing natural products from marine cyanobacteria for biotechnology and biomedicine.................................................................21 1.5 Contents of the dissertation .................................................................................29 1.6 References ...........................................................................................................32 Chapter 2: Transcriptional analysis of the jamaicamide gene cluster from the marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula JHB .......................................... 43 2.1 Abstract................................................................................................................43 2.2 Introduction .........................................................................................................44 2.3 Results .................................................................................................................47 2.3.1 RT-PCR using L. majuscula RNA to search for the transcriptional start site (TSS) and promoter regions in the jamaicamide pathway............... 47 2.3.2 Use of promoter prediction and β-galactosidase reporter gene assays to search for promoter activity .......................................................................51 2.4 Discussion............................................................................................................56 2.5 Materials and methods.........................................................................................61 2.5.1 Bacterial strains, culture conditions, PCR reactions, and DNA measurements..................................................................................................61 2.5.2 RT-PCR using L. majuscula RNA to search for the transcription start site (TSS) and promoter regions in the jamaicamide pathway................62 2.5.3 Use of promoter prediction and β-galactosidase reporter gene assays to search for promoter activity ........................................................................63 2.6 Acknowledgements .............................................................................................65 2.7 References ...........................................................................................................66 2.8 Supplemental information ...................................................................................70 vi Chapter 3: Investigations into jamaicamide regulation and the temporal dynamics of jamaicamide biosynthesis in Lyngbya majuscula JHB ...............................73 3.1 Abstract................................................................................................................73 3.2 Introduction .........................................................................................................74 3.3 Results .................................................................................................................76 3.3.1 Isolation and characterization of possible transcription factors from a pulldown assay ....................................................................................76 3.3.2 Recombinant expression of identified proteins and Electromobility Shift Assays (EMSAs)....................................................................................84 3.3.3 Temporal dynamics of jamaicamide biosynthesis in Lyngbya majuscula JHB ................................................................................................86 3.3.4 Growth rate, and turnover of pheophytin a and jamaicamide B in Lyngbya majuscula JHB .................................................................................87 3.3.5 The effect of environmental parameters on jamaicamide B and pheophytin a production..................................................................................88 3.4 Discussion............................................................................................................95 3.5 Materials and methods.......................................................................................104 3.5.1 Bacterial strains, culture conditions, PCR reactions, and DNA measurements.......................................................................................104 3.5.2 Isolation of possible transcription factors from a pulldown assay .......104 3.5.3 Identification of DNA binding proteins ...............................................106 3.5.4 Characterization of putative transcription factors from a pulldown assay.....................................................................................................106 3.5.5 Recombinant expression of identified proteins ....................................107
Load more

Recommended publications
  • First Insights Into the Impacts of Benthic Cyanobacterial Mats on Fish
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN First insights into the impacts of benthic cyanobacterial mats on fsh herbivory functions on a nearshore coral reef Amanda K. Ford 1,2*, Petra M. Visser 3, Maria J. van Herk3, Evelien Jongepier 4 & Victor Bonito5 Benthic cyanobacterial mats (BCMs) are becoming increasingly common on coral reefs. In Fiji, blooms generally occur in nearshore areas during warm months but some are starting to prevail through cold months. Many fundamental knowledge gaps about BCM proliferation remain, including their composition and how they infuence reef processes. This study examined a seasonal BCM bloom occurring in a 17-year-old no-take inshore reef area in Fiji. Surveys quantifed the coverage of various BCM-types and estimated the biomass of key herbivorous fsh functional groups. Using remote video observations, we compared fsh herbivory (bite rates) on substrate covered primarily by BCMs (> 50%) to substrate lacking BCMs (< 10%) and looked for indications of fsh (opportunistically) consuming BCMs. Samples of diferent BCM-types were analysed by microscopy and next-generation amplicon sequencing (16S rRNA). In total, BCMs covered 51 ± 4% (mean ± s.e.m) of the benthos. Herbivorous fsh biomass was relatively high (212 ± 36 kg/ha) with good representation across functional groups. Bite rates were signifcantly reduced on BCM-dominated substratum, and no fsh were unambiguously observed consuming BCMs. Seven diferent BCM-types were identifed, with most containing a complex consortium of cyanobacteria. These results provide insight into BCM composition and impacts on inshore Pacifc reefs. Tough scarcely mentioned in the literature a decade ago, benthic cyanobacterial mats (BCMs) are receiving increasing attention from researchers and managers as being a nuisance on tropical coral reefs worldwide1–4.
    [Show full text]
  • Coral Reef Benthic Cyanobacteria As Food and Refuge: Diversity, Chemistry and Complex Interactions
    Proceedings 9th International Coral Reef Symposium, Bali, Indonesia 23-27 October 2000,Vol. 1. Coral reef benthic cyanobacteria as food and refuge: Diversity, chemistry and complex interactions E. Cruz-Rivera1 and V.J. Paul1,2 ABSTRACT Benthic filamentous cyanobacteria are common in coral reefs, but their ecological roles are poorly known. We combined surveys of cyanobacteria-associated fauna with feeding preference experiments to evaluate the functions of benthic cyanobacteria as food and shelter for marine consumers. Cyanobacterial mats from Guam and Palau yielded 43 invertebrate species. The small sea hare Stylocheilus striatus was abundant on cyanobacterial mats, and only fed on cyanobacteria in multiple-choice experiments. In contrast, feeding experiments with urchins and fishes showed that these macrograzers preferred algae as food and did not consume either of two cyanobacteria offered. Extracts from the cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula stimulated feeding by sea hares but deterred feeding by urchins. Thus, some small coral reef grazers use cyanobacteria that are chemically-defended from macrograzers as food and refuge. Cyanobacteria could indirectly influence local biodiversity by affecting the distribution of cyanobacteria-dwelling organisms. Keywords Algal-herbivore interactions, Chemical differently as food by macro- and mesoconsumers?, and defenses, Cyanobacteria, Lyngbya, Mesograzers, Sea 3) Do cyanobacterial metabolites play a role in these hares interactions? Introduction Materials and Methods Studies of algal-herbivore interactions have offered Field surveys and collections were conducted at Piti important information on the roles of eukaryotic Reef in Guam (130 30’N, 1440 45’ E) during July 1999 macroalgae as food and shelter for marine consumers. and at three different sites (Lighthouse Channel, Oolong Complex interactions develop around chemically- Channel, and Short Drop Off) at the Republic of Palau (70 defended seaweeds that deter larger consumers such as 30’ N, 1340 30’ E) during April of 1999 and 2000.
    [Show full text]
  • Malyngamide 4, a New Lipopeptide from the Red Sea Marine Cyanobacterium
    Phytochemistry Letters 6 (2013) 183–188 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Phytochemistry Letters jo urnal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/phytol Malyngamide 4, a new lipopeptide from the Red Sea marine cyanobacterium Moorea producens (formerly Lyngbya majuscula) a b, c d Lamiaa A. Shaala , Diaa T.A. Youssef *, Kerry L. McPhail , Mohamed Elbandy a Natural Products Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia b Department of Natural Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia c Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States d Clinical Nutrition Department, Applied Medical Science Faculty, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T Article history: In our continuing effort to discover new drug leads from Red Sea marine organisms, a sample of the Received 19 November 2012 marine cyanobacterium Moorea producens (previously Lyngbya majuscula) was investigated. Bioassay- Received in revised form 28 December 2012 directed purification of a tumor cell-growth inhibitory fraction of the organic extract of the Red Sea Accepted 16 January 2013 cyanobacterium afforded a new compound, malyngamide 4 (1), together with five previously reported Available online 13 February 2013 compounds, malyngamide A (2) and B (3), (S)-7-methoxytetradec-4(E)-enoic acid (lyngbic acid, 4), aplysiatoxin (5) and debromoaplysiatoxin (6). Assignment of the planar structures of these compounds Keywords: was based on extensive analysis of one- and two-dimensional NMR spectra and high-resolution mass Red Sea cyanobacterium spectrometric data.
    [Show full text]
  • Macroalgae (Seaweeds)
    Published July 2008 Environmental Status: Macroalgae (Seaweeds) © Commonwealth of Australia 2008 ISBN 1 876945 34 6 Published July 2008 by the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority This work is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced by any process without prior written permission from the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority. Requests and inquiries concerning reproduction and rights should be addressed to the Director, Science, Technology and Information Group, Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, PO Box 1379, Townsville, QLD 4810. The opinions expressed in this document are not necessarily those of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority. Accuracy in calculations, figures, tables, names, quotations, references etc. is the complete responsibility of the authors. National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication data: Bibliography. ISBN 1 876945 34 6 1. Conservation of natural resources – Queensland – Great Barrier Reef. 2. Marine parks and reserves – Queensland – Great Barrier Reef. 3. Environmental management – Queensland – Great Barrier Reef. 4. Great Barrier Reef (Qld). I. Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority 551.42409943 Chapter name: Macroalgae (Seaweeds) Section: Environmental Status Last updated: July 2008 Primary Author: Guillermo Diaz-Pulido and Laurence J. McCook This webpage should be referenced as: Diaz-Pulido, G. and McCook, L. July 2008, ‘Macroalgae (Seaweeds)’ in Chin. A, (ed) The State of the Great Barrier Reef On-line, Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, Townsville. Viewed on (enter date viewed), http://www.gbrmpa.gov.au/corp_site/info_services/publications/sotr/downloads/SORR_Macr oalgae.pdf State of the Reef Report Environmental Status of the Great Barrier Reef: Macroalgae (Seaweeds) Report to the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority by Guillermo Diaz-Pulido (1,2,5) and Laurence J.
    [Show full text]
  • Lyngbya Newsletter
    Enrichment of nitrogen, phosphorus, and iron can lead to increased growth, productivity, and changes in secondary metabolite concentration among different Lyngbya species. Since many of the secondary metabolites produced by Lyngbya can act as feeding deterrents to generalist grazers, The genus Lyngbya includes prolific producers these compounds may give Lyngbya a competitive of secondary metabolites, with over 200 advantage over other benthic algae. Subsequent compounds isolated from these cyanobacteria blooms may inhibit the feeding of benthic grazers. worldwide. Because these compounds often make The present study confirms and extends the cyanobacteria unpalatable to consumers, they results from other coastal studies, which indicate are able to bloom under conditions of appropriate that both N and P inputs need to be controlled when Harmful algal blooms (HABs) have increased in abundance and severity around the world in recent temperature, light, and nutrient availability. L. non-N-fixing HABs co-occur (such as the red tide decades. Among coastal HABs, benthic cyanobacteria (blue green algae) blooms, particularly Lyngbya spp., polychroa strains produce microcolins a and b, organism Karenia) with N-fixing cyanobacterial are becoming more numerous and persistent in tropical and subtropical marine embayments, estuaries, and when nutrients are replete, L. polychroa species. Therefore, we can conclude that single and reef environments. These species have become increasingly problematic in the near-shore waters of demonstrates a trade-off between secondary nutrient input controls are ineffective in addressing Florida, and it has been suggested that this may be in part caused by nutrient enrichment resulting from metabolite production and growth. At Sanibel, L. HAB ramifications.
    [Show full text]
  • The University of California, San Diego
    THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO A Novel Heterotrophic Bacterial Associate of the Filamentous Cyanobacterium Moorea producens JHB A Thesis submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Master of Science in Biology by Susan L. Cummings Committee in charge: William H. Gerwick, Chair Eric Allen, Co-Chair Lena Gerwick Milton H. Saier 2015 The Thesis of Susan L. Cummings is approved and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: Co-Chair Chair University of California, San Diego 2015 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page………………………………………………………………… iii Table of Contents……………………………………………………………… iv List of Figures and Tables……………………………………………………. v Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………. vi Abstract of Thesis……………………………………………………………… vii Chapter 1: Introduction………………………………………………………… 1 1.1: Theoretical Background………………………………………….. 1 References for Theoretical Background……………………... 7 1.2: Previous Research on the Unknown Heterotrophic Bacterium. 11 References for Previous Research…………………………… 17 Chapter 2: Co-Culturing Moorea producens JHB with Other Cyanobacteria: How Specific Is the Association of the Unknown Bacterium with Moorea producens?………………………………………….. 19 2.1: Methods…………………………………………………………….. 20 2.2: Results and Discussion…………………………………………… 24 References………………………………………………………………. 28 Chapter 3: Analysis of the Unknown Bacterium and Proposed Further Experiments……………………………………………………………. 29 3.1 Genomic Information………………………………………………. 29 3.2 Cultivation-Dependent Information……………………………….. 32 References………………………………………………………………. 36 Chapter 4: Conclusion………………………………………………………….. 39 Full Reference List………………………………………………………………. 41 iv LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES FIGURE 1. Phylogenetic tree comparing the 16S rRNA sequence of Mor1 to those of other bacteria.……………………………………………. 16 TABLE 1. Matrix of co-culturing experiments involving M. producens JHB and various other filamentous tropical marine cyanobacteria.…………….. 23 TABLE 2. Primer sequences used in the co-culturing experiment..………. 23 FIGURE 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Digitizing Mass Spectrometry Data to Explore the Chemical Diversity and Distribution of Marine Cyanobacteria and Algae
    UC San Diego UC San Diego Previously Published Works Title Digitizing mass spectrometry data to explore the chemical diversity and distribution of marine cyanobacteria and algae. Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8gm0f0k6 Authors Luzzatto-Knaan, Tal Garg, Neha Wang, Mingxun et al. Publication Date 2017-05-11 DOI 10.7554/eLife.24214 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California RESEARCH ARTICLE Digitizing mass spectrometry data to explore the chemical diversity and distribution of marine cyanobacteria and algae Tal Luzzatto-Knaan1*†, Neha Garg1†, Mingxun Wang2, Evgenia Glukhov3, Yao Peng4, Gail Ackermann5, Amnon Amir5, Brendan M Duggan1, Sergey Ryazanov6, Lena Gerwick3, Rob Knight5, Theodore Alexandrov1,6, Nuno Bandeira1,2, William H Gerwick1,3*, Pieter C Dorrestein1,2,3* 1Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States; 2Center for Computational Mass Spectrometry and Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States; 3Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States; 4Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States; 5Departments of Pediatrics and Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States; 6European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany *For correspondence: tal. [email protected] (TL-K); Abstract Natural product screening programs have uncovered molecules from diverse natural [email protected] (WHG); sources with various biological activities and unique structures. However, much is yet [email protected] (PCD) underexplored and additional information is hidden in these exceptional collections.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Nutrient Enrichment of the Cyanobacterium Lyngbya Sp. On
    Vol. 394: 101–110, 2009 MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Published November 18 doi: 10.3354/meps08311 Mar Ecol Prog Ser Effects of nutrient enrichment of the cyanobacterium Lyngbya sp. on growth, secondary metabolite concentration and feeding by the specialist grazer Stylocheilus striatus Karen E. Arthur1, 4,*, Valerie J. Paul1, Hans W. Paerl2, Judith M. O’Neil3, Jennifer Joyner2, Theresa Meickle1 1Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce, 701 Seaway Drive, Fort Pierce, Florida 34949, USA 2Institute of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 3431 Arendell Street, Morehead City, North Carolina 28557, USA 3University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Horn Point Laboratory, Cambridge, Maryland 21613, USA 4Present address: Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Hawaii, 1680 East-West Ave, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA ABSTRACT: Harmful blooms of the benthic cyanobacteria Lyngbya spp. are increasing in coastal marine habitats. Nutrient enrichment has been implicated in bloom formation; however, the effects of nutrient enrichment on secondary metabolite concentrations and the resulting palatability of Lyngbya spp. are not known. Using nutrient bioassays, we examined the effects of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and chelated iron (Fe) on growth and secondary metabolite concentration in Lyngbya sp. collected from reefs in Broward County, Florida. The consequences of these nutrient additions on feeding be- havior of a major specialist opisthobranch grazer, Stylocheilus striatus, were examined. Chelated Fe additions (+FeEDTA) significantly increased Lyngbya sp. growth, while additions of N, P and chelated Fe combined (+All) resulted in significantly lower concentrations of microcolin A than in the control. Overall, there was a negative correlation between growth and total concentrations of microcolins A and B.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 3. CYANOBACTERIAL TOXINS
    Toxic Cyanobacteria in Water: A guide to their public health consequences, monitoring and management Edited by Ingrid Chorus and Jamie Bartram © 1999 WHO ISBN 0-419-23930-8 Chapter 3. CYANOBACTERIAL TOXINS This chapter was prepared by Kaarina Sivonen and Gary Jones The cyanotoxins are a diverse group of natural toxins, both from the chemical and the toxicological points of view. In spite of their aquatic origin, most of the cyanotoxins that have been identified to date appear to be more hazardous to terrestrial mammals than to aquatic biota. Cyanobacteria produce a variety of unusual metabolites, the natural function of which is unclear, although some, perhaps only coincidentally, elicit effects upon other biota. Research has primarily focused on compounds that impact upon humans and livestock, either as toxins or as pharmaceutically useful substances. Further ranges of non-toxic products are also being found in cyanobacteria and the biochemical and pharmacological properties of these are totally unknown. An overview of the currently identified cyanotoxins is given in section 3.1 and their toxicological properties are discussed in Chapter 4. Studies on the occurrence, distribution and frequency of toxic cyanobacteria were conducted in a number of countries during the 1980s using mouse bioassay. Analytical methods suitable for quantitative toxin determination only became available in the late 1980s, but studies of specific cyanotoxins have been increasing since then. The results of both approaches indicate that neurotoxins are generally less common, except perhaps in some countries where they frequently cause lethal animal poisonings. In contrast, the cyclic peptide toxins (microcystins and nodularins) which primarily cause liver injury are more widespread and are very likely to occur if certain taxa of cyanobacteria are present.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Genomics Uncovers the Prolific and Distinctive Metabolic Potential of the Cyanobacterial Genus Moorea
    Comparative genomics uncovers the prolific and distinctive metabolic potential of the cyanobacterial genus Moorea Tiago Leaoa, Guilherme Castelãob, Anton Korobeynikovc,d, Emily A. Monroee, Sheila Podella, Evgenia Glukhova, Eric E. Allena, William H. Gerwicka,f, and Lena Gerwicka,1 aCenter for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; bClimate, Atmospheric Sciences, and Physical Oceanography, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; cDepartment of Statistical Modelling, St. Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg 198504, Russia; dCenter for Algorithmic Biotechnology, St. Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg 198504, Russia; eDepartment of Biology, William Paterson University, Wayne, NJ 07470; and fSkaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 Edited by Robert Haselkorn, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, and approved February 6, 2017 (received for review November 11, 2016) Cyanobacteria are major sources of oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon in of these NPs was mostly driven by classical isolation approaches, al- nature. In addition to the importance of their primary metabolism, though this has been accelerated by the recent development of mass some cyanobacteria are prolific producers of unique and bioactive spectrometry (MS)-based molecular networking (groups metabolites secondary metabolites. Chemical investigations of
    [Show full text]
  • The Potential Roles of Eutrophication and Climate Change
    Harmful Algae 14 (2012) 313–334 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Harmful Algae jo urnal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/hal The rise of harmful cyanobacteria blooms: The potential roles of eutrophication and climate change a, b b c J.M. O’Neil *, T.W. Davis , M.A. Burford , C.J. Gobler a University of Maryland, Center for Environmental Science, Horn Point Laboratory, Cambridge, MD 21613, USA b Griffith University, Australian Rivers Institute, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia c Stony Brook University, School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Stony Brook, NY, USA A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T Article history: Cyanobacteria are the most ancient phytoplankton on the planet and form harmful algal blooms in Available online 29 October 2011 freshwater, estuarine, and marine ecosystems. Recent research suggests that eutrophication and climate change are two processes that may promote the proliferation and expansion of cyanobacterial harmful Keywords: algal blooms. In this review, we specifically examine the relationships between eutrophication, climate Climate change change and representative cyanobacterial genera from freshwater (Microcystis, Anabaena, Cylindros- Cyanobacteria permopsis), estuarine (Nodularia, Aphanizomenon), and marine ecosystems (Lyngbya, Synechococcus, CyanoHABs Trichodesmium). Commonalities among cyanobacterial genera include being highly competitive for low Eutrophication concentrations of inorganic P (DIP) and the ability to acquire organic P compounds. Both diazotrophic (= Harmful algae blooms Toxins nitrogen (N2) fixers) and non-diazotrophic cyanobacteria display great flexibility in the N sources they exploit to form blooms. Hence, while some cyanobacterial blooms are associated with eutrophication, several form blooms when concentrations of inorganic N and P are low.
    [Show full text]
  • Toxic Cyanobacteria - Jennifer L
    WATER AND HEALTH – Vol. II - Toxic Cyanobacteria - Jennifer L. Davis, Glen Shaw TOXIC CYANOBACTERIA Jennifer L. Davis and Glen Shaw School of Public Health, Griffith University, Meadowbrook, Queensland, Australia Keywords: Cyanobacteria, blue-green algae, cyanotoxins, cytotoxins, dermatotoxins, eutrophication, hepatotoxins, hypereutrophication, lipopolysaccharides, neurotoxins Contents 1. Introduction 2. What are cyanobacteria? 2.1. Morphology 2.2. Environment 2.3. Competitive advantages over other phytoplankton 2.3.1. Light pigments 2.3.2. Nutrients 2.3.3. Nitrogen Fixation 2.3.4. Akinetes 2.3.5. Stratification 2.3.6. Gas vesicles 2.4. Cyanobacterial species 3. Causes of bloom 3.1. The eutrophication process 3.2. What favours cyanobacterial blooms? 3.3. Climatic conditions which support growth of certain species 4. Toxins 4.1. Hepatotoxins – Cyclic Peptides 4.1.1. Microcystins 4.1.2. Nodularins Neurotoxins – Alkaloids 4.2.1. Anatoxin-a 4.2.2. Homoanatoxin-a 4.3. Cytotoxins – Alkaloids 4.3.1. Endotoxins (Irritant toxins) – Lipopolysaccharides 4.3.2. Dermatotoxins – Alkaloids 5. HumanUNESCO health effects from cyanobacteria – EOLSS 5.1. Acute effects in humans 5.2. Chronic effectsSAMPLE in humans CHAPTERS 5.2.1. Hepatotoxins 5.2.2. Neurotoxins 5.2.3. Cytotoxins 5.2.4. Dermatotoxins 6. Environmental effects of toxic cyanobacteria 6.1. Species changes 6.2. Eutrophic and hypereutrophic lakes – positives and negatives 6.3. Bioaccumulation 6.4. Animal poisonings ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) WATER AND HEALTH – Vol. II - Toxic Cyanobacteria - Jennifer L. Davis, Glen Shaw 6.4.1. Hepatotoxins 6.4.2. Neurotoxins 6.4.3. Dermatotoxins 7. Controls 7.1. Environmental values 7.2.
    [Show full text]