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Chinese Colonisation of Northern Vietnam Administrative Geography and Political Development in the Tongking Delta, First to Sixth Centuries A.D

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Chinese Colonisation of Northern Vietnam Administrative Geography and Political Development in the Tongking Delta, First to Sixth Centuries A.D Chinese colonisation of Northern Vietnam Administrative geography and political development in the Tongking Delta, first to sixth centuries A.D. « Jennifer Holmgren This book was published by ANU Press between 1965–1991. This republication is part of the digitisation project being carried out by Scholarly Information Services/Library and ANU Press. This project aims to make past scholarly works published by The Australian National University available to a global audience under its open-access policy. Chinese colonisation of Northern Vietnam Administrative geography and political development in the Tongking Delta, first to sixth centuries A.D. Jennifer Holmgren First published in Australia 1980 Set up and printed at The Australian National University © Jennifer Holmgren This book is copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study, research, criticism, or review, as permitted under the Copyright Act, no part may be reproduced by any process without written permission. Inquiries should be made to the publ isher. National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Holmgren, Jennifer, 1949- Chinese colonisation of Northern Vietnam: administrative geography and political development in the Tongking Delta, first to sixth centuries A.D. (Oriental monograph series; no. 27) Index Bibliography ISBN 0 909879 12 5 1. Tongking - Colonisation. 2.Tongking - History. 3. China - History - To 1643. I. Title. (Series: Australian National University, Canberra. Faculty of Asian Studies. Oriental monograph series; no. 27) 959. 7' 03' Library of Congress No. 80-65980 Cover design by ANU Graphic Design Distributed for the ANU Faculty of Asian Studies by the Australian National University Press, Canberra ACT Australia 2600 Preface In 111 B.C., Emperor Wu of Former Han conquered the Kingdom of Nan-yueh in present-day Kwangtung Province, south China, thereby extending the limits of the Chinese empire to the Red River Delta of northern Vietnam and the coastal plains to its south. Three commandery administrations were established in this newly conquered zone. They were Chiao-chih, Chiu-chen, and Jih-nan. Chiao-chih Commandery controlled Chinese interests in the Red River or Tongking Delta (Map I:l). This work covers the administrative, social, and political history of the first five hundred and fifty years of Chinese occupation in the Red River Delta of northern Vietnam. It attempts to ascertain which regions of the delta were first settled by Chinese colonists, when and how the rest of the delta lands were opened up, and which eras of Chinese history saw radical change in the local administrative system in Vietnam. An attempt is also made to outline the process of political and cultural accommodation between the Chinese immigrants, their masters in the north, and the natives of the region. Until now, European, Chinese, and Vietnamese scholars have made very little effort to investigate this period of Sino-Vietnamese history. Apart from the Trüng rebellion in the first century A.D., and that led by the Sino-Vietnamese leader, Ly B$n, in the sixth, very little is known about the relations between Chinese and Vietnamese during this period of colonial rule. Early this century, several French scholars attempted to pin­ point the locations of Chinese administrative centres in the Red River Delta during the earliest and latest phases of the Chinese occupation. Nothing, however, has been done since then to follow up their work. iv Much of the present study therefore is devoted to augment­ ing these early French works on the administrative geography of Tongking: Chapter II deals with Chinese settlement patterns in the delta during Later Han; Chapter IV, with the political geo­ graphy of Tongking during the Three Kingdoms and Western Chin; and Chapter VI, with settlement patterns during the period of division between the fourth and sixth centuries. In each of these chapters, an attempt is made to determine the location of prefectural centres in the delta as described in early Chinese geographical texts. Each chapter on administrative geography is preceded by a discussion of political and social developments in the southern reaches of the Chinese empire during the relevant era. Thus, Chapter I discusses the background to the Trüng rebellion and Ma Yiian's reconquest of the delta in A.D. ^3; Chapter "III covers the beginnings of Vietnamisation amongst Chinese settlers in Tongking during the Three Kingdoms and Western Chin; while Chapter V continues this discussion for the fourth, fifth, and sixth centuries A.D. The study ends with the rebellion against Chinese rule and the proclamation of an independent kingdom in northern Vietnam by the sixth century leader, Ly Bön. The basic sources for this period in Vietnam are not works written by Vietnamese scholars, but records compiled under the supervision of Chinese government officials at the northern courts. These sources are the official records for each period of dynastic rule in China. The annals in these works list the names and sometimes the dates of political appointments to Tong­ king, and summarise major events there which were of concern to the central government in China. Further detail can often be found in the biographies of important individuals who had connections with Tongking, as well as in chapters devoted to a V description of the ’southern barbarians’. The geographical treatises in these works contain important information on the administrative history of Tongking during each dynasty. Separate geographical works were also compiled in China from the sixth century A.D. onwards. The conclusions drawn from such sources are limited. The Chinese histories were primarily records of administration, written by Chinese officials for other officials and the possible instruction of future monarchs. They thus contain little direct information on matters of no consequence to the central authorities in China. Interest in peoples on the outer fringes of the empire was confined to issues of law and order, taxation, and, occasionally, trade. Vietnamese works, when they first appeared in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, tended to adopt wholesale the material and limitations of the earlier Chinese sources. In this study, the Wade-Giles system of romanisation is used for ancient place names, both personal and place, in both China and Vietnam. Personal names are given in the modern Vietnamese latinised script only where common usage dictates - for example, Trüng Sisters and Ly Bon. Modern place names in south China are given in post-office romanisation to distinguish them from ancient names. Chinese characters for personal and place names mentioned in the work can be found in the index. Since Vietnamese scholars generally used the Chinese script until the eighteenth century, the characters in the index apply for both the early Chinese and early Vietnamese works despite the difference in romanisation - for example Cheng and Trüng, Li Pi and Ly Bon. I should like to thank Dr Ken Gardiner and Dr Loofs- Wissowa of the Department of Asian Civilizations , Australian vi National University for their generous supervision during the initial work on this subject for a Master of Arts degree. I am also indebted to Dr Gardiner, Dr Rafe de Crespigny, and Mr Edmund R. Skrzypczak of the ANU for their very valuable help and advice during preparation of the manuscript for publication. My thanks also to Dr Stephen FitzGerald and Dr John Fincher for their interest and encouragement in publishing the work, and Mrs Tie who typed the text, Mrs Lyon of the Geography Department, ANU, who drew the maps, and to Mr C.P. Tang, who wrote the characters for the bibliography and index. vii Contents Page Preface iii Chinese Dynasties ix Chinese and Vietnamese Terms Used ix Abbreviations x Maps, Diagrams, and Tables xii Chapter I The Foundations of Sinicisation (A.D. 1-1*3): the Triing Rebellion and its Aftermath 1 II Prefectural Centres in Tongking during the Han Period 23 III The Foundations of Vietnamisation (1*3-270): Shih Hsieh and T ’ao Huang 5^ IV Chinese Prefectural Centres in Tongking during the Wu and Chin Periods (265-1*20) 87 V Developments in Sinicisation and Vietnamisation (270-550) 115 VI The Administrative Geography of Tongking during the Sung, Southern Ch’i, and Liang Periods (1*20-550) 137 VII Conclusion 171 Selected Bibliography l80 Character Index 189 ix Chinese Dynasties Chou 1122-249 B.C Former Han 206B.C.-A.E Wang Mang’s interregnum A.D. 9-23 Later Han 25-220 Three Kingdoms 221-277 Wei 220-264 Wu 222-277 Shu 221-263 Western Chin 265-313 Period of Division: Northern and Southern Dynasties 313-589 Eastern Chin 317-419 Sung 420-477 Southern Ch’i 479-501 Liang 502-556 C h f en 557-587 Northern Wei 389-532 Sui 589-618 T ’ang 6i 8-905 Chinese and Vietnamese Terms Used hsien prefecture pu circuit chou province chiang/song river chün commandery shan/s8n mountain X Abbreviations Chinese and Vietnamese Works ANCL An-nan ohih-lüeh (V. An-nam ohi-lüdo) CS Chin-shu CTS Chiu T'ang-shu CTYS Ch'in-ting yüeh-shih t'ung-ohien kang-mu (V. Kham-dirih viet-sü thdng-giam cildng-muc) ESWSPP Erh-shih wu-shih pu-pien HHS Hou Han-shu HHSCC Hou Han-shu ohi-ohieh HS Han-shu LS Liang-shu NCS Han Ch'i-shu see Shui-ohing chu SKC San-kuo chih SS Sui-shu TCTC Tzu-chih t'ung-chien TKHC Tung-kuan han-ohi TPHYC T ’ai-p’ing huan-yü ohi TYSC Ta-yüeh shih-ohi (wai-chi) ch'uan-shu (V. Dai-viet sti-kj) tocln-thü YHCH Yüan-ho ohün-hsien xi Journals BEFEO Bulletin de l'Ecole franqaise d'Extreme- Orient BIE Bulletin of the Institute of Ethnology, Aoademia Sinica (Chung yang yen chiu yuan min tsu hsüeh yen chiu so chi k'an) BMFEA Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities BSEI Bulletin de la Societe des Etudes Incoohinoises EH Ean-hiue: Bulletin du Centre d rEtudes Sinologiques de Pekin HJAS Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies JAOS Journal of the American Oriental Society JOSA Journal of the Oriental Society of Australia JRASMB Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (Malayan Branch) SAA Soviet Anthropology and Archeology TP T'oung Pao Miscellaneous Ch.
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