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English for Historians ( Англійська Для Істориків ) : Навч

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English for Historians ( Англійська Для Істориків ) : Навч ENGLISH FOR HISTORIANS НАВЧАЛЬНИЙ ПОСІБНИК УДК 811.111(075.8) ББК 81.2 Англ -923 H-48 Рецензенти : Глуховцева К. Д. – доктор філологічних наук , професор , завідувач кафедри української філології та загального мовознавства Луганського національного університету імені Тараса Шевченка . Краснопольський В. Е. – кандидат педагогічних наук , доцент , завідувач кафедри іноземних мов Східноукраїнського національного університету ім eні Володимира Даля . Недайнова І. В. – кандидат педагогічних наук , доцент , завідувач кафедри романо -германської філології Луганського національного університету імені Тараса Шевченка . Некрутенко О. Б. H-48 English for Historians ( Англійська для істориків ) : навч . посіб . для вивчення курсу „ Англійська мова за професійним спрямуванням ” для студ . спец . „Історія ” вищ . навч . закл . / О. Б. Некрутенко , Є. М. Санченко ; Держ . закл . „ Луган . нац . ун -т імені Тараса Шевченка ”. – Луганськ : Вид -во ДЗ „ ЛНУ імені Тараса Шевченка ”, 2011. – 192 с. У навчальному посібнику наведено автентичні тексти , спрямовані на вдосконалення вмінь і навичок читання й перекладу текстів за фахом та розширення фахової лексики з метою вдосконалення комунікативних умінь студентів . Навчальний посібник побудовано відповідно до вимог програми з вивчення англійської мови студентами немовних факультетів вищих навчальних закладів . Структура і зміст роботи спрямовані на розвиток іншомовної комунікативної та міжкультурної компетенцій , загальних навичок критичного мислення , вирішення проблем , презентації ідей тощо , що відповідає сучасним вимогам до спеціаліста гуманітарного напрямку . Посібник адресовано студентам -історикам І – ІІ курсів , які вивчають англійську мову за професійним спрямуванням . УДК 811.111(075.8) ББК 81.2 Англ -923 Рекомендовано до друку навчально -методичною радою Луганського національного університету імені Тараса Шевченка (протокол № 3 від 2 листопада 2011 року ) © Некрутенко О. Б., Санченко Є. М., 2011 © ДЗ „ЛНУ імені Тараса Шевченка ”, 2011 Contents Передмова ………………………………………………………………………............... 4 Module A The Ancient World Unit 1. The seven wonders of the ancient world…………………………………... 5 Unit 2. Ancient Greece…………………………………………………………….. 10 Unit 3. Ancient Rome……………………………………………………………… 17 Unit 4. Ancient Egypt……………………………………………………………… 23 Module B The Middle Ages Unit 5. Crusades and knights………………………………………………………. 30 Unit 6. The Daily Life in the Middle Ages………………………………………... 38 Unit 7. The Renaissance…………………………………………………………… 44 Module C The Modern History Unit 8. American War of Independence (1775 – 1783)……….…………………... 52 Unit 9. The French Revolution (1789 – 1799)......………………………………… 58 Unit 10. The Victorian Age…………………………………………………………. 64 Unit 11. World War I (1914 – 1918)…………………………..……………………. 72 Module D The New History Unit 12. The Second World War……………………………………………………. 80 Unit 13. The Most Important Inventions of the 20th Century…………………….. 88 Unit 14. The International Organizations…………………………………………… 97 Additional texts for Individual Reading and Translations …………………………… 103 Grammar Guide ………………………………………………………………………… 140 Word list …………………………………………………………………………………. 181 Критерії оцінювання ………………………………………………………………….. 189 Recommended literature ……………………………………………………………….. 190 3 Передмова Навчальний посібник для вивчення курсу „ Англійська мова за професійним спрямуванням ” для студентів спеціальності „ Історія ” розроблено для студентів І – ІІ курсів спеціальності “ Історія ”. Мета навчального посібника – допомогти студентам засвоїти програмний навчальний матеріал , зуміти правильно організувати роботу з курсу іноземної мови для формування та розвитку у студентів навичок користування іноземною мовою як засобом передачі та одержання професійно значущої інформації , у тому числі під час самостійної роботи з іноземними джерелами , а також формування міжкультурної комунікативної компетентності . Особлива увага приділяється засвоєнню студентами спеціальної лексики за фахом ; розвитку навичок читання , перекладу та розуміння текстів , пов ’язаних з проблематикою майбутньої спеціальності ; формуванню творчого мислення та навичок усного мовлення , у тому числі під час розв ’язання проблемних ситуацій англійською мовою . Посібник розроблено з урахуванням кредитно -модульної системи . Матеріал посібника поділяється на 4 модулі , які містять 14 юнітів . Практична частина вміщує автентичні тексти професійного спрямування , лексико -граматичні вправи , вправи творчого характеру : робота зі словниками (перекладними , тлумачними , тематичними ), вправи візуалізації тощо ; перекладні вправи , рольові ігри , вправи для розвитку усного та письмового мовлення . Завданням післятекстових вправ є перевірка розуміння студентами прочитаного , розвиток навичок письмового та усного перекладу , навичок творчого мислення та комунікаційних навичок студентів . У посібнику окремо подаються короткі граматичні пояснення з прикладами . Для опрацювання вивченої теорії після кожної граматичної теми пропонується система вправ та тестові завдання . Вправи для ілюстрації тих чи інших мовних явищ створені , в основному , із використанням розмовної та побутової лексики й урахуванням програмних вимог з англійської мови для немовних спеціальностей . Крім 4 модулів у посібник включено додаткові тексти для індивідуального читання та перекладу , граматичні пояснення та словник до кожного юніту . Послідовна та цілеспрямована робота з навчальним посібником забезпечує вирішення основних задач , що стоять перед студентами гуманітарних спеціальностей під час вивчення курсу англійської мови за професійним спрямуванням . 4 Module A. The Ancient World Unit 1. The seven wonders of the ancient world Lead-in Exercise 1. Look at the pictures and guess what are these? Exercise 2. Choose the names of wonders from the list to label the pictures. 1. The Colossus of Rhodes, 2. The Great Pyramid of Giza, 3. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon, 4. The Lighthouse of Alexandria, 5. The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, 6. The Statue of Zeus at Olympia, 7. The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus a) ………………... b) ………………….. c) ……………… d) ………………. e) …………………… f) ………… g) …………….. Reading Exercise 3. Read the text “The seven wonders of the ancient world” and match the phrases (A-E) to the numbered spaces (1- 5) in it. Then explain the words in bold. A. northern Africa and minor Asia B. was destroyed during the fire C. entitled "Péri tôn hépta théamatôn" (About the seven wonders of the world) D. because the last layer disappeared E. was decorated with precious stones, ivory , ebony and gold The seven wonders are the architectural and artistic monuments considered as perfect by the Greeks and the Romans. Six of the seven wonders of the ancient world were described by Philon of Byzance, a II century before Jesus Christ engender , in a manuscript 1) …. This manuscript including six layers 5 only described six constructions . The seventh, the mausoleum of Halicarnassus, is only described in the introduction of the manuscript 2) …. However, the final list, also called canonical list, describing the seven wonders of the ancient world has been adopted after the reign of Alexander the Great according to fourteen lists from different authors. The selected monuments have to meet standard of beauty, size and technical prowess . The canonical list refers to the seven following wonders: 1. The Great Pyramid of Giza 2. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon 3. The Statue of Zeus at Olympia 4. The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus 5. The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus 6. The Colossus of Rhodes 7. The Lighthouse of Alexandria These monuments are located in Greece, 3) …. Their date of construction varies from 2800 BC for the Pyramid of Giza to 280 BC for the Lighthouse of Alexandria. Nowadays, the Pyramid of Giza is the only wonder which still exists . Excavations proved the existence of the other wonders, except of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon. The Statue of Zeus This colossal statue represented the Greek god of heaven - Zeus. It was ordered in 450 BC to the Athenian sculptor Phidias by the inhabitants of Olympia who wished to decorate the temple of the old town. This statue was located on the west coast of Greece at Olympia. In the antiquity , this city was a place of cult which contained numerous treasures of the Greek art: temples, monuments, altars , theaters, statues and marble or bronze votive offerings . It was realized with golden and ivory, measured 12 m height and was placed on a base of 2 m. The base of the statue was 6 m wide and 1 m height. The statue's perimeter was 13 m. This work touched almost the ceiling of the temple. On the other hand, the throne 4) … . Zeus, in sat position, holds, in its right hand, the goddess of Victory, Nike, and, in the left hand, a scepter surmounted by an eagle. The throne was decorated with relief sculptured mythological scenes , notably evoking the murder of the sons of Niobe, the queen of Thebes Why is that an ancient wonder? First of all, this work remained the statue of the god in honour of whom the ancient Olympic Games were created. They took place every four years and were the most famous ancient four games during which the Greeks were involved . The three others were the Isthmian games (at Corinth), the Pythian games (at Delphi) and the Nemean games (at Nemea). Then, we can say that with its greatness and its priceless value , the statue of Zeus distanced itself from the other Greek works. We can add that this is the biggest statue that the Greeks have ever realized. Unfortunately, it 5) … which ravaged the temple in 462. Nowadays, only stony ruins which were
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