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Porifera (Sponges) Choanoflagellates Ctenophora (Comb Jellies) Cnidaria

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Porifera (Sponges) Choanoflagellates Ctenophora (Comb Jellies) Cnidaria Choanoflagellates Fungi ANIMALIA Choanoflagellates Porifera (sponges) ANIMALIA Multicellularity Ctenophora (comb jellies) Cnidaria (jellyfish, corals, sea anemones) Diploblasty Acoela (acoels) LOPHOTROCHOZOA Rotifera (rotifers) Loss of coelom Platyhelminthes Triploblasty (flatworms) Segmentation Annelida (segmented worms) PROTOSTOMES Protostome Mollusca BILATERIA development (snails, clams, squid) ECDYSOZOA Nematoda (roundworms) Cephalization, CNS, coelom Arthropoda Segmentation (insects, spiders, crustaceans) DEUTEROSTOMES DEUTEROSTOMES Radial symmetry Echinodermata (in adults) (sea stars, sand dollars) Deuterostome development Chordata Segmentation (vertebrates, tunicates) A ctenophore, or comb jelly Phylum Ctenophora Ctenophore Cnidarians: Hydrozoans (top left), jelly (top right), sea anemone (bottom left), coral polyps (bottom right) General Cnidarian characteristics • Radially Symmetric • Diploblastic (epidermis, gastrodermis) • No cephalization, No central nervous system • No special respiratory, excretory or circulatory organs • Primarily Carnivores • Polyp and Medusa body forms Polyp and medusa forms of cnidarians pelagic sessile Have no separate gut, (just GV cavity/body wall) and only one body opening. This has several consequences: • Food and undigested waste pass through same opening in different directions • Movements of body cause distortion of GV cavity • GV cavity serves for both circulation and digestion • Gametes and embryos must be released through the same opening The Hydrostatic Skeleton • Uses fluid (water) in a body compartment for support and transmission of muscular forces • Fluid is incompressible, force generated by displacement of fluid in one region, can be used to do work in another Figure 5.2 11 Figure 5.3 12 Figure 6.23 14 • Epithelio-muscular cells (longitudinal) • Nutritive-muscle cells (circular) 15 Many Cnidarians have endosymbiotic dinoflagellates (zooxanthellae) within their cells – very important mutualism! Sea anemone Coral polyps with endosymbiotic zooxanthellae (algae) Endosymbiotic dinoflagellates (zooxanthellae) inside jellyfish cells Hydra with endosymbiotic green algae Almost all Cnidarians have cells called Cnidocytes – which have organelles called nematocysts. A cnidocyte of a hydra 22 Some Nematocyst types Hydra capturing Daphnid Ingestion and Digestion Cnidarian Nerve Nets • Mostly non-polar synapses, so impulses can travel in either direction • Signal diminishes with distance 26 Nerve cells in epithelial tissue of Velella 28 Phylum Cnidaria Subphylum Medusozoa Class Scyphozoa Class Cubozoa Class Hydrozoa Subphylum Anthozoa (used to be Class) Subclass Hexacorallia Subclass Octocorallia Class Scyphozoa Jelly medusa Purple striped jelly, Pelagia panopyra • Gastric filaments on the gonads secrete enzymes and then phagocytize partially digested food. • Digestion occurs intracellularly within food vacuoles. Scyphozoan Rhompalia Figure 6.9 Senses light Balance organ 35 Class Scyphozoa Most Scyphozoans are Dioecious Strobila Aurelia life cycle Class Cubozoa • Highly Toxic Nematocysts Class Hydrozoa Hydromedusae velum Scyphozoan medusae Hydra: an atypical Hydrozoan Thecate hydroid Athecate hydroid Class Hydrozoa Obelia colony ephyra Colonial Hydroid Figure 33.7 The life cycle of the hydrozoan Obelia (Layer 1) Figure 33.7 The life cycle of the hydrozoan Obelia (Layer 2) Figure 33.7 The life cycle of the hydrozoan Obelia (Layer 3) Physalia, Portugese man-of-war Order Siphonophora Subphylum (class) Anthozoa Coral polyps Sea anemones Anthozoan polyps are larger and more complex than Hydrozoan polyps No Medusa stage • Pharynx with siphonoglyphs • GV cavity has mesenteries Cross section A variety of Anthozoans Subclass Octocorallia • Have 8 pinnate tentacles • Some are called Gorgonians (sea fans, sea whips) Subclass Octocorallia Sea Fan, a gorgonian Sea Pens, a soft coral Coral Polyps are often retracted in the daylight Renilla, the sea pansy Subclass Hexacorallia • Many tentacles, in multiples of 6 • Scleractinian corals may build reefs Secrete CaCO3 at the base Subclass Hexacorallia Anemone Shrimp – Papua New Guinea .
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