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Yves Congar, OP Marquette University e-Publications@Marquette Dissertations (2009 -) Dissertations, Theses, and Professional Projects Yves Congar, O.P.: Ecumenist of the Twentieth Century Paul Raymond Caldwell Marquette University Recommended Citation Caldwell, Paul Raymond, "Yves Congar, O.P.: Ecumenist of the Twentieth Century" (2012). Dissertations (2009 -). 223. https://epublications.marquette.edu/dissertations_mu/223 YVES CONGAR, O.P.: ECUMENICIST OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY AND THE THEOLOGIAN OF VATICAN II by Paul R. Caldwell, B.S., M.P.T., J.D. A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School, Marquette University, in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Milwaukee, Wisconsin December 2012 ABSTRACT YVES CONGAR, O.P.: ECUMENICIST OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY AND THE THEOLOGIAN OF VATICAN II Paul R. Caldwell, B.A., M.P.T., J.D. Marquette University, 2012 While the name “Yves Congar” is recognizable by theologians and others there is a gap between recognition and familiarity: awareness that there was an Yves Congar is distinguished from knowing what he stood for and what he did. Eight years before Vatican II Congar was so distrusted by the Church that he was “distanced” from France for almost two years. Yet, several years after Vatican II he was elevated from priest to Cardinal in one day. Congar’s nouvelle théologie of ecumenism and unity, ressourcement and reform, changed the face of the Church to the world. In this, Congar had an impact on countless human beings. Many of his works, however, required translation from French, some for the first time. In this dissertation, Congar’s Principles of Ecumenism were systematically organized. Charges that the nouvelle théologie would lead back to Modernism were tested by inductive methodology, generally adapted at Vatican II over the more restrictive Neo- Scholastic deductive methodology. In this work, inductive methodology proved such claims to be meritless. The contrast between deductive and inductive methodology resulted in clashes between the Vatican Curia and the progressive majority of Council fathers. Appointed to one preparatory subcommission at Vatican II, Congar actually served on five. In his works, Congar was always situated historically. An examination of the pertinent language of Vatican II documents which were integrated with Alberigo’s extensive History of Vatican II, Congar’s Vatican II journals and his statements to interviewers, confirmed Yves Congar’s substantial contribution to Vatican II and his influence on nine of the sixteen Vatican documents. Congar contributed to the actualization of his Church and imbued it with a theology truly committed to ecumenism and unity, ressourcement and reform. Yves Congar was easily among the great theologians of Vatican II and one of the great theologians of the twentieth century. i ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Paul R. Caldwell, B.S., M.P.T., J.D. I would like to acknowledge and thank our God for his mercy, my graced wife Lynn for her prayers, caritas and patience, my Director and advisor, Dr. D. Stephen Long, for his patience, tolerance, guidance and sage counsel through multiple drafts and meetings without number. I should also like to sincerely thank in advance my Committee, Dr. Wanda Zemler-Cizewski, Dr. Mark Johnson and Rev. Philip J. Rossi, S.J., Ph.D. for agreeing to serve as Members of my Dissertation Committee and having the dedication and taking the time to read this dissertation. I should like to express a special acknowledgment and thanks to Dr. Ralph Del Colle who was a member of my Committee throughout the writing of this Dissertation but whose untimely and sudden illness precluded him from continuing. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS…………………………………………………………….. i INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………… … 1 CHAPTER ONE: YVES CONGAR: THE MAN AND HIS TIMES……………….. .. 17 I. STATEMENT OF THE QUESTION………………………………………. 17 II. YVES CONGAR: A CHILD OF WAR……………………………….……. 18 A. Tree in the Ardennes……………………………...………………... 18 B. The Impact of the First World War on Congar………...………….. 19 C. Yves Congar: A Priest Immersed in Life………....……………….. 25 D. The Early Years (10)……………………………………………….. 27 E. Congar’s Journal de la Guerre…. ………………………………….. 31 1. Glimpses of the Dominican Congar in His Childhood Journal…………………………………………..………….. 31 2. Other Journals, Diaries and Works by Congar……………… 33 3. Congar’s Personal Experience of World War I…………… .. 34 F. The Period of Formation and Education.…………………………… 41 1. Reflection and Vocation …………………………………… 41 2. Education.……………….…………….……………………. 43 3. The Thomistic Heritage of Congar….……… ……………… 46 4. Post-War Military Service……..…………………………… 55 5. Dominican Studies and Influences………………………….. 55 6. Crossroads……………………………................................... 73 G. The Captivity of World War Two…………..……………………… 77 H. The Time of Troubles………………………………………………. 79 I. The Completion of the Race…………………………………………. 87 CHAPTER TWO: CHURCH-STATE RELATIONS, MODERISM AND THE NOUVELLE THÉOLOGIE …………………………………………………………… 90 I. THE CHURCH IN FRANCE AS AN AGENCY OF THE STATE… …..... 90 iii A. Introduction: The Seeds of Opposition to the nouvelle théologie…………………………………………………. 90 1. Origins of French Church-State Relations………………… . 92 2. The Legacy of the French Revolution in Twentieth Century France……………………………………………… 94 3. The Public Face of the Church…………………………….... 95 4. The Church as Agent of the State............................................ 96 B. Modernism and the nouvelle théology of Yves Congar…………… 108 1. A Survey of Modernism and the nouvelle théologie………. 108 2. Modernism and Rome……………………………………... 122 3. Modernism: Proponents, Opponents and Yves Congar……. 130 4. Congar’s Theology of Revelation in Scripture and Dogm.... 139 5. The nouvelle théologie as Initially Perceived by the Vatican ……………………………………………… 143 CHAPTER THREE: ECUMENISM AND UNITY; RESSOURCEMENT AND REFORM…………………………………………………………..………….. 150 I. THE VOICE OF ONE CRYING IN THE WILDERNESS……………….. 150 A. The Face of the Church………..…………………… …………… 150 II. CONGAR’S PERCEPTION OF THE ISOLATION OF ROME…..……. 152 B. Congar’s Vocation of Ecumenism……………………………….. 155 1. Service within the Institution Which Is the Church; Graces and Special Graces ……………………………….. …. 156 2. The Need for an “ecclésiologie totale”: Ecclesiology at the Service of the Truth of Christ .................................................. 158 3. Truth, truths and Duty; The Hierarchy of Truths..................... 160 C. Ressourcement: Restoration of a Renewed Ecclesiology……...… 164 1. Unam Sanctam………………………….…………………..... 165 2. Preparing the Ground for Reunion in Catholicity…………..... 167 D. Congar’s Principles of Catholic Ecumenism…………………….. 168 1. Chrétiens désunis……………………………...…………..…. 169 2. Mortalium Animos…………………………………………… 171 E. Reconciliation in the Catholic Church of a Divided Christianity….175 1. The First Ecumenical Principle: Reconciliation of SeparatedChristians…………………………………………... 175 iv 2. The Second Ecumenical Principle: God is the Final Cause of the Unity of the Church…………………………………… 180 3. The Third Ecumenical Principle: Christians Are Incorporated Together in Christ in the Oneness of the Church ………....... 180 4. Chrétiens désunis as an Apologetic for the Catholic Church……………………………………………………….. 186 5. The Fourth Ecumenical Principle: The “Catholicity” of the One Church…………………………………………….... 187 F. Unity in Diversity: In una fide nihil officit sancta Ecclesiae consuetuda diversa…………………........................... ………… 193 1. The Fifth Ecumenical Principle: Unity in Diversity - Unity in Diverse Customs and Opinions.. ………............................. 193 2. Congar’s Proposals for Unity. ………………………………. 200 G. Factors of Disunion……………………………………………... 205 1. Two Different Christianities?….............................................. 205 2. “Outside the Church there is no salvation…………………... 208 3. The One Church of Christ Subsists in the Catholic Church... 210 4. The Teaching Authority of the Church……………………… 211 H. Vraie et fausse Réforme dans l’Église………………...... ……… 212 1. Reform in the Life of the Church …………………………… 213 2. Attitudes Towards Reform in the Church…………………… 220 3. Reform without Schism: Congar’s Four Principles for True Reform in the Church: Maintaining What Has Been Held and What Has Been Given. …………………………… 221 4. Resistance to Reform: obedience ad litteram, Integralism and its Consequences…………………………………………... 227 CHAPTER FOUR: CONGAR’S INFLUENCE ON VATICAN II………………… 232 A. The Ecclesial Notion of the Church Immersed In History ……... 232 1. Introduction……………………………………. ……………. 232 2. History and Inductive Reasoning…………………………….. 235 3. Tracing Congar’s Influence at Vatican II…………………… 238 B. The Dawn of VATICAN II………………………………………. 239 1. Pope John XXIII Announces an Ecumenical Council………... 241 2. The Man and the Hour……………………………………….. 244 3. The Council Commissions and the Curia……………………. 245 C. The Convocation of The Twenty-First Council ………………….. 251 1. Congar’s Aspirations for Vatican II ………………………….. 252 2. The Curia’s Initial Schemas………………………………….. 253 3. The Commissions of Vatican II………………………………. 254 v 4. Congar’s Work on the Preparatory subcommittees …………. 255 D. The Expectations for Vatican II………....................................... 257 1. Gaudet Mater Ecclesia and the First Session of the Council... 258 E. Congar’s Contribution to the Council Documents…………... 260 1. Nuntius ad omnes homines et nations ……………………… 261 2. Sacrosanctum Concilium, Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy………………………………………… 263 3. Lumen Gentium, Dogmatic Constitution
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