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FOUNDED IN 1837 National & Kapodistrian University of Athens Department of Economics Nicholas J. Theocarakis Open access digital documents March 2021 Anticlassical Economists, Marginal Revolution and Neoclassical Economics: From Jeremy Bentham to Arthur C. Pigou Die Bourgeoisie hatte in Frankreich und England politische Macht erobert. Von da an gewann der Klassenkampf, praktisch und theoretisch, mehr und mehr ausgesprochne und drohende Formen. Er läutete die Totenglocke der wissenschaftlichen bürgerlichen Ökonomie. Es handelte sich jetzt nicht mehr darum, ob dies oder jenes Theorem wahr sei, sondern ob es dem Kapital nützlich oder schädlich, bequem oder unbequem, ob polizeiwidrig oder nicht. An die Stelle uneigennütziger Forschung trat bezahlte Klopffechterei, an die Stelle unbefangner wissenschaftlicher Untersuchung das böse Gewissen und die schlechte Absicht der Apologetik. Indes selbst die zudringlichen Traktätchen, welche die Anti-Corn-Law League, mit den Fabrikanten Cobden und Bright an der Spitze, in die Welt schleuderte, boten, wenn kein wissenschaftliches, doch ein historisches Interesse durch ihre Polemik gegen die grundeigentümliche Aristokratie. Auch diesen letzten Stachel zog die Freihandelsgesetzgebung seit Sir Robert Peel der Vulgärökonomie aus. Die kontinentale Revolution von 1848 schlug auch auf England zurück. Männer, die noch wissenschaftliche Bedeutung beanspruchten und mehr sein wollten als bloße Sophisten und Sykophanten der herrschenden Klassen, suchten die politische Ökonomie des Kapitals in Einklang zu setzen mit den jetzt nicht länger zu ignorierenden Ansprüchen des Proletariats. Daher ein geistloser Synkretismus, wie ihn John Stuart Mill am besten repräsentiert. Es ist eine Bankrotterklärung der "bürgerlichen" Ökonomie, welche der große russische Gelehrte und Kritiker N. Tschernyschewski in seinem Werk "Umrisse der politischen Ökonomie nach Mill" bereits meisterhaft beleuchtet hat. Nachwort zur zweiten Auflage (1873), Karl Marx, „Das Kapital“, Bd. I, S. 21, Karl Marx-Friedrich Engels Werke, Band 23, Dietz Verlag, Berlin (DDR) 1968 – 1 – Anticlassical economists in the classical period Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832) The Works of Jeremy Bentham; published under the Superintendence of his Executor, John Bowring, (Edinburgh: William Tait, 1838-1843), 11 vols See in particular A Fragment on Government, (London: T. Payne, 1776), Works Vol. 1 A View of the Hard-Labour Bill; being an abstract of a pamphlet, intituled “Draught of a bill, to punish by imprisonment and hard-labour, certain offenders; and to establish proper places for their reception.” Interspersed with observations relative to the subject of the above draught in particular, and to penal jurisprudence in general, (London: T. Payne, 1778), Works Vol. 4 Defence of Usury; shewing the impolicy of the present legal restraints on the terms of pecuniary bargains in a series of letters to a friend; To which is added, a letter to Adam Smith, Esq., LL.D. on the discouragement of inventive industry, (London: T. Payne, 1787), Works Vol. 3 (4th ed., London: Payne and Foss, 1818) An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (Printed 1780, Published London: T. Payne 1789), Works Vol. 1, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1907) Panopticon or, the Inspection-House, containing the idea of a new principle of construction applicable to any sort of establishment, in which persons of any description are to be kept under inspections: and in particular to penitentiary houses, prisons, manufactories, houses of industry, mad-houses, work-houses, lazarettos, poor-houses, hospitals and schools; with a plan of management adapted to the principle, in a series of letters written in the Year 1787 from Crecheff in White Russia to a friend in England, (London: T. Payne, 1791) MDZ, Panopticon: Postscript; Part I; Containing further particulars and alterations relative to the plan of construction originally proposed (London: T. Payne, 1791), MDZ, Panopticon: Postscript; Part II; Containing a plan of management for a Panopticon Penitentiary-House, (London: T. Payne, 1791) Works Vol. 4 Supply without Burden; or Escheat vice Taxation: Being a proposal for a saving of taxes by an extension of the law of escheat, including strictures on the taxes on collateral succession comprised in the Budget of 7th December 1795; to which is prefixed, (Printed in 1793, and now first published), A Protest Against Law- Taxes, showing the peculiar mischievousness of all such impositions as add to the expense of appeal to justice, (London: J. Debrett, 1795), Works Vol. 2, Supply, Protest “Situation and Relief of the Poor”, Annals of Agriculture, and Other Useful Arts, vol. 29 (1797), no. 167, pp. 393-426 “Outline of a work entitled Pauper Management Improved”, Annals of Agriculture, and Other Useful Arts, vol. 30 (1798), pp. 89-176, 241-296, 393-424, 457-504, vol. 31 (1798), 33-64, 169-200, 273-288 , Reprint: Pauper management improved : particularly by means of an application of the panopticon principle of construction, ([London]: Sold by R. Baldwin, 1812), Works Vol. 8 – 2 – A Plan for Saving all Trouble and Expense in the Transfer of Stock and for enabling the proprietors to receive their dividends without powers of attorney, or attendance at the Bank of England, by the conversion of stock into note annuities, 1800 (privately printed), first published in 1839, in Works, Vol. 3 Observations on the Restrictive and Prohibitory Commercial System, especially with a reference to the decree of the Spanish Cortes of July 1820, from the MSS. of Jeremy Bentham Esq., by John Bowring (London: Effingham Wilson, 1821) Works Vol. 3 “Leading Principles of a Constitutional Code, for any State”, The Pamphleteer, vol. 22 (1823), no. 44, pp. 475-486 [1-12] Works Vol. 2 The Rationale of Reward, (London: John and H.L. Hunt, 1825), [The 2nd of three volumes published in French by Étienne Dumont in 1811 from Bentham’s manuscripts], Works Vol.2 Official Aptitude Maximized; Expense Minimized; as shewn in the several papers comprised in this volume, (London: Robert Heward, 1830), Works Vol. 5 A Manual of Political Economy: Now first edited from the MSS. of Jeremy Bentham, Works Vol. 3 French: [gallica] [Internet Archive] Panoptique. Mémoire sur un nouveau principe pour construire des maisons d'inspection et nommément des maisons de force ; Imprimé par ordre de l’Assemblée Nationale, (Paris ; Imprimerie Nationale, 1791) Esquisse d'un ouvrage en faveur des pauvres ... par Jérémie Bentham, publiée en français, par Ad. Duquesnoy (Paris : Imprimerie des Sourds-Muets, An X [1801 ou 1802]), Théorie des peines et des récompenses, par M. Jérémie Bentham... Rédigée en François, d'après les manuscrits, par M. Ét. Dumont, (Londres : B. Dulau & Co., 1811), tome 1er, tome 2nd Défense de l'usure, ou Lettres sur les inconvénients des lois qui fixent le taux de l'intérêt de l'argent, par Jérémie Bentham, traduit de l'anglais sur la 4e édition [par Saint-Amand Bazard], suivi d'un Mémoire sur les prêts d'argent, par Turgot ; et précédé d'une introduction contenant une dissertation sur le prêt à intérêt, (Paris : Mahler, 1828) Œuvres de J. Bentham, (Bruxelles : Louis Hauman & Cie, 1829-1830), Tome 1er, Traités de législation civile et pénale, tactique des assemblées législatives ; Tome 2nd, Théorie des peines et des récompenses, traité des preuves judiciaires ; Tome 3e, De l'organisation judiciaire, Essai sur la situation politique de l'Espagne, Défense de l'usure, Essai sur la nomenclature et la classification des principales branches d'art-et-science Déontologie, ou Science de la morale. Ouvrage posthume de Jérémie Bentham ; revu, mis en ordre et publié par John Bowring ; trad. sur le ms. par Benjamin Laroche, (Paris : Charpentier, 1834), tome I, tome II German: Vertheidigung des Wuchers, worin die Unzuträglichkeit der gegenwärtigen gesetzlichen Einschränkungen der Bedingungen beim Geldverkehr bewiesen wird: In einer Reihe von Briefen an einen Freund. Nebst einem Briefe an D. Adam Smith Esq. über die Hindernisse, die durch die obengenannten Einschränkungen dem Fortgange der Industrie in den Weg gelegt werden, Deutsch herausgegeben von Johann August Eberhard (Halle: Johann Jacob Gebauer, 1788) Tactik oder Theorie des Geschäftsganges in deliberirenden Volksstände- – 3 – versammlungen, von Jeremias Bentham. Nach dessen hinterlassenen Papieren bearbeitet von Étienne Dumont, (Erlangen: J. J. Palm und Ernst Enke, 1817) Grundsätze der Civil- und Criminal-Gesetzgebung, aus den Handschriften des englischen Rechtsgelehrten Jeremias Bentham, herausgegeben von Étienne Dumont... Nach der zweiten...Auflage bearbeitet und mit Anmerkungen von Dr. Friedrich Eduard Beneke, (Berlin: C. Fr. Amelang, 1830) Erster Band, Zweiter Band Principien der Gesezgebung [sic], herausgegeben von Étienne Dumont. Nach der neuesten Auflage übersetzt, (Köln: Heinrich August Arend, 1833) Theorie des gerichtlichen Beweises, aus dem Französischen von Étienne Dumont, (Berlin: C. G. Ende, 1838) Modern Greek: Περὶ νομοθεσίας ἰδιωτικῆς καὶ ποινικῆς: σύγγραμμα εἰς γλῶσσαν γαλλικὴν συνταχθὲν ἐκ τῶν χειρογράφων τοῦ Κ. Ἰερεμίου Βενθάμου, Ἄγγλου Νομοδιδασκάλου, παρὰ τοῦ Κ. Στεφ. Δυμόντου, μεταφρασθὲν δὲ ὑπὸ Γεωργίου Ὰθανασίου (Ἐν Αἰγίνῃ: Ὲκ τῆς τυπογραφίας Ἀνδρέου Κορομηλᾶ, 1834) Τόμος πρῶτος, (Ἐν Ἀθήναις: Ἐκ τῆς τοῦ Ἠλία Χριστοφίδου τυπογραφίας (Ἡ Ὰγαθὴ τύχη), 1842) Τόμος δεύτερος Βεκκαρίου περὶ ἀδικημάτων καὶ ποινῶν μεταφρασμένον ἀπὸ τὴν ἰταλικὴν γλῶσσαν, Δευτέρα ἔκδοσις, διορθωμένη καὶ αὐξημένη μὲ σημειώσεις καὶ πίνακα στοιχειακὸν, εἰς τὴν ὁποίαν προσετέθη καὶ ἡ πρὸς, τὸν μεταφραστὴν
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