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Research Commentary View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by PubMed Central Research Commentary Concern about Environmental Pollution: How Much Difference Do Race and Ethnicity Make? A New Jersey Case Study Michael R. Greenberg Edward J. Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA Asian-American respondents reflects the reality A survey conducted among 1,513 residents of New Jersey during March–May 2004 showed that that the chances of contacting an Asian respon- non-Hispanic black, non-Hispanic white, and English-speaking Hispanic Americans were signifi- dent via random-digit dialing is less in New cantly more concerned about environmental pollution problems than were Asian Americans and Jersey than for other groups because the popu- Spanish-language Hispanic Americans. For example, an average of > 40% of the first three groups lation constitutes only about 6% of the state’s was very concerned about New Jersey’s environmental problems, compared with 15% of the last population. Given the demographics of New two populations. There were also racial/ethnic differences among these groups in their desire for Jersey, interviewers were available to conduct government action to protect the environment and in their personal support of the environmental interviews in Spanish, Korean, and Chinese. movement. Regression analyses suggest that the 1970s and 1980s model of core support for Surveyors phoned, and the first two questions environmental protection from white, female, young, educated, and politically liberal people has they asked screened for race/ethnicity and largely, but not completely, continued among non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, and language preference. When a respondent English-language Hispanic populations. But these demographic pointers do not hold for Asian and expressed a desire to be interviewed in a lan- Spanish-language Hispanic Americans, except indicating more support among the more formally guage other than English, interviewers shifted educated. The last two groups are the two fastest-growing subpopulations in the United States, and to that call. although acculturation may slowly increase their concern about environmental pollution, it is more Like every survey method, random-digit prudent for proponents of environmental protection not to wait and instead to try to better under- dialing has limitations. People who do not stand the environmental perceptions of these groups. Key words: concern, environment, ethnicity, own phones, who use mobile phones, or who public perspectives, race. Environ Health Perspect 113:369–374 (2005). doi:10.1289/ehp.7611 rarely are at home will be underrepresented in available via http://dx.doi.org/ [Online 23 December 2004] the survey—typically poor and young. The standard way of reducing sampling bias is to weight the sample so that it matches the This commentary is about the confluence of equal numbers of non-Hispanic whites, population as a whole. For example, if 18- to racial/ethnic identity, other demographic char- non-Hispanic blacks, Asian, and Hispanic 24-year-olds are 12% of the population but acteristics, and public concern about the envi- Americans in New Jersey to answer two ques- represent only 8% of the sample, then each ronment. Reports show that environmental tions: How comparatively concerned are non- 18- to 24-year-old in the survey is weighted concern is cyclical, responding to competing Hispanic whites, non-Hispanic blacks, Asian to count for 1.5 people (12/8). Weighting, issues, most notably a struggling economy and Americans, and Hispanic Americans about however, does not fully solve the sampling war (Carroll 2002; Crabtree 2003; Gallup environmental protection? And how much bias problem because the 18- to 24-year-olds Organization 2003; Greenberg 2004; Saad variation in concern about environmental pro- in the survey may be different from 18- to 2003, 2004). Yet we should not focus so com- tection is associated with racial and ethnic 24-year-olds who were missed by the sample. pletely on cyclical fluctuations that we ignore identity compared with income, education, The survey contained 59 questions, of a potential decline in concern about environ- age, sex, language, and perceived local environ- which 41 were used. Twenty-one of the ques- ment protection in the United States related mental quality? tions were used to measure five elements to the changing racial/ethnic composition of of environmental concern: a) environmental our population. Recent studies show that Materials and Methods problems, b) call for government action to pro- major differences between white and non- For purposes of this article, the population tect the environment, c) personal support for white Americans in concern about the envi- that I call “white” are non-Hispanic white or environmental protection, d) trust of govern- ronment, first measured in the 1970s, have European American, and the group I label ment and science to protect the environment, declined (Crabtree 2003; Mitchell 1978; Saad “black” are non-Hispanic black or African 2003). But I would feel more confident about American. All persons who self-identified as these observations if they were based on mul- Hispanic or Latino were labeled “Hispanic,” Address correspondence to M.R. Greenberg, Edward tiple studies with sample sizes of 250–400 in even if they also said that they were white or J. Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy, Rutgers University, 33 Livingston Ave., Suite 100, each racial/ethnic group instead of a typical black. This practice avoids double-counting New Brunswick, NJ 08901-1958 USA. Telephone: random sample of 800–1,600 Americans of respondents. (732) 932-4101 ext. 673. Fax: (732) 932-0934. where the sample sizes of the minority groups This commentary is based on a telephone E-mail: [email protected] are 50–100 for each nonwhite group. Because sample survey of New Jersey residents by three I appreciate the thoughtful comments of F. Popper the non-European population has grown university-based organizations. Households and D. Schneider, and I thank two anonymous so rapidly and will continue to do so, and were contacted through random-digit dialing, reviewers for their constructive suggestions. I thank the Environmental and Occupational Health because the literature shows that environmen- which gives every residential telephone num- Sciences Institute, the Eagleton Institute, and the tal concern is culturally dependent (Bronfman ber in New Jersey a mathematically equal Edward J. Bloustein School for supporting this sur- and Cifuentes 2003; Chuk-ling Lai and Tao chance of being called for an interview. The, vey. The analyses and interpretations of the data are 2003; Jianguang 1994; Karpowicz-Lazreg survey of 1,513 adults, ≥ 18 years of age, the responsibility of the author. and Mullet 1993), I believe that we must not was begun before Earth Day in March 2004 The study was funded by the Environmental and take support for environmental protection and concluded in May 2004. The goal was Occupational Health Sciences Institute. The author declares he has no competing financial from rapidly increasing Asian American and to obtain at least 350 non-Hispanic white, interests. Hispanic American populations for granted. 350 non-Hispanic black, 350 Hispanic, and Received 27 September 2004; accepted 22 December Hence, I conducted a study to collect relatively 250 Asian responses. The lower target set for 2004. Environmental Health Perspectives • VOLUME 113 | NUMBER 4 | April 2005 369 Commentary | Greenberg and e) concern about other societal problems. obesity, terrorism, traffic congestion, and concern), preliminary analyses were conducted, Six of the 21 questions asked how serious were urban redevelopment. I assumed that those and the results of these are briefly reviewed. environmental problems related to the disposal who were concerned about these problems Cronbach’s α was used to determine if we of toxic wastes, water pollution, disposal of solid would also be concerned about the environ- could build a single “environmental pollution waste and garbage, pollution of beaches, loss of ment. Specifically, people who are politically concern” scale to correlate with race/ethnicity, open space, and air pollution. Notably, all but liberal, I assumed, would tend to be more age, and other demographic and environmen- the open space question were about environ- concerned about crime, traffic congestion, tal correlates. A Cronbach α of 0.729 was mental pollution. The requested responses were and all of these problems than those who computed from the 21 environmental concern “very serious,” “somewhat serious,” or “not too were politically conservative. Yet there should variables, where a score of ≥ 0.7 is considered serious.” The seventh question asked for an be geographic variation in responses. Those evidence of a “good” scale and ≥ 0.8 is consid- overall judgment about the severity of environ- who were residents of cities and industrial ered evidence of an “excellent” single scale. mental problems in New Jersey. The options suburbs would be more likely to be concerned Hence, I could calculate a single concern scale were “very serious,” “somewhat serious,” and about crime and rats, whereas their counter- to answer question 2 rather than conduct five “not too serious.” parts in the suburbs would be, I expected, different sets of analyses. The next set of four questions asked about more concerned about traffic congestion. I used ordinary
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