CHO Metabolism
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Effects of Glucagon, Glycerol, and Glucagon Plus Glycerol On
Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Graduate Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2011 Effects of glucagon, glycerol, and glucagon plus glycerol on gluconeogenesis, lipogenesis, and lipolysis in periparturient Holstein cows Nimer Mehyar Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd Part of the Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Structural Biology Commons Recommended Citation Mehyar, Nimer, "Effects of glucagon, glycerol, and glucagon plus glycerol on gluconeogenesis, lipogenesis, and lipolysis in periparturient Holstein cows" (2011). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 11923. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/11923 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Effects of glucagon, glycerol, and glucagon plus glycerol on gluconeogenesis, lipogenesis, and lipolysis in periparturient Holstein cows by Nimer Mehyar A thesis submitted to graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Major: Biochemistry Program of Study Committee: Donald C. Beitz, Major Professor Ted W. Huiatt Kenneth J. Koehler Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2011 Copyright Nimer Mehyar, 2011. All rights reserved ii To My Mother To Ghada Ali, Sarah, and Hassan -
• Glycolysis • Gluconeogenesis • Glycogen Synthesis
Carbohydrate Metabolism! Wichit Suthammarak – Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital – Aug 1st and 4th, 2014! • Glycolysis • Gluconeogenesis • Glycogen synthesis • Glycogenolysis • Pentose phosphate pathway • Metabolism of other hexoses Carbohydrate Digestion! Digestive enzymes! Polysaccharides/complex carbohydrates Salivary glands Amylase Pancreas Oligosaccharides/dextrins Dextrinase Membrane-bound Microvilli Brush border Maltose Sucrose Lactose Maltase Sucrase Lactase ‘Disaccharidase’ 2 glucose 1 glucose 1 glucose 1 fructose 1 galactose Lactose Intolerance! Cause & Pathophysiology! Normal lactose digestion Lactose intolerance Lactose Lactose Lactose Glucose Small Intestine Lactase lactase X Galactose Bacteria 1 glucose Large Fermentation 1 galactose Intestine gases, organic acid, Normal stools osmotically Lactase deficiency! active molecules • Primary lactase deficiency: อาการ! genetic defect, การสราง lactase ลด ลงเมออายมากขน, พบมากทสด! ปวดทอง, ถายเหลว, คลนไสอาเจยนภาย • Secondary lactase deficiency: หลงจากรบประทานอาหารทม lactose acquired/transient เชน small bowel เปนปรมาณมาก เชนนม! injury, gastroenteritis, inflammatory bowel disease! Absorption of Hexoses! Site: duodenum! Intestinal lumen Enterocytes Membrane Transporter! Blood SGLT1: sodium-glucose transporter Na+" Na+" •! Presents at the apical membrane ! of enterocytes! SGLT1 Glucose" Glucose" •! Co-transports Na+ and glucose/! Galactose" Galactose" galactose! GLUT2 Fructose" Fructose" GLUT5 GLUT5 •! Transports fructose from the ! intestinal lumen into enterocytes! -
THE AEROBIC (Air-Robic!) PATHWAYS
THE AEROBIC (air-robic!) PATHWAYS Watch this video on aerobic glycolysis: http://ow.ly/G5djv Watch this video on oxygen use: http://ow.ly/G5dmh Energy System 1 – The Aerobic Use of Glucose (Glycolysis) This energy system involves the breakdown of glucose (carbohydrate) to release energy in the presence of oxygen. The key to this energy system is that it uses OXYGEN to supply energy. Just like the anaerobic systems, there are many negatives and positives from using this pathway. Diagram 33 below summarises the key features of this energy system. When reading the details on the table keep in mind the differences between this and the previous systems that were looked at. In this way a perspective of their features can be appreciated and applied. Diagram 33: The Key Features of the Aerobic Glycolytic System Highlight 3 key features in the diagram that are important to the functioning of this system. 1: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Notes ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -
Energy Metabolism: Gluconeogenesis and Oxidative Phosphorylation
International Journal for Innovation Education and Research www.ijier.net Vol:-8 No-09, 2020 Energy metabolism: gluconeogenesis and oxidative phosphorylation Luis Henrique Almeida Castro ([email protected]) PhD in the Health Sciences Graduate Program, Federal University of Grande Dourados Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul – Brazil. Leandro Rachel Arguello Dom Bosco Catholic University Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul – Brazil. Nelson Thiago Andrade Ferreira Motion Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul – Brazil. Geanlucas Mendes Monteiro Heath and Development in West Central Region Graduate Program, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul – Brazil. Jessica Alves Ribeiro Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul – Brazil. Juliana Vicente de Souza Motion Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul – Brazil. Sarita Baltuilhe dos Santos Motion Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul – Brazil. Fernanda Viana de Carvalho Moreto MSc., Nutrition, Food and Health Graduate Program, Federal University of Grande Dourados Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul – Brazil. Ygor Thiago Cerqueira de Paula Motion Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul – Brazil. International Educative Research Foundation and Publisher © 2020 pg. 359 International Journal for Innovation Education and Research ISSN 2411-2933 September 2020 Vanessa de Souza Ferraz Motion Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul – Brazil. Tayla Borges Lino Motion Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul – Brazil. -
Fructose-Induced Increases in Expression of Intestinal Fructolytic and Gluconeogenic Genes Are Regulated by GLUT5 and KHK
Fructose-induced increases in expression of intestinal fructolytic and gluconeogenic genes are regulated by GLUT5 and KHK. Chirag Patel, Véronique Douard, Shiyan Yu, Phuntila Tharabenjasin, Nan Gao, Ronaldo P Ferraris To cite this version: Chirag Patel, Véronique Douard, Shiyan Yu, Phuntila Tharabenjasin, Nan Gao, et al.. Fructose- induced increases in expression of intestinal fructolytic and gluconeogenic genes are regulated by GLUT5 and KHK.. AJP - Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, American Physio- logical Society, 2015, 309 (5), pp.R499-509. 10.1152/ajpregu.00128.2015. hal-01607831 HAL Id: hal-01607831 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01607831 Submitted on 28 May 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Copyright Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 309: R499–R509, 2015. First published June 17, 2015; doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00128.2015. Fructose-induced increases in expression of intestinal fructolytic and gluconeogenic genes are regulated by GLUT5 and KHK Chirag Patel,1 Veronique Douard,1 Shiyan Yu,2 Phuntila Tharabenjasin,1 Nan Gao,2 and Ronaldo P. Ferraris1 1Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey; and 2Department of Biological Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey Submitted 30 March 2015; accepted in final form 16 June 2015 Patel C, Douard V, Yu S, Tharabenjasin P, Gao N, Ferraris blood fructose is directly dependent on intestinal processing of RP. -
The Effect of 2-Desoxy-D-Glucose on Glycolysis and Respiration of Tumor and Normal Tissues
The Effect of 2-Desoxy-D-glucose on Glycolysis and Respiration of Tumor and Normal Tissues GLADYSE. WOODWARDANDMARIET. HUDSON (Biochemical Research Foundation, Newark, Delaware) Inhibition of metabolism by structural analogs end of each experiment. Reaction rates are expressed of metabolites is one of the newer concepts of of dry tissue/hour, and are based on the initial steady rate. chemotherapy. It seems possible that this concept The symbols, QCOJ.Qco2>an<l Q<v are used to express, re spectively, the rates of anaerobic glycolysis, aerobic glycolysis, might be applied to cancer by use of structural and respiration. The Q values as given in the tables are from analogs of glucose to inhibit the glycolysis of the single or duplicate determinations. tumor cell, since tumor tissue in contrast to most normal tissues possesses the ability to glycolyze RESULTS glucose at a high rate both anaerobically and EFFECTop 2DG ONGLYCOLYSIS aerobically (7). It was found that 2DG in the maximum concen 2-Desoxy-D-glucose (2DG) is a structural ana tration used with each tissue did not significantly log of glucose, differing from glucose only at the affect the endogenous glycolysis of any of the tis second carbon atom by the absence of one oxygen sues studied. Calculation of the degree of inhibi atom. This analog has been shown (2) to compete tion of glucose or fructose utilization, therefore, is with glucose in the yeast fermentation system and, based on the Q values from which the correspond thereby, to inhibit fermentation of glucose. In a ing blank Q value has been subtracted. -
Fatty Acid Biosynthesis
BI/CH 422/622 ANABOLISM OUTLINE: Photosynthesis Carbon Assimilation – Calvin Cycle Carbohydrate Biosynthesis in Animals Gluconeogenesis Glycogen Synthesis Pentose-Phosphate Pathway Regulation of Carbohydrate Metabolism Anaplerotic reactions Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids and Lipids Fatty Acids contrasts Diversification of fatty acids location & transport Eicosanoids Synthesis Prostaglandins and Thromboxane acetyl-CoA carboxylase Triacylglycerides fatty acid synthase ACP priming Membrane lipids 4 steps Glycerophospholipids Control of fatty acid metabolism Sphingolipids Isoprene lipids: Cholesterol ANABOLISM II: Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids & Lipids 1 ANABOLISM II: Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids & Lipids 1. Biosynthesis of fatty acids 2. Regulation of fatty acid degradation and synthesis 3. Assembly of fatty acids into triacylglycerol and phospholipids 4. Metabolism of isoprenes a. Ketone bodies and Isoprene biosynthesis b. Isoprene polymerization i. Cholesterol ii. Steroids & other molecules iii. Regulation iv. Role of cholesterol in human disease ANABOLISM II: Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids & Lipids Lipid Fat Biosynthesis Catabolism Fatty Acid Fatty Acid Degradation Synthesis Ketone body Isoprene Utilization Biosynthesis 2 Catabolism Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Anabolism • Contrast with Sugars – Lipids have have hydro-carbons not carbo-hydrates – more reduced=more energy – Long-term storage vs short-term storage – Lipids are essential for structure in ALL organisms: membrane phospholipids • Catabolism of fatty acids –produces acetyl-CoA –produces reducing -
Glycolysis and Glyceroneogenesis In
GLYCOLYSIS AND GLYCERONEOGENESIS IN ADIPOCYTES: EFFECTS OF ROSIGLITAZONE, AN ANTI-DIABETIC DRUG By SOREIYU UMEZU Bachelor of Science in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Oklahoma State University Stillwater, OK 2005 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY July, 2010 GLYCOLYSIS AND GLYCERONEOGENESIS IN ADIPOCYTES: EFFECTS OF ROSIGLITAZONE, AN ANTI-DIABETIC DRUG Dissertation Approved: Dr. Jose L Soulages Dissertation Adviser Dr. Chang-An Yu Dr. Andrew Mort Dr. Jack Dillwith Dr. A. Gordon Emslie Dean of the Graduate College ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First, I would like to immensely thank my advisor, Dr. Jose Soulages, for his support and guidance throughout my graduate studies. Without Dr. Soulages extensive expertise and knowledge along with his sense of humor I would not have achieved my goal of obtaining my Doctorate in Biochemistry. I would also like to thank Dr. Estela Arrese for her kind and generous advice. Both Dr. Soulages and Dr. Arrese have made a tremendous impact on me personally and professionally. I would like to thank all the members of my committee: Dr. Chang-An Yu, Dr. Andrew Mort, and Dr. Jack Dillwith who have devoted their time reading my dissertation and their patience for my procrastination. Their support and guidance has been invaluable and extremely appreciative. Most importantly, I want to acknowledge my parents: (Dr.) Mrs. Fumie Umezu and (Dr.) Mr. Yasuiki Umezu, for their unwavering support of me throughout my time in the U.S. and for suffering me while I’m doing whatever I want in my life. -
Fatty Acid Synthesis ANSC/NUTR 618 Lipids & Lipid Metabolism Fatty Acid Synthesis I
Handout 5 Fatty Acid Synthesis ANSC/NUTR 618 Lipids & Lipid Metabolism Fatty Acid Synthesis I. Overall concepts A. Definitions 1. De novo synthesis = synthesis from non-fatty acid precursors a. Carbohydrate precursors (glucose and lactate) 1) De novo fatty acid synthesis uses glucose absorbed from the diet rather than glucose synthesized by the liver. 2) De novo fatty acid synthesis uses lactate derived primarily from glucose metabolism in muscle and red blood cells. b. Amino acid precursors (e.g., alanine, branched-chain amino acids) 1) De novo fatty acid synthesis from amino acids is especially important during times of excess protein intake. 2) Use of amino acids for fatty acid synthesis may result in nitrogen overload (e.g., the Atkins diet). c. Short-chain organic acids (e.g., acetate, butyrate, and propionate) 1) The rumen of ruminants is a major site of short-chain fatty acid synthesis. 2) Only small amounts of acetate circulate in non-ruminants. 2. Lipogenesis = fatty acid or triacylglycerol synthesis a. From preformed fatty acids (from diet or de novo fatty acid synthesis) b. Requires source of carbon (from glucose or lactate) for glycerol backbone 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes at confluence. No lipid 3T3-L1 Adipocytes after 6 days of filling has yet occurred. differentiation. Dark spots are lipid droplets. 1 Handout 5 Fatty Acid Synthesis B. Tissue sites of de novo fatty acid biosynthesis 1. Liver. In birds, fish, humans, and rodents (approx. 50% of fatty acid biosynthesis). 2. Adipose tissue. All livestock species synthesize fatty acids in adipose tissue; rodents synthesize about 50% of their fatty acids in adipose tissue. -
Carbohydrate Metabolism I & II Central Aspects of Macronutrient
Carbohydrate Metabolism I & II - General concepts of glucose metabolism - - Glycolysis - -TCA - FScN4621W Xiaoli Chen, PhD Food Science and Nutrition University of Minnesota 1 Central Aspects of Macronutrient Metabolism Macronutrients (carbohydrate, lipid, protein) Catabolic metabolism Oxidation Metabolites (smaller molecules) Anabolic metabolism Energy (ATP) Synthesis of cellular components or energy stores Chemical Reactions Cellular Activities 2 Central Aspects of Macronutrient Metabolism High-energy compounds ◦ ATP (adenosine triphosphate) ◦ NADPH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) ◦ NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) ◦ FADH2 (reduced flavin adenine dinucleotide) Oxidation of macronutrients NADH NADPH FADH2 ATP and NADPH are required ATP for anabolic metabolism 3 1 Unit I General Concepts of Glucose Metabolism Metabolic pathways of glucose Glucose homeostasis Glucose transport in tissues Glucose metabolism in specific tissues 4 Overview Digestion, Absorption and Transport of Carbs ◦ Final products of digestion: ________, ________, and ________ Cellular fuels ◦ Glucose, fatty acids, ketone bodies, amino acids, other gluoconeogenic precursors (glycerol, lactate, propionate) Glucose: primary metabolic fuel in humans ◦ Provide 32% to 70% of the energy in diet of American population All tissues are able to use glucose as energy fuels ◦ Glucose has different metabolic fate in different tissues Physiological states determine glucose metabolic fate ◦ Fed/fasted – glucose is metabolized through distinct -
Quantitative Determinants of Aerobic Glycolysis Identify Flux Through The
RESEARCH ARTICLE elifesciences.org Quantitative determinants of aerobic glycolysis identify flux through the enzyme GAPDH as a limiting step Alexander A Shestov1†, Xiaojing Liu1†, Zheng Ser1, Ahmad A Cluntun2, Yin P Hung3, Lei Huang4, Dongsung Kim2, Anne Le5, Gary Yellen3, John G Albeck6‡, Jason W Locasale1,2,4* 1Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States; 2Field of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States; 3Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States; 4Field of Computational Biology, Department of Biological Statistics and Computational Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States; 5Department of Pathology and Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States; 6Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States Abstract Aerobic glycolysis or the Warburg Effect (WE) is characterized by the increased metabolism of glucose to lactate. It remains unknown what quantitative changes to the activity of metabolism are necessary and sufficient for this phenotype. We developed a computational *For correspondence: locasale@ model of glycolysis and an integrated analysis using metabolic control analysis (MCA), cornell.edu metabolomics data, and statistical simulations. We identified and confirmed a novel mode of regulation specific to aerobic glycolysis where flux through GAPDH, the enzyme separating †These authors contributed lower and upper glycolysis, is the rate-limiting step in the pathway and the levels of fructose equally to this work (1,6) bisphosphate (FBP), are predictive of the rate and control points in glycolysis. Strikingly, Present address: ‡Department negative flux control was found and confirmed for several steps thought to be rate-limiting in of Molecular Cell Biology, glycolysis. -
Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis
CC7_Unit 2.3 Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis Glucose occupies a central position in the metabolism of plants, animals and many microorganisms. In animals, glucose has four major fates as shown in figure 1. The organisms that do not have access to glucose from other sources must make it. Plants make glucose by photosynthesis. Non-photosynthetic cells make glucose from 3 and 4 carbon precursors by the process of gluconeogenesis. Glycolysis is the process of enzymatic break down of one molecule of glucose (6 carbon) into two pyruvate molecules (3 carbon) with the concomitant net production of two molecules of ATP. The complete glycolytic pathway was elucidated by 1940, largely through the pioneering cotributions of Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, Carl Neuberg, Jcob Parnad, Otto Wrburg, Gerty Cori and Carl Cori. Glycolysis is also known as Embden-Meyerhof pathway. • Glycolysis is an almost universal central pathway of glucose catabolism. • Glycolysis is anaerobic process. During glycolysis some of the free energy is released and conserved in the form of ATP and NADH. • Anaerobic microorganisms are entirely dependent on glycolysis. • In most of the organisms, the pyruvate formed by glycolysis is further metabolised via one of the three catabolic routes. 1) Under aerobic conditions, glucose is oxidized all the way to C02 and H2O. 2) Under anaerobic conditions, the pyruvic acid can be fermented to lactic acid or to 3) ethanol plus CO2 as shown in figure 2. • Glycolytic breakdown of glucose is the sole source of metabolic energy in some mammalian tissues and cells (RBCs, Brain, Renal medulla and Sperm cell). Glycolysis occurs in TEN steps.