Gender in Shōnen En Shōjo Manga Hoe Gender Wordt Voorgesteld En Wat Fans Ermee Doen

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Gender in Shōnen En Shōjo Manga Hoe Gender Wordt Voorgesteld En Wat Fans Ermee Doen Factulteit Letteren en Wijsbegeerte Departement Oosterse Talen en Culturen Academiejaar 2008-2009 Gender in Shōnen en Shōjo Manga Hoe gender wordt voorgesteld en wat fans ermee doen. door: Katja DIERCKX Promotor: Prof. Dr. Christian Uhl Verhandeling aangeboden tot het verkrijgen van de graad Master in de Oosterse Talen en Culturen Inhoudsopgave 1. Inleiding tot Manga ................................................................................................................ 2 Het Ontstaan van Manga ........................................................................................................ 3 Waarin Verschillen Manga van Westerse strips? .................................................................. 9 Manga in de Maatschappij ................................................................................................... 11 Manga Magazines ................................................................................................................ 13 Shōnen en Shōjo Magazines ................................................................................................. 14 Shōnen magazines ............................................................................................................ 15 1. Weekly Shōnen Jump ................................................................................................ 16 2. Weekly Shōnen Magazine ......................................................................................... 16 3. Weekly Shōnen Sunday ............................................................................................. 17 4. Monthly Shōnen GanGan ......................................................................................... 17 Shōjo Magazines .............................................................................................................. 17 1. Margaret ................................................................................................................... 17 2. Shōjo Comic ............................................................................................................. 18 3. Hana to Yume ........................................................................................................... 18 4. LaLa ......................................................................................................................... 18 Hoe Onderscheidt Men Shōnen en Shōjo Manga? ............................................................... 19 2. Gender in Manga ................................................................................................................ 21 Inleiding tot Genderstudies .................................................................................................. 21 Gender Relaties .................................................................................................................... 23 Gender in Japan .................................................................................................................... 24 Historische evolutie .......................................................................................................... 24 Mannelijkheid en vrouwelijkheid in Japan ...................................................................... 26 Gender in Manga .................................................................................................................. 29 Shōnen Manga ...................................................................................................................... 29 Jongens in Shōnen Manga ................................................................................................ 30 1. Jongensachtige Jongens ............................................................................................ 30 2. Een Loser als Held ................................................................................................... 32 3. Ronduit slecht? ......................................................................................................... 33 4. Bad Boys en Tough Guys ......................................................................................... 35 Meisjes in Shōnen Manga ................................................................................................ 37 1. Echte meisjes ............................................................................................................ 37 I 2. Vrouwen met Pit ....................................................................................................... 39 3. Actief maar ondergeschikt ....................................................................................... 40 Genderbenders in Shōnen Manga ................................................................................ 42 Shōjo Manga ........................................................................................................................ 43 Meisjes in Shōjo Manga ................................................................................................... 44 1. Passieve Meisjes ....................................................................................................... 44 2. Girl Power! ............................................................................................................... 46 3. Tomboys ................................................................................................................... 47 Jongens in Shōjo Manga .................................................................................................. 48 1. Cool, Knap en Meedogenloos .................................................................................. 49 2. Optimistische, Aardige Jongens ............................................................................... 50 3. Anti-helden ............................................................................................................... 52 Genderbenders in Shōjo Manga ................................................................................... 53 Manga en Gender ................................................................................................................. 54 3. Boy’s Love Manga (BL) en het Fenomeen Dōjinshi ........................................................ 56 Het ontstaan van BL ............................................................................................................. 56 Wat zijn Dōjinshi? ................................................................................................................ 58 BL manga, Dōjinshi en de Fans ........................................................................................... 61 Spelen met Gender in de Dōjinshiwereld ............................................................................. 63 4. Conclusie ............................................................................................................................. 67 De Betekenis van Gender in Manga, BL en Dōjinshi .......................................................... 67 II Voorwoord Lang heb ik niet moeten nadenken over het thema waarover ik mijn thesis zou willen schrijven, het was voor mijzelf duidelijk dat ik iets wilde doen rond manga. Via mijn research in dit gebied heb ik dan ontdekt dat er toch al heel wat over manga en ook anime is geschreven, waaronder slechts enkele boeken over manga of boeken waarin manga wordt vermeld. Ook zijn er heel wat artikels gepubliceerd rond het fenomeen van dōjinshi (door amateurs gemaakte manga), maar is er nog geen allesomvattend werk over gepubliceerd. Daarnaast heb ik, in tegenstelling tot andere onderzoekers, (nog) niet de kans gehad langer in Japan te verblijven dan enkele weken, en heb ik geen uren, dagen of weken gespendeerd om de mangamarkt te bestuderen, noch ben ik in Japan naar events, conventies of beurzen zoals Comic Market geweest. Deze ervaring ontbreekt in mijn werk, waardoor ik enkel kan schrijven vanuit mijn ervaringen tijdens Europese conventies, en ik mij voor verklaringen van beschreven feiten moet baseren op bestaande ideeën en theorieën. Omdat dit werk geschreven is met het oog op zowel mensen met als zonder kennis van het Japans en de Japanse cultuur is het nodig dat ik enkele dingen verklaar. Japanse namen volgen de originele Japanse volgorde, dat wil zeggen: eerst familienaam, dan voornaam. Titels van vermelde manga worden genoemd in het Japans met officiële vertaling, indien die bestaat, of mijn eigen vertaling in het Engels, om consistent te zijn met de officiële Engelse vertalingen. Wanneer de titel in het Japans Engels is, geschreven in katakana, gebruik ik de correcte Engelse romanisatie als titel in plaats van een romanisatie van de katakana. Wanneer de titel in Engelse uitgave niet vertaald is (maar bijvoorbeeld geromaniseerd, zoals Kare: First Love, vertaal ik deze ook niet. Niet-officiële vertalingen zijn aangeduid met een *, uit voorzorg voor het geval er na het schrijven van deze tekst een Engelse uitgave verschijnt van betreffende manga. Als laatste vermeld ik nog dat auteursnamen vaak pseudoniemen zijn, zeker bij de meer recente auteurs. De echte namen van deze auteurs zijn onbekend. Als laatste zijn er enkele personen die een dankwoord verdienen. Natuurlijk wil ik mijn promotor, Prof. Uhl bedanken, voor zijn hulp, commentaar en interessante visie. Als tweede Pepijn van Loon, die mijn hele tekst heeft nagelezen en heeft geholpen spelling- en grammaticafouten eruit te filteren. En uiteraard mijn klasgenoten bij wie ik kon klagen als de thesis even tegenstak 1 1. Inleiding tot Manga Bijna iedereen heeft ooit in zijn
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