University of Maiduguri Research Compendium

UNIVERSITY OF MAIDUGURI RESEARCH COMPENDIUM

Research Title Use of some plant extracts for the management of cercospora leaf spot of groundnut in the Sudan Savanna of Nigeria.

Researchers Name(s): Alkali1, G. and Bdliya1, B. S. Lead Researcher first Researchers Address(es) 1Department of Crop Protection, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B.1069, Maiduguri, Nigeria Correspondence Address (Tel., email, [email protected] Physical) Publication Status (Published/ unpublished) Published Source of publication (Journal, Periodical Research Journal of science, Vol. 11(1&2) 57 etc, vol. page Nos.) – 68.Published by Faculty of Science, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria Year of Publication 2005 Source of funding Self Abstract Field experiment was conducted at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Department Crop Protection, University of Maiduguri during 2003 cropping season, to evaluate the efficacy of some plant extracts for the management of Cercospora leaf spot diseases of groundnut. The plant extract were obtained from neem (Azadirachta indica) seed , garlic(Allium sativum) clove, onion (Allium cepa) blub, ginger (Zingiber officinale) rhizome and pawpaw (Carica papaya) leaves. Unsprayed plots and plots sprayed with Ridomil 75WP served as checks. Three spraying regime (R1, R2 &R3) were also used. The experiment was laid out in a strip plot design with three replication. Results obtained show that spraying with the plant extract significantly reduced Cercospora leaf spot disease and increase yield parameters compared to the control. Spray regimes also had significant effect on Cercospora leaf spot disease incidence and severity, seed yield, pod yield, shelling percentage, 100 seed weight and haulm yield, compared to the control. Treatment with neem seed extract at three spray regime recorded the lowest incidence and severity, though not significantly different from treatment with Ridomil (check) . Compared to the control an increase of 30.47% seed yield was recorded with neem seed extract treatment. The results of the study showed that treatment with neem seed extracts at three spray regimes gave a better control of Cercospora leaf spot disease of groundnut in the Sudan savanna Research impacts

Research Title Levels of variability in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L) to cercospora leaf disease- implication for selection. Researchers Name(s): A.U. Izge1, Z. H. Mohammed2 & G.Alkali2 . Lead Researcher first Researchers Address(es) 1Department of Crop Production, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B.1069, Maiduguri, Nigeria

2Department of Crop Protection, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B.1069, Maiduguri, Nigeria Correspondence Address (Tel., email, [email protected] Physical) Publication Status (Published/ unpublished) Published Source of publication (Journal, Periodical African Journal of Agricultural Research, Vol. etc, vol. page Nos.) 2 (4) 182- 186. Published by Academic Journals, Available online at http:/www.academicjournals.org/AJAR Year of Publication 2007 Source of funding Self Abstract Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important crop both in subsistence and commercial agriculture in arid and semi-arid regions of the World. Leaf spot diseases caused by fungus have been a major destructive disease of groundnut and could cause a yield loss of up to 50% or more. A two- year experiment was conducted during the cropping seasons of 2002 and 2003 at the Faculty of Agriculture Research Farm, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria. The objective of the study was t determine the reaction of different groundnut varieties to cercospora leaf spot disease to create basis for selection for cercospora leaf spot disease tolerance. The experiment consisted of twenty four groundnut varieties, laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated highly significant difference among the groundnut varieties in all studied. The results indicated that ICGV-SM-93531, ICGV-IS- 96802, ICGV-IS-96827 and ICGV-IS- 96808 had the lowest cercospora leaf spot incidence. The variety ICGV-IS-96808 that produced the highest kernel yield also had the the lowest days to 50% flowering and incidentally is among varieties that recorded the lowest leaf spot incidence. The study found tremendous level of variability existing among the groundnut varieties that is essential in crop improvement. This study recommends that development or selection of tolerant varieties to leaf spot should be based on their level of incidence. This will be the only effective measure in decreasing production costs and protect the environment from pollution. Potential therefore exist for selection among the groundnut varieties evaluated for cercospora leaf spot disease tolerance. There is however, a need to undertake further studies in order to determine the type and the number of genes controlling cercospora leaf spot disease tolerance in groundnut for enhanced breeding strategies. Keywards: Groundnut, leaf spot, tolerance, selection, breeding strategy. Research impacts

Research Title Cost- benefit of using some plant extracts in controlling cercospora leaf spot of groundnut in the Sudan savanna of Nigeria.

Researchers Name(s): Bdliya1, B. S. and Alkali1, G. Lead Researcher first Researchers Address(es) 1Department of Crop Protection, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B.1069, Maiduguri, Nigeria Correspondence Address (Tel., email, [email protected] Physical) Publication Status (Published/ unpublished) Published Source of publication (Journal, Periodical Archives of Phytopathology and Plant etc, vol. page Nos.) Protection. Vol. 43,(1) 95 – 104. Published by Taylor &Francis Group, Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK, available online at http://www.informaworld.com/ http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03235400701722129

Year of Publication 2008 Source of funding Self Abstract Field trials were conducted to evaluate the economics of controlling cercospora leaf spot of groundnut using different plant extracts. The experiments were laid out in a completely randomized block design (CRDB) with three replications at the Teaching and Research farm of the Department of Crop Protection, University of Maiduguri, Sudan savanna of Nigeria during the 2002 and 2003 cropping seasons. Five plant extracts, namely, neem seed, garlic clove, onion bulb, ginger rhizome and pawpaw leaf extracts and a fungicide ridomil were applied as foliar sprays while the controls were left untreated. The application of the plant extracts led to about 3–10% reduction in the disease incidence and 10–15% reduction in disease severity and gave higher seed and haulm yields than the control. Ridomil gave about 16% reduction in disease incidence and 19% reduction in disease severity. The cost- benefit analysis revealed positive returns per hectare from use of the plant extracts for controlling the disease in the study area. Application of neem seed extract, for instance, gave 43.82% seed yield increase over the control which translated into a mean (two years) net profit of N198 730.56 Nigerian Naira equivalent to $1987.31 per hectare. Even the least effective of the plant extracts (ginger rhizome) gave seed yield increase of 24.17% over the control which translated into a mean (two years) net profit of N167 247.00 equivalent to $1672.47 per hectare for the two seasons. The control gave mean net profit of N134,121.21 equivalent to $1341.21 per hectare which is lower than those realized from the plant extracts. The profit from the sell of haulms which is an additional income to the farmer amounted to N50 944.56, equivalent to $509.45 per hectare following application of neem seed extract. These returns are attractive particularly to the farmers in the study area who grow the high yielding, cercospora susceptible Ex-Dakar groundnut variety.

Keywords: groundnut; cercospora leaf spot; plant extracts; control; cost-benefit analysis Research impacts

Research Title Efficacy of some plant extracts in the management of cercospora leaf spot of groundnut in the Sudan savanna of Nigeria. Researchers Name(s): Bdliya1, B. S. and Alkali1, G.. Lead Researcher first Researchers Address(es) 1Department of Crop Protection, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B.1069, Maiduguri, Nigeria Correspondence Address (Tel., email, [email protected] Physical) Publication Status (Published/ unpublished) Published Source of publication (Journal, Periodical Archives of Phytopathology and Plant etc, vol. page Nos.) Protection. Vol. 43, (5) 507 – 518. Published by Taylor &Francis Group, Mortimer House, 37- 41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK, available online at http://www.informaworld.com/ http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03235400701875661 Year of Publication 2010 Source of funding Self Abstract Field trails were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of neem seed, garlic clove, onion bulb, ginger rhizome and pawpaw leaf extracts applied as foliar spray in controlling cercospora leaf spot of groundnut in the Sudan savanna of Nigeria during the 2002 and 2003 cropping seasons. Ridomil was used as a positive check while the control was left untreated. Three spray regimes ( once, twice and thrice) were evaluated A strip plot design with three replications was used in setting up the experiments Ex-Dakar, a cercospora leaf spot susceptible Spanish Valencia groundnut variety, was used as planting material . All the plant extracts reduced the incidence and severity of cercospora leaf spot in both seasons compared to the untreated crops. However, neem seed and garlic clove extracts significantly reduced the incidence and severity of the disease compared to the other plant extracts. Ridomil was more effective in controlling the disease than the plant extracts. Three sprays with the plant extracts gave better control of the disease than one or two sprays in the season. The highest seed yield of 3115 kg/ha. And 3311 kg/ha. In 2002 and 2003, respectively, were obtained with neem seed extract treatment while the lowest seed yield of 2134 kg/ha. And 2334 kg/ha. In 2002 and 2003, respectively. Were recorded from the untreated crops. Also the highest seed yield of 3124 kg/ha. And 3418 kg/ha in 2002 and 2003, respectively were obtained following three sprays compared to 2523 kg/ha. And 2641 kg/ha. For one spray in 2002 and 2003, respectively and 2840 kg/ha. And 3085 kg/ha for two sprays in 2002 and 2003, respectively. The highest haulm yield of 4121 kg/ha and 4089 kg/ha. In 2002 and 2003 respectively were also obtained following treatment with neem seed extract. The lowest haulm yield of 2951 kg/ha. And 3045 kg/ha. In 2002 and 2003, respectively, were recorded from the control. Three sprays gave higher haulm yield (4265 kg/ha and 4279 kg/ha in 2002 and 2003, respectively) than one and two sprays in the season. Neem seed extract could therefore be used to control cercospora leaf spot and to improve groundnut production in the Sudan savanna of Nigeria. Keywords: groundut, cercospora leaf spot, plant extracts, Sudan savanna, Nigeria Research impacts

Research Title Field incidence of Rice Yellow Mottle Virus (RYMV) genus Sobemovirus and insect vector population dynamics on Rice (Oryza sativa L.) in the Northern Guinea Savanna of Nigeria.

Researchers Name(s): Alkali1, G., Alegbejo2, M. D., Kashina2, B. D. Lead Researcher first and Banwo2, O. O. Researchers Address(es) 1Department of Crop Protection, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B.1069, Maiduguri, Nigeria 2Department of Crop Protection, Institute for Agricultural Research/Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria

Correspondence Address (Tel., email, [email protected] Physical) Publication Status (Published/ unpublished) Published Source of publication (Journal, Periodical Biological and Environmental Sciences etc, vol. page Nos.) Journal for Tropics. Vol. 9 (1) 74- 78. Published by Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Bayero University, P.M.B.3011, Kano, Nigeria Year of Publication 2012 Source of funding Self Abstract The effect of some aspects of climatic factors on vector population and Rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV) genus Sobemovirus incidence was studied in field experiments over a two year period (2008-2009) at Sayen Gobirawa, Northern Guinea Savanna of Nigeria. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates. The experimental materials consisted of ten rice cultivars: FARO 11, FARO 35, FARO 36, FARO 37, FARO 44, FARO 46, FARO 52, FARO 57, MOROBEREKAN (resistant check) and BOUAKE 189 (susceptible check). Insect vectors caught included Locris rubra Fabricius, Chnootriba similis Thunberg, Conocephalus sp., Oxya hyla Stal. and Chaetocnema sp. in 2008 wet season in order of abundance. The insect vectors recorded in 2009 wet season included L. rubra, O. hyla, Chaetocnema sp., Trichispa sericea Guerin, C. similis and Conocephalus sp. in order of abundance. Significant positive correlations were obtained between RYMV incidence and Locris rubra and also Chaetocnema sp., age of plant at infection and C. similis, Chaetocnema sp., L. rubra and O. hyla .Similarly significant correlation were observed between mean sunshine hours and T. sericea. Significant negative correlations were obtained between mean temperature and relative humidity, RYMV incidence and mean temperature, and also with age of plant at infection. Among the rice cultivars BOUAKE 189, FARO 36, FARO 44 and FARO 52 had the highest incidence of RYMV disease compared to the rice cultivars MOROBEREKAN, FARO 11, FARO 35, FARO 37, FARO 46 and FARO 57. RYMV incidence was higher in 2008 than in 2009 wet season. RYMV incidence is closely associated with vector population dynamics which in turn, is influenced by climatic factors.

Keywords: Rice yellow mottle virus, incidence, insect vectors, correlation and climatic factors

Research impacts

Research Title Diversity of Serological Profiles of Rice Yellow Mottle Virus Isolates in Northern Nigeria. Researchers Name(s): Alkali1, G., Alegbejo2, M. D., Kashina2, B. D. Lead Researcher first and Banwo2, O. O. Researchers Address(es) 1Department of Crop Protection, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B.1069, Maiduguri, Nigeria 2Department of Crop Protection, Institute for Agricultural Research/Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria

Correspondence Address (Tel., email, [email protected] Physical) Publication Status (Published/ unpublished) Published Source of publication (Journal, Periodical Biological and Environmental Sciences etc, vol. page Nos.) Journal for the Tropics. Vol. 9 (3) 168 -173. Published by Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Bayero University, P.M.B.3011, Kano, Nigeria Year of Publication 2012 Source of funding Self Abstract Serological diversity of 135 Rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV) isolates were determined by Triple antibody sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (TAS-ELISA) test using four monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) raised against the Nigeria isolate of the virus. These RYMV isolates were obtained from hotspots or endemic areas in Northern Nigeria. Six serological profiles or sero-groups (Sert) were identified based on their reaction patterns with a panel of MAbs (Sert A to F) in the study. Serotypes (Sert) B, D & E isolates were identified in Borno state, Sert A, B & C isolates in Gombe state, Sert A & B isolates in Kaduna state, Sert A, B & F isolates in Kano state, Sert A & F isolates in Niger state, Sert A, D & F isolates in Sokoto state and Sert A, D & E isolates in Zamfara state. The high serological profiles of RYMV in the northern part of the country, suggest the possible existence of different strains of the pathogen in northern Nigeria. This information could be useful in rice breeding programmes aimed at the deployment of RYMV resistant cultivars to different rice cropping systems and localities in northern Nigeria.

Keyword: Serological profiles, Rice yellow mottle virus, monoclonal antibodies, Northern Nigeria

Research impacts

Research Title Effect of Weather Factors and Rice cultivars on Incidence and Severity of Rice Yellow Mottle Virus and Insect vector population in north western Nigeria

Correspondence Address (Tel., email, [email protected] Physical) Publication Status (Published/ unpublished) Published Source of publication (Journal, Periodical Journal of Arid Agriculture Vol.21, 101-108. etc, vol. page Nos.) Published by Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria Year of Publication 2012 Source of funding Self Abstract Field experiments were conducted at Bomo, Zaria in the northern guinea savanna during the 2008 and 2009 wet seasons, to investigate the relationship between some weather factors, Rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV) genus Sobemovirus incidence and vector populations. The treatments consists of ten rice cultivars; FARO 11, FARO 35, FARO 36, FARO 37, FARO 44, FARO 46, FARO 52, FARO 57, MOROBEREKAN (resistant check) and BOUAKE 189 (susceptible check). The experiments were laid out in a randomized complete block design, replicated three times. Results showed that rice cultivars BOUAKE 189, FARO 44, FARO 52, FARO 36 and FARO 35 had relatively significant incidence of RYMV, followed in descending order by FARO 57, FARO 37, FARO 11, FARO 46 and MOROBEREKAN. Significant positive correlations were obtained for the following: incidence of RYMV and number of Chaetocnema spp., Locris rubra Fabricius., Cheilomenes spp., Zonocerus variegatus L. caught per week, mean temperature and rainfall. Similarly, a significant negative correlation was obtained between the following factors: Age of plant at infection and RYMV incidence, Chaetocnema spp., Chnootriba similis Thunberg, Trichispa sericea Guerin, and L. rubra caught per week. Oxya spp. and mean rainfall, and L. rubra and mean temperature. Generally, periods of high incidence of insect vectors coincided with periods of high RYMV incidence and vice versa. Further studies on the effect of weather factors and plant host on the dynamics of insect vectors and RYMV incidence are necessary to provide more information on the epidemiology of the virus in Nigeria

Keywords: RYMV, cultivars, weather factors and vectors population

Research impacts

Research Title First Report of Rice Yellow Mottle Virus Genus Sobemovirus in Borno State, Nigeria, Researchers Name(s): Alkali1, G., Alegbejo2, M. D., Kashina2, B. D. Lead Researcher first and Banwo2, O. O. Researchers Address(es) 1Department of Crop Protection, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B.1069, Maiduguri, Nigeria 2Department of Crop Protection, Institute for Agricultural Research/Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria

Correspondence Address (Tel., email, [email protected] Physical) Publication Status (Published/ unpublished) Published Source of publication (Journal, Periodical Nigerian Journal of Experimental and Applied etc, vol. page Nos.) Biology. Vol. 15: 87-91. Published by Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B.1069, Maiduguri, Nigeria Year of Publication 2014 Source of funding Self Abstract Field survey was carried out on the shore and along river Alau in Komduga local government area, an important rice growing area in Borno state, Nigeria. Serological studies of some rice varieties and weed host of RYMV; Oryza longistaminata, Panicum sp. and Cyperus rotundus tested positive to RYMV when subjected to Direct double antibody sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(DAS- ELISA). Three serological profiles (Sep) were identified (Sep A, Sep B and Sep C), when the positive isolates were assessed by Triple antibody sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (TAS-ELISA). Molecular characterization of the representative of three serological profile isolates revealed higher S1 strain of RYMV in the study area, when tested using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). This is the first report that adds Borno to the list of RYMV endemic states in Nigeria. This study confirms speculations that RYMV is present in most important rice growing areas in Africa. Thus, periodic disease surveys are prerequisite for understanding the present status, distribution and population structure of RYMV isolates across the important rice growing areas in the country. Keywords: Field survey, serological profiles, RYMV and Borno state, Nigeria

Research impacts

Research Title Molecular Characterazation and Distribution of Rice Yellow Mottle Sobemovirus Isolates in Northern Nigeria.

Year of Publication 2014 Source of funding Self Abstract Field surveys were carried out in rice fields during the wet and dry seasons of 2008 to 2010 for isolates of Rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV) genus Sobemovirus. Hotspots and epidemic areas within seven states (Borno, Gombe, Kaduna, Kano, Niger, Sokoto and Zamfara) were surveyed for the distribution of RYMV. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used in characterizing 35 representatives RYMV isolates, obtained from 147 serological profiles of RYMV tested with four monoclonal antibodies in TAS-ELISA. The results obtained show that more than two RYMV strains were apparent after using two pairs of strain-specific and non-specific (random) hexamer primers. The distribution of strains S1, S2 and SX was 60 %, 11.43 % and 28.57 %, respectively in Northern Nigeria. The frequency of occurrence of strain S1 was 40 %, 17 %, 14 % and 2.86 % in Sudan, Northern Guinea and Southern Guinea Savannas, respectively. While strain S2 was 2.86 % in Northern and Southern Guinea Savanna. Similarly, 8.57 % and 20 % isolates of strain SX was recorded in Northern Guinea and Sudan Savannas, respectively. Strain S2 was reported for the first time in Nigeria in the present study. Further studies on a greater number of isolates, from northern Nigeria especially where diversity is highest, and on a larger portion of the isolates are needed to confirm their significance. More information on molecular characterization and strain differentiation of RYMV in Northern Nigeria will be useful in the identification of strains, pathogenicity and breeding studies of RYMV in the country. Keywords: Molecular characterization, RYMV distribution, hotspots in Northern Nigeria

Research impacts

Research Title Analysis of Serological Variability and Hierarchical Distribution of Rice Yellow Mottle Sobemovirus Isolates in Northern Nigeria.

Correspondence Address (Tel., email, [email protected] Physical) Publication Status (Published/ unpublished) Published Source of publication (Journal, Periodical International Letters of Natural Sciences, Vol. etc, vol. page Nos.) 37, 1 – 9. Published by SciPress Ltd., Switzerland. Available online @ www.scipress.com. (ID: 213.158.222.22- 17/04/15,22:36:46)

Year of Publication 2015 Source of funding Self Abstract A panel of four monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) was used to study the immunological profile of Rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV) genus Sobemovirus. Serological profiles of 35 representative isolates of RYMV from Borno, Gombe, Kaduna, Kano, Niger, Sokoto and Zamfara states in Northern Nigeria. All the RYMV isolates were classified into three major serogroups (SG1, SG2 and SG3) and further separated into six subgroups (Sg1a, Sg1b, Sg2a, Sg2b, Sg3a and Sg3b). The results demonstrate a significant serological variability among RYMV isolates in Northern Nigeria. The hierarchical analysis of the serological profiles data revealed high viral load in Kano, Kaduna and Gombe states, these show they are suitable locations for strategic RYMV diagnostic and field epidemiological studies.

Keywords: RYMV Serological profiles; Hierarchical analysis; Northern Nigeria

Research impacts

Research Title Cost – benefit of Differential Rice cultivars to Rice Yellow Mottle Sobemovirus Isolate in Northern Nigeria. Researchers Name(s): Alkali1, G., Umar, A. S. S2., Alegbejo3, M. D., Lead Researcher first Kashina3, B. D.and Banwo3, O. O. Researchers Address(es) 1Department of Crop Protection, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B.1069, Maiduguri, Nigeria 2Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B.1069, Maiduguri, Nigeria 3Department of Crop Protection, Institute for Agricultural Research/Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria

Correspondence Address (Tel., email, [email protected] Physical) Publication Status (Published/ unpublished) Published Source of publication (Journal, Periodical Journal of Agricultural Economics, etc, vol. page Nos.) Environment and Social Sciences, 1(2): 75 -80. Published by Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria Year of Publication 2015 Source of funding Self Abstract Field trials were conducted to evaluate the economics of managing Rice yellow mottle Sobemovirus using differential rice cultivars. The experiments were laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications, at farmer fields in Sayen Gobirawa , Zaria, Kaduna state, Northern Guinea savanna of Nigeria during the 2009 and 2010 rainy seasons. Ten rice cultivars, namely; Faro 11, Faro 35, Faro 36, Faro 37, Faro 44, Faro 46, Faro 52, Faro 57, Moroberekan (resistant) and Bouake 189(susceptible) were used. The results obtained from the trials indicated that the mean paddy yield recorded in 2009 (2148.7 kg/ ha-1) was higher than that of 2010 (2032.7 kg/ha -1) when the severity index of the virus was a bit higher. The mean severity indices among the test cultivars varied from 35.86 to 70.55%, 33.33 to 85.18% and 34.0 to 77.87%, in 2009, 2010 and for the two years combined analysis, respectively. The mean value of output/hectare or gross revenue from production of the test cultivars varied from N175, 285 to N399, 057 per hectare. The highest revenue was recorded under Moroberekan cultivar (N399, 057), followed by Faro 46 (N 296,340) while the lowest was obtained from Faro 35 (N175, 285) compared to other treatments for the two years combined analysis. Cost benefit ratio of 1:3.9 was obtained with Moroberekan indicating net profit of 390%, compared to that of Faro 35 with cost benefit ratio of 1:1.2 indicating net profit of 120%. Results of this study suggest that using Moroberekan cultivar under RYMV endemic field could provide not only higher yield and better economic returns but also resulted in less RYMV severity in the field.

Keywords: Economic returns, Rice cultivars, RYMV, Northern Nigeria

Research impacts

Research Title Assessment for growth and yield parameters of some rice cultivars infected with rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV) genus sobemovirus. Researchers Name(s): Alkali1, G., Alegbejo2, M. D., Kashina2, B. D. Lead Researcher first and Banwo2, O. O. Researchers Address(es) 1Department of Crop Protection, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B.1069, Maiduguri, Nigeria 2Department of Crop Protection, Institute for Agricultural Research/Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria

Correspondence Address (Tel., email, [email protected] Physical) Publication Status (Published/ unpublished) Published Source of publication (Journal, Periodical FUW Trends in Science & Technology etc, vol. page Nos.) Journal, 1(2) 307 -312. Published by Federal University Wukari, Nigeria Year of Publication 2016 Source of funding Self Abstract Screenhouse trials were conducted from 2008 to 2010 cropping seasons to assess growth and yield parameters of ten (10) selected rice cultivars, which include ; Faro 11, Faro 35, Faro 36, Faro 37, Faro 44, Faro 46, Faro 52, Faro 57, Moroberekan and Bouake 189, infected with Rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV) genus Sobemovirus. The experiment was laid out in a strip plot design and replicated three times, with ten rice cultivars in the vertical factors (main plot) and four inoculation regimes of RYMV at 4, 6, 8 and 10 Weeks after sowing (WAS) and un-inoculated control was in the horizontal factors (sub-plot). Significant interaction between the effects of inoculation regimes and rice cultivars were found between the growth and yield parameters and severity index of the virus. Combined analysis of the trials data showed that percentage reduction in plant height and number of tiller per plant, increase in days to 50% flowering, threshing percentage, paddy yield loss and Severity index ranged from 1.74% (Moroberekan) to 48.19% (Bouake 189) and 27.71% (Morobrekan) to 53.06 % (Bouake 189), 1.78 (Faro 46) to 25.78 (Faro 57), 69.83 % (Bouake 189) to 91% (Moroberekan), 6.59% (Moroberekan) to 79.11% (Bouake 189) and 17.04 % (Moroberekan) to 77.61% (Bouake 189), respectively. The test cultivars were most critically affected by RYMV inoculation within 4 to 8 WAS. In order to obtain paddy yield comparable to that of virus free check for the respective test cultivars, it was required to keep the crop virus- free for up to 10 WAS and beyond, the information can be useful in integrated pest and production management for rice in RYMV endemic areas. Keywords: RYMV, paddy yield and inoculation regimes

Research impacts

Research Title Effect of Sowing Date and Cultivars on Cercospora leaf spot (Cercopora sesame Zimm) of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) in the Sudan Savanna Region of Nigeria. Researchers Name(s): Muhammad1 Z.H. Jidda1, M. B. and Alkali1, Lead Researcher first G. Researchers Address(es) 1Department of Crop Protection, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B.1069, Maiduguri, Nigeria Correspondence Address (Tel., email, [email protected] Physical) Publication Status (Published/ unpublished) Published Source of publication (Journal, Periodical Dutse Journal of Agriculture and Food etc, vol. page Nos.) Security (DUJAFS), 3 (1) 73 -82. Published by Faculty of Agriculture, Federal University Dutse, Jigawa State, Nigeria

Year of Publication 2016 Source of funding Self Abstract Field trials were conducted at Maiduguri in the northern Sudan savanna during the 2012 and 2013 rainy seasons to determine the effect of three sowing dates (14th and 28th July and 11th August) and three sesame cultivars (Ex- sudan, Kenana-4 and Gwoza landrace ) on Cercospora leaf spot endemic field. The experiment was laid out in a split plot design with three replications, with sowing date as main plot factor and cultivar as subplot factor. Significant differences in disease incidence, severity, seed yield and yield components were observed among the cultivars. Results showed that sesame cultivar Kenana-4 recorded lowest disease incidence and severity, but on the other hand sesame cultivar Ex- sudan recorded the higher seed yield and yield components in both 2012 and 2013 rainy seasons and the combined analysis, respectively. With the exception of the number of seed per capsule, other yield components and seed yield of sesame were significantly higher in the third sowing than both the first and second sowing dates. Disease incidence and severity decreased significantly when sowing of sesame was delayed from 14th, 28th July and to 11st August in each year. Based on the results of the study, it is suggested that for effective management of Cercospora leaf spot of sesame and higher productivity, among the cultivar tested, sesame cultivar Ex- sudan should be planted in early August.

Keywords: Sesame variety, sowing dates, Cercospora leaf spot and Northern Nigeria Research impacts

Research Title Economic Analysis of the effect of Rice yellow mottle Sobemovirus on some Rice Cultivars in Kaduna State, Nigeria. Researchers Name(s): Alkali1, G., Sumlube2., I.M., Alegbejo3, M. D., Lead Researcher first Kashina3, B. D.and Banwo3, O. O. Researchers Address(es) 1Department of Crop Protection, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B.1069, Maiduguri, Nigeria 2Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B.1069, Maiduguri, Nigeria 3Department of Crop Protection, Institute for Agricultural Research/Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria

Correspondence Address (Tel., email, [email protected] Physical) Publication Status (Published/ unpublished) Published Source of publication (Journal, Periodical Dutse Journal of Agriculture and Food etc, vol. page Nos.) Security (DUJAFS), 3(2): 90 - 98. Published by Faculty of Agriculture, Federal University Dutse, Jigawa State, Nigeria Year of Publication 2016 Source of funding Self Abstract Field trials were conducted to evaluate economics of managing Rice yellow mottle Sobemovirus(RYMV) using ten rice cultivars, namely; FARO 11, FARO 35, FARO 36, FARO 37, FARO 44,FARO 46, FARO 52, FARO 57, MOROBEREKAN (resistant) and BOUAKE 189 (susceptible). The experiments were laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications, at farmer fields in Bomo, Kaduna state, Nigeria. The experiments were conducted during2008/2009 and 2009/2010, dry seasons and 2009 and 2010 rainy seasons. The results obtained indicated that the mean severity indices among the test cultivars varied from 34.32% to 71.25%and 39.49% to 81.48% for the two years dry and rainy seasons combined analysis, respectively .The mean paddy yield range recorded during the rainy seasons (1453.90 to 3299.00 kg-1) was higher than that of dry seasons (1217.00 to 2301.70 kg-1). Analysis of costs and returns revealed that the gross margin for dry and rainy seasons were N 39,059.23 and N 134,778.56 per hectare, respectively. MOROBEREKAN cultivar gave highest gross margin in both dry and rainy seasons N143, 538.10 and N264,193.30, respectively while lowest gross margin was recorded in FARO 11 (N 19,270.23) and FARO 35 (N 61,328.90) during the dry and rainy seasons compared to all other cultivars for the two years combined analysis. Results of this study suggested that using MOROBEREKAN cultivar under either dry or rainy season was more profitable in RYMV endemic field in the study area, and could provide not only higher yields and better economic returns but also resulted in less RYMV severity in the field. Keywords: Costs and returns, Rice cultivars, RYMV, Northern Nigeria Research impacts

Research Title Alternative Weed Hosts of Rice Yellow Mottle Sobemovirus in Nigeria. Researchers Name(s): Alkali1, G., Alegbejo2, M. D., Kashina2, B. Lead Researcher first D.and Banwo2, O. O. Researchers Address(es) 1Department of Crop Protection, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B.1069, Maiduguri, Nigeria 2Department of Crop Protection, Institute for Agricultural Research/Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria

Correspondence Address (Tel., email, [email protected] Physical) Publication Status (Published/ unpublished) Published Source of publication (Journal, Periodical Nigerian Journal of Experimental and Applied etc, vol. page Nos.) Biology, 17:71 -78. Published by Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Essien Udom Court,University of Maiduguri, Nigeria Year of Publication 2016 Source of funding Self Abstract Field surveys were carried out between 2008 and 2010 in Borno, Gombe, Kaduna, Kano, Niger, Sokoto and Zamfara states of northern Nigeria, to determine the occurrence and distribution of weed hosts of Rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV) genus Sobemovirus. Serological analyses using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) showed that there was consistent detection of RYMV across the surveyed states in some weed species. These were Axonopus compressus (Sw.) P. Beauv., Brachiaria lata, (Schumach) C.E. Hubbard ex Robyns., Cynodon dactylon (L) Pers., Cyperus difformis L., C. rotundus L., Dactyloctenium aegyptium L., Digitaria horizontalis Wild., Eleusine corocana, L., E. indica (L) Gaertner., Eragrostis ciliaris L., E. tenella L.,. Imperata cylindrica L., Oryza barthii A. Chev., O. longistaminata A. Chev. & Roehr., Panicum sp. and Pennisetum pedicellatum Trin. This is the first report that adds Pennisetum pedicellatum to the list of natural RYMV hosts. A more detailed survey of irrigated rice farms and river banks in northern Nigeria may reveal additional weed hosts of RYMV. These weed hosts probably serve as source of RYMV reservoir for infection to newly transplanted rice in the field. Key words: Field survey, serological analysis, RYMV, weed hosts, northern Nigeria.

Research impacts

Research Title Rice Yellow Mottle Sobomovirus: a limiting Factor in Rice Production in Africa. Researchers Name(s): Alkali1, G., Alegbejo2, M. D., Kashina2, B. Lead Researcher first D.and Banwo2, O. O. Researchers Address(es) 1Department of Crop Protection, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B.1069, Maiduguri, Nigeria 2Department of Crop Protection, Institute for Agricultural Research/Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria Correspondence Address (Tel., email, [email protected] Physical) Publication Status (Published/ unpublished) Published Source of publication (Journal, Periodical FUW Trends in Science &Technology Journal. etc, vol. page Nos.) 2(2) 655 -664. Published by Federal University Wukari, Nigeria Year of Publication 2017 Source of funding Self Abstract Rice is the primary and secondary host of many viruses, but the most important in Africa is the rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV) genus Sobemovirus. It is endemic in the continent and became important after the introduction of new high yielding exotic varieties from Asia that are susceptible to the virus. The pathogen was first noticed in 1966 in Kenya but it has since spread to other parts of Africa countries. It is environmentally stable, highly infectious and about six strains of the virus now exist. Transmitted both mechanically and by insect vectors belonging to the families Chrysomelidae (Chaetocnema spp., Dactylispa spp., Hispa unsambarica Weise, Sesselia pusilla Gartucker, Trichispa sericea Guerin); Tettigonidae (Conocephalus longipennis de Haan, C. merumontamus Sjostedt) and Coccinelidane (Chnootriba similis Thunberg)). Yield losses caused by the virus range from 25 to 100%. Integrated pest management and breeding for resistant varieties are the best strategies so far suggested to reduce havoc caused by this pathogen to rice. This paper reviews the economic importance, distribution, host range, symptom, transmission, varietal reaction, yield loss assessment, epidemiology, molecular characteristics, management strategies and future research needs of the virus.

Keywords RYMV, symptomatology, epidemiology, molecular characterization and host range

Research impacts

Research Title Preliminary Transmission Statusof two Isolates of Rice yellow mottle Sobemovirus by some Insects found in and around Rice fields

Researchers Name(s): Alkali1, G., Alegbejo2, M. D., and Kashina2, Lead Researcher first B. D. Researchers Address(es) 1Department of Crop Protection, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B.1069, Maiduguri, Nigeria 2Department of Crop Protection, Institute for Agricultural Research/Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria

Correspondence Address (Tel., email, [email protected] Physical) Publication Status (Published/ unpublished) Published Source of publication (Journal, Periodical Journal of Arid Agriculture special issue, 59 - etc, vol. page Nos.) 63. Published by Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria Year of Publication 2017 Source of funding Self Abstract Transmission tests were conducted to determine the status of some insect species collected in and around rice fields in Kaduna state, Nigeria, in transmitting two isolates of the Rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV) Sayen Gobirawa (SA) and Bomo (SB). The treatment consisted of three potted rice seedlings (susceptible Bouake 189 variety) and viruliferous insect vectors, replicated three times using a completely randomized design (CRD). Plants exposed to the insect vectors were kept in the screenhouse for 3 - 4 weeks for symptoms observation. Presence or absence of the virus on asymptomatic plants was verified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test. Ten insect species including: Oxya sp., Locris rubra Fabriculus,,Chnootriba similis Thunberg, Chaetocnema sp., Cheilomenes sp., Zonocerus variegatus L., Paratettix sp., Conocephalus sp., Nezara viridula L. and Dactylispa sp. were found to transmit RYMV, whereas four other species including Altica sp., Diopsis sp., Mylabris sp. and Clavigralla sp. did not. Significant (P = 0.05) difference in the level of transmission was observed between SA isolate compared to the SB isolate by the same species of insect vector used. The implications of L. rubra a spittle bug and N. viridula a shield bug in RYMV transmission and variability in transmission efficiency of RYMV isolate by an insect in this study, suggest that the virus dissemination goes beyond the boundaries of biting and chewing insects in earlier studies. Keywords: Transmission status, RYMV, variability, insect vector and isolate

Research impacts

Research Title Fungi Associated with Post Harvest Spoilage of some Fruits and Vegetables sold In Maiduguri Metropolis, Borno State, Nigeria Researchers Name(s): Alkali1, G., Abdulazeez 1, U., Ibrahim 1, A., Lead Researcher first Abdullahi 1, M. M. and Moses 1, M. E. Researchers Address(es) 1Department of Crop Protection, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B.1069, Maiduguri, Nigeria Correspondence Address (Tel., email, [email protected] Physical) Publication Status (Published/ unpublished) Published Source of publication (Journal, Periodical Journal of Arid Agriculture special issue, 59 - etc, vol. page Nos.) 63. Published by Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria Year of Publication 2017 Source of funding Self Abstract A survey was conducted to determine the frequency of occurrence and distribution of fungi associated with post harvest spoilage of Carrot (Daucus carota L.), Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), Garden eggs (Solanum melongena L.) and Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) sold in Maiduguri metropolis, Borno state, Nigeria. The survey covered eight market places, namely; Budum, Bulumkuttu, Gamboru, Monday, Tashan Baga, Tashan Bama, Tashan Kano and Unimaid commercial centre. In each market three retailer stands were randomly selected. Samples were prepared and culture on potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates and fungal flora were sub-cultured and identified in the Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Crop Protection, University of Maiduguri. There were eighteen fungal species identified, namely; Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus candidus, A. niger, A. ochroceus, A. oryzae, A. terreus, A. ustus, A. versicolar, Cladosporium herbarum, Fusarium solani, F. avenaceum, Rhizopus stolonifer, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Sclerotium rolfsii, Sporobolomyces roseus, Thielavia terricola and Zygosaccharomyces bailii. Highest and lowest numbers of fungal isolates were recorded on Carrot and Garden eggs, respectively. The frequency of occurrence showed that A. niger (19.51%) were the most predominant fungal isolate across the markets followed by S. cerevisiae (11.38%) and least were S. pombe (0.81%) and S. roseus (0.81%). The distribution of fungal species showed that Monday market (31.71%) had the highest number of fungi followed by Tashan Baga market (16.26%) and the least number of isolates were recorded at Budum (4.07%) and Tashan Kano (4.07%) markets. A. niger and Z. bailii were present in all the market places surveyed. This study has shown the need to enlighten the farmers and the vendors on how to protect and reduce contamination and spoilage of fruits and vegetables in the Maiduguri Metropolis.

Keyword: Fungi, post-harvest spoilage, fruits and vegetables Research impacts