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Flora Diversity in Organic and Conventional Cocoa Farms

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Flora Diversity in Organic and Conventional Cocoa Farms University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh CONTRIBUTION OF FLORA DIVERSITY TO SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOODS OF ORGANIC AND CONVENTIONAL COCOA FARMERS IN THE ATWIMA MPONUA DISTRICT BY JOSEPH BANDANAAH THIS THESIS IS SUBMITTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF GHANA, LEGON IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY DEGREE IN CLIMATE CHANGE AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT CLIMATE CHANGE AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF GHANA, LEGON JULY, 2015 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh DECLARATION I, Joseph Bandanaah, author of this thesis titled, “CONTRIBUTION OF FLORA DIVERSITY TO SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOODS OF ORGANIC AND CONVENTIONAL COCOA FARMERS IN THE ATWIMA MPONUA DISTRICT”, do hereby declare that, with the exception of references to past and current literatures consulted which have been duly acknowledged, the work presented was done by me from August 2013 to July 2015 at the Climate Change and Sustainable Development, of the School of Social Sciences in the University of Ghana, Legon. This work has neither been presented in whole nor part for any other degree in this University or elsewhere. ………………………………………… Joseph Bandanaah Date: ………………………………….. This thesis has been presented for examination with our approval as supervisors: ……………………………… ……………………………. Prof. Isaac K. Asante Dr. (Mrs.) Irene S. Egyir (Major Supervisor) (Co-Supervisor) Date: ………………………. Date: ……………………… i University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to God Almighty for His grace and guidance throughout my academic pursuits. ii University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh ACKNOWLEDGEMENT My ultimate gratitude goes to the Almighty God for His wisdom, understanding, mercies and favour to me from the beginning to the completion of this work. My sincerest appreciation goes to my supervisors, Prof. Isaac K. Asante and Dr. (Mrs.) Irene S. Egyir for their parental guidance and diverse contributions towards the success of the study. Without their advice, criticisms and directions, this work would not have been completed. I am grateful to the Director of the Centre for African Wetlands (CAW), Prof Yaa Ntiamoa- Baidu and the Coordinator of Climate Change and Sustainable Development Programme, Dr. Kwadwo Owusu and most especially Open Society Foundation (OSF) for the financial support provided throughout my study period. I also acknowledge with gratitude the role played by Dr. (Mrs.) Irene S. Egyir, Lead Researcher and Prof. Kwabena Ofosu-Budu (Co-Researcher) for securing further financial support for my field work from the Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FBiL) led Pro Eco Africa project. I would like to thank all the senior members and other staff of the Climate Change and Sustainable Development Program for the constructive criticisms and knowledge imparted. My heartfelt appreciation also goes to Janvier Metoule Yirviel, a PhD candidate and Mr G.Y Amponsah, the taxonomist for assisting me during the flora sampling. I am indebted to the Bandanaa and Egyir families for their prayers, priceless support and contributions. Finally, I am appreciative of the contributions of many people whose names have not been mentioned here especially the cocoa farmers in Atwima Mponua district for providing me with the valuable information for the study. iii University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh ABSTRACT The aim of the study was to determine the difference in flora diversity in two farming systems and how the diversity contributes to sustainable livelihoods of cocoa farmers in an era of changing climate in Atwima Mponua District of Ghana. Sixteen organic and sixteen conventional cocoa farms were selected in Gyereso and Pasoro in the district. In each farm, flora were sampled to include three life forms viz., trees, shrubs and herbs. Households were also interviewed with a structured questionnaire to ascertain flora contribution to livelihoods. Jaccard similarity and Shannon and Simpson diversity indices were measured to assess species similarity, abundance, evenness and dominance. The indicators used to describe sustainable livelihoods were food security, income, vulnerability and wellbeing. The key statistical tests employed in the study were the Mann-Whitney U, the Chi-square and the T-test. The results of the study showed that the level of life form abundance of organic farms is higher than that of conventional farms. Organic farms had more random and aggregated species distribution patterns than conventional. The Jaccard index of similarity obtained was 0.64 indicating a moderate similarity of flora species between the two farming systems. The Shannon index for organic farms (specie abundance and evenness) was slightly higher (0.808) than that of conventional farms (0.762); the Simpson indices (species dominance) were 0.051 and 0.084 for organic and conventional cocoa farms respectively. The results of the Mann-Whitney U test shows that, Shannon index of diversity was not statistically significant however, Simpson index of diversity was statistically significant (1%). The organic cocoa farmers studied consumed and sold more flora than their conventional counterparts; the general wellbeing (covering health cost) and resilience of the organic cocoa farmers studied was better than that of the conventional cocoa farmers. Since organic farming has more biodiversity and hence are more environmentally friendly, and households have better sustainable livelihoods outcomes, this study recommends the encouragement of farmers to practice organic farming as a climate smart option. iv University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh TABLE OF CONTENT Content Page DECLARATION i DEDICATION ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii ABSTRACT iv TABLE OF CONTENT v LIST OF TABLES viii LIST OF FIGURES ix LIST OF ACRONYMS x CHAPTER ONE 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Problem statement 3 1.3 Objectives of the Study 4 1.4 Justification of the Study 5 1.5 Organization of study 6 CHAPTER TWO 7 LITERATURE REVIEW 7 2.1 Introduction 7 2.2 The Concept of Organic Farming (OF), Conventional Farming (CF) and Practices 7 2.2.1 Organic farming 7 2.2.2 Conventional farming 9 2.3 Concept of Sustainable Livelihoods 9 2.4 Contribution of flora species to food security, wellbeing and income 11 2.5 Empirical Studies on Flora Diversity in Organic and Conventional farming 12 2.6 Socio-economic Characteristics of Organic versus Conventional farmers 14 2.7 The Role of Institutions in Promoting Biodiversity Conservation in Ghana 15 2.8 Evidence of Climate Change in Forest regions of Ghana 16 2.9 Organic Agriculture as Climate Smart Practice 17 2.10 Nature of Flora in Organic and Conventional cocoa farms 19 v University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh CHAPTER THREE 21 MATERIALS AND METHODS 21 3.1 Introduction 21 3.2 Conceptual framework 21 3.3 Study area 22 3.4 Method of Data Collection 25 3.4.1 Flora survey and farm selection 25 3.4.2 Household survey 26 3.5 Methods of Data Analysis 27 3.5.1 Flora survey 27 3.5.2 Household survey 30 CHAPTER FOUR 35 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 35 4.1 Introduction 35 4.2 Socio-Economic Characteristics of the Sampled Households 35 4.2.1 Age distribution of respondents 35 4.2.2 Gender distribution of respondents 36 4.2.3 Educational level of respondents 37 4.2.4 Place of origin of respondents 38 4.2.5 Household size distribution of cocoa farmers 39 4.2.6 Number of years of farming 39 4.2.7 Land ownership status of respondents 40 4.2.8 Land use before crop production 41 4.2.9 Perception of soil fertility status of sampled farms 42 4.3 Nature of Flora Distribution 43 4.3.1 Life form abundance 44 4.3.2 Pattern of species distribution 44 4.3.3 Species compositional similarity 45 4.4 Extent of Difference of Flora Diversity in Organic and Conventional Cocoa Farms 46 4.5 Contribution of Flora to Sustainable Livelihoods 48 4.5.1 Food security 48 4.5.2 Income from flora 56 4.5.3 Wellbeing 57 4.5.4 Vulnerability as a variable of livelihood of organic and conventional farmers 57 vi University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh CHAPTER FIVE 59 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND POLICY RECOMMENDATION 59 5.1 Introduction 59 5.2 Summary of the Study 59 5.3 Conclusion 60 5.4 Policy Recommendation 61 REFERENCES 62 Appendix 1 Survey Questionnaire 69 Appendix 2 Flora distribution in the study area 75 vii University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh LIST OF TABLES Table Page Table 2.1 Comparison of flora diversity of organic and conventional farming on number of reviewed articles 14 Table 3.1 Socio economic variables and their measurements 30 Table 3.2 Sustainable livelihood indicators and their measurements 32 Table 4.1 Age distribution of cocoa farmers of the two farming systems 36 Table 4.2 Household size and farming experience of respondents 40 Table 4.3 Comparison of farming systems with flora diversity indices in Atwima Mponua district 48 Table 4.4 Flora availability in organic and conventional cocoa farms in the study area 50 Table 4.5 Flora consumption 53 Table 4.6 Flora sales and value (GHS) 55 Table 4.7 Range of income obtained by farming system 56 Table 4.8 Proportion of yearly health expenses financed by flora income 57 Table 4.9 Membership of a farmer based organization (FBO) as proxy to vulnerability measurement 58 viii University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page Figure 2.1 Link between Climate smart and organic agriculture 19 Figure 3.1 Conceptual framework of study 22 Figure 3.2 Location of farms in the two communities studied 24 Figure 4.1 Gender distribution of cocoa farmers 37 Figure 4.2 Educational
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