Ljámenn, Endurlifendur Og Ofurmenni

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Ljámenn, Endurlifendur Og Ofurmenni Háskóli Íslands Hugvísindasvið Kvikmyndafræði Ljámenn, endurlifendur og ofurmenni Birtingarmyndir dauðans í þáttaröðum Bryan Fuller Ritgerð til B.A.-prófs Gunnhildur Ægisdóttir Kt.: 080788-2319 Leiðbeinandi: Gunnar Tómas Kristófersson Maí 2018 Ágrip Nafn sjónvarpshöfundarins Bryan Fuller hefur lengi verið þekkt meðal sjónvarpsaðdáenda fyrir þáttaraðir sem þykja oft á tíðum fremur sérvitringslegar og einkennilegar ekki síður en maðurinn sjálfur. Í þessari ritgerð verður farið stuttlega yfir feril Fullers, hann staðsettur innan hugmyndafræði höfundakenningarinnar, og skoðað hvernig dauði, eftirlíf, upprisa og endurholdgun birtast sem endurtekin einkennandi þemu í þremur þáttaraða hans, Dead Like Me, Pushing Daisies, og Hannibal, auk þess sem fagurfræði dauðans kemur fyrir í þessum þáttaröðum. 1 Efnisyfirlit Ágrip ............................................................................................................................................... 1 1. Inngangur .................................................................................................................................. 3 1.1. Höfundakenningin ............................................................................................................. 3 1.2. Hlutverk þáttastjóra ........................................................................................................... 5 2. Ferill Bryan Fuller ..................................................................................................................... 7 2.1. Bryan Fuller sem sjónvarpshöfundur ................................................................................. 9 3. Dauðinn kvikmyndaður .......................................................................................................... 11 3.1. Dead like me .................................................................................................................... 13 3.2. Pushing Daisies ................................................................................................................ 17 3.3. Hannibal ........................................................................................................................... 22 4. Fullerheimurinn....................................................................................................................... 26 5. Lokaorð ................................................................................................................................... 28 Heimildaskrá ................................................................................................................................. 30 Þáttaskrá ........................................................................................................................................ 34 2 1. Inngangur Nafn Bryan Fuller er kannski ekki þekkt í almennri umræðu um sjónvarpsefni. Fleiri hafa líklega heyrt um þáttaraðir hans, án þess þó að tengja þær við skaparann sjálfan. Ef minnst er á þáttaraðirnar Dead Like Me eða Pushing Daisies er oftar en ekki nostalgíulegur harmur yfir því hvað þær voru góðar og að þær hafi hætt alltof snemma. Flestir hafa líklega heyrt um Hannibal, enda um að ræða þáttaröð sem ítrekað hefur komist á lista yfir bestu þáttaraðir heims, auk þess sem hún fjallar um eina ástsælustu bókmenntapersónu tuttugustu aldar. Sjálfur heldur Fuller sig ávalt á bak við myndavélarnar, þar sem hann skapar, skrifar og framleiðir sjónvarpsefni eftir sínum eigin listrænu áherslum svo úr verða fallegar þáttaraðir, með fantasíulegu ívafi, fullar af húmor og spennu, og höfða jafnt til hryllings- sem vellíðunarþarfar áhorfenda. Persónur hans eru áhugaverðar og hnyttnar og gæddar vissum krúttlegheitum, og þó svo að þær virðist kannski við fyrstu kynni vera full ofgnóttarlegar, þá leyna þær flestar á sér og er gefið rými til að gera mistök og sýna fram á ófullkomleika sinn. Þáttaraðir Fullers veita áhorfendum þarft mótvægi við hinum yfirgengilega fjölda ofbeldisfullra og melódramatískra þáttaraða sem eru partur af meiginstraumnum, með því að reiða alvarleika lífsins fram á fallegan og litríkan máta og með því að sýna lífið og dauðann sem flæði, hvorki algilt né endanlegt. En það sem heldur aðdáendum heilluðum af Fuller og þáttaröðum hans, ekki síður en hið litríka útlit og krúttlegu persónur, er ekki síst sú staðreynd að Fuller er sjálfur aðdáandi sem vill fyrst og fremst búa til efni sem hentar hans eigin áhugasviði og á því auðvelt með að skilja og taka tillit til sinna eigin aðdáenda. Þeir aðdáendur sem þekkja til eiga auðvelt með að koma auga á hinn óvenjulega persónuleika, listrænu stílbrögð og endurteknu þemu sem Fuller er gjarn á að nýta í verkum sínum, og sem gera það að verkum að iðulega er talað um hann sem sjónvarpshöfund. Hér á eftir verður skoðað hvað felst í því að vera höfundur, bæði innan kvikmynda- og sjónvarpsgeirans, og sýnt fram á hvað það er við Bryan Fuller sem staðsetur hann innan þess flokkunarkerfis. Í framhaldi af því verður svo skoðað hvernig hann nýtir dauðann, upprisu og framhaldslíf sem endurtekin þemu í verkum sínum og þær mismunandi áherslur sem lagðar eru á þessi þemu á milli þáttaraða. 1. 1. Höfundakenningin Höfundakenningin (e. Auteur Theory) er kenning innan kvikmyndafræðanna sem kveður á um að leikstjórinn sé hið drífandi afl við gerð kvikmyndar. Kenningin á rætur að rekja til franskra 3 kvikmyndagagnrýnenda undir lok fimmta áratugarins, en meðal upphafsmanna hennar var leikstjórinn og gagnrýnandinn Alexandre Astruc. Í ritgerð sinni „The Birth of a New Avant-Garde: La caméra-stylo“ hélt hann því fram að með tilkomu kvikmyndamiðilsins væri komin fram ný tjáningaraðferð sem stæði jafnfætis málaralistinni eða skáldsagnaritun (Astruc, 1968; 17). Með kvikmyndum væri komið fram nýtt tungumál sem kvikmyndalistamenn gætu notað til að tjá hugsanir sínar, hversu óhlutstæðar sem þær væru (Astruc; 18), og ættu að nota til þess myndatökuvélina á sama hátt og rithöfundar notuðu pennann, þ. e. þeir ættu að hafa rétt á því að leyfa persónuleika sínum að skína í gegn í verkum sínum, rétt eins og skáldsagnahöfundar eða ljóðskáld (Astruc; 22). Hugmyndin um „myndavélar-pennann“ staðfesti þá athöfn sem fólst í kvikmyndagerð; leikstjórinn var ekki lengur einungis þjónn fyrirfram ákveðins texta (s.s. skáldsögu eða kvikmyndahandrits) heldur var hann skapandi listamaður á sinn eigin hátt (Stam, 2000; 83). Á fimmta og sjötta áratugnum nutu hugmyndir Astrucs mikillar hylli franskra kvikmyndagerðarmanna og -fræðinga á borð við François Truffaut, André Bazin og fleiri aðstandenda franska kvikmyndatímaritsins Cahiers du cinéma, sem litu á leikstjórann sem þann sem bæri fyrst og fremst ábyrgð á fagurfræði kvikmyndar og myndheild hennar. Truffaut harmaði mjög þá stefnu sem honum fannst franski kvikmyndaiðnaðurinn hafa tekið í átt að gervilegum stúdíóframleiddum formúlumyndum, en sá fyrir sér að kvikmyndir framtíðarinnar myndu endurspegla persónuleika leikstjóranna, sem myndu líta á kvikmyndagerð sem dásamlegt og spennandi ævintýri. Þeir myndu segja sínar eigin sögur, og yrðu myndirnar þeirra því ánægjulegar vegna þess að þær væru nýjar og sannar, og „jafn persónulegar og fingrafar.“ (Baecque, 1999; 110). Bazin tók síðar saman hugmyndina um leikstjórann sem höfund í greininni „On the politique des auteurs“ frá árinu 1957, þar sem hann sagði hana fela í sér að „velja hið persónulega sem viðmiðunarforsendu hins listræna sköpunarverks og síðan fullyrða um varanleika þess og jafnvel framfarir frá einu verki til þess næsta“ (Bazin, 1985; 255). Fylgjendur höfundakenningarinnar gerðu einnig greinarmun á þeim leikstjórum sem bjuggu yfir tæknilegri þekkingu en bættu engum persónulegum stíl við fagurfræði myndarinnar heldur héldu sig fast við hinar ríkjandi hefðir og handritið sem þeim var falið (fr. metteur-en-scene), og þeim leikstjórum sem nýttu sér myndheildina (fr. mise-en-scene) sem hluta af sjálfstjáningu sinni (Stam, 85). Þeir leikstjórar sem væru í eðli sínu hæfileikaríkir myndu þannig með tímanum þróa sinn auðkennilega stílræna persónuleika, sama við hvaða aðstæður þeir störfuðu. 4 Höfundakenningin tók nokkrum stakkaskiptum í meðförum bandarískra fræðimanna, en það var kvikmyndafræðingurinn Andrew Sarris sem tók hana upp á sína arma vestanhafs í ritgerð sinni „Notes on the Auteur Theory in 1962.“ Í henni ræðir Sarris um þá áherslu sem frönsku gagnrýnendurnir lögðu á stílinn sem skapandi tjáningarform, og segir að til þess að teljast sem kvikmyndahöfundar verði leikstjórar í myndum sínum að sýna endurtekin stíleinkenni sem myndu verða auðkennandi fyrir þá, auk þess sem útlit kvikmyndar og flæði verði að vera í einhverju samhengi við tilfinningar og hugsanir leikstjórans (Sarris, 2009; 452). Hann leggur einnig til þjú viðmið sem nota mætti til að bera kennsl á kvikmyndahöfund: 1. Hann þarf að búa yfir tæknilegum hæfileikum 2. Hann þarf að hafa auðkennilegan persónuleika 3. Innri merking verksins þarf að koma frá togstreitunni á milli persónuleika höfundarins og efnis myndarinnar (Sarris; 452-453). Í raun mætti segja að höfundakenningin sé mun fremur aðferðafræðilegt flokkunarkerfi fremur en eiginleg kenning, og hefur hún tekið stöðugum áherslubreytingum frá því að hún var fyrst kynnt til sögunnar. En hún er ágætis tæki til að raða leikstjórum í einhvers konar kanónu eftir tæknilegum og fagurfræðilegum hæfileikum þeirra. Ávalt beinir hún þó athyglinni frá söguþræði og þema kvikmyndar, og að tæknilegum þáttum hennar, um leið og hún leggur ofuráherslu á hvernig stílræn einkenni leikstjórans koma í ljós í myndheildinni. 1. 2. Hlutverk þáttastjóra Höfundakenningin fékk á sig nokkra
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