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131 CLAPPERTON ( Hugues J, Explorateur Écossais (Annan 131 région. Se portant au delà de Tedjerri, point l'enseigne Toole, lui étant arrivée de Tripoli, extrême atteint jusqu'alors par tout Européen, il entreprend avec ce renfort et avec l'autori- sation du sultan du Bornou, l'exploration de CLAPPERTON ( Hugues J, Explorateur la caravane entra en pays tibbou, puis passa la partie sud du lac Tchad. Il reconnaît le écossais (Annan, Dumfriesshire, Écosse,.. .1788—• par l'oasis de Bilma où elle eut des contacts delta du Chari, contourne par le sud les grands Sokoto, Niger,11.3.1827). avec les Touaregs. C'est le 4 février 1823 seule- ment qu'elle entra à Lari, la localité la plus marécages qui l'encombrent, atteint par le Bag- Son père, George Clapperton, était médecin septentrionale du Bornou, après avoir réalisé la hirmi Tangalia, à l'extrémité orientale du lac, et avait eu 21 enfants en 2 mariages, Hugues, première traversée du Sahara dont l'explo- puis rentre à son tour à Kouka d'où il repart ayant étudié sous un maître particulier les ma- ration scientifique puisse faire mention, car il avec Clapperton pour Tripoli et l'Angleterre. thématiques et l'art de la navigation, s'embar- importe de noter que le docteur Oudney notam- Lord Bathurst avait lieu d'être satisfait des qua à 13 ans comme mousse. Dans la suite, ment avait des connaissances assez étendues résultats de cette expédition sensationnelle. Dé- après divers voyages en qualité de simple ma- en histoire naturelle, que Denham et Clapper- sormais, il ne pouvait plus être question de telot, il obtint le grade de midshipman grâce à ton s'intéressaient vivement à la géographie et relier le Congo au Niger puisqu'un grand bassin la protection d'un oncle officier dans la marine à l'ethnographie des territoires traversés et que fermé, celui du Tchad séparait les eaux des deux royale. En 1808, il fit un voyage aux Indes le matériel d'étude rapporté par la mission à fleuves. On avait acquis une foule de notions orientales au cours duquel il faillit périr en son retour fut très appréciable pour l'époque, nouvelles et précises sur la situation politique cherchant à porter secours à un navire en dé- Lari était située à proximité du lac Tchad et les ressources naturelles d'une énorme région tresse. En 1814, vers la fin de la guerre anglo* qu'aucun Européen n'avait encore vu jus- de l'Afrique intérieure. Le grand désert ne américaine qui devait se terminer peu après qu'alors. Le spectacle de cette énorme masse devait plus être considéré comme impraticable par le traité de Gand, il fut désigné pour servir d'eau douce était bien, fait pour enthousiasmer des et réfractaire à la pénétration européenne et dans la marine des lacs canadiens et, s'y étant voyageurs qui pendant deux mois et demi la meilleure preuve en était que sur les indi- distingué, reçut une commission de lieutenant. n'avaient connu que l'aridité du désert. Denham cations données par l'expédition, un consul Rentré en Angleterre et mis en demi-solde en s'exprime ainsi '. « La vue du lac Tchad réflé- britannique venait d'être envoyé à Kouka. 1817, il s'établit en Écosse dans sa région natale » chissant les rayons du soleil produisit en moi L'amitié montrée par le sultan Bello de Sokoto et se livra jusqu'en 1820 à des travaux d'agri- » une satisfaction et une émotion dont aucune ne devait pas non plus être négligée mais pour culture. C'est alors qu'il fit, au cours d'un voya- » expression ne pourrait rendre la force et la la mettre à profit il s'agissait maintenant de ge à Edimbourg, la connaissance du docteur » vivacité. Les oiseaux de toutes espèces y trouver une route plus courte qui, partant du Oudney qui venait d'être chargé par le Gouver- » abondaient. L'eau est douce et de très bon Golfe de Guinée, aboutissait directement à sa nement d'une mission dans l'intérieur de l'Afri- » goût. Le poisson y est fort commun. Les bords capitale. C'était là poser directement le pro- que et qui lui offrit de l'accompagner. Clapper- » du lac, vaseux, noirs et fermes, portent la blème du Niger et il parut aux autorités an- ton était en excellente santé, ce qui n'était pas » trace de variations annuelles du niveau de glaises que Clapperton qui venait en juin 1925 le cas pour Oudney. Fatigué de sa vie séden- » l'eau », d'être fait capitaine de vaisseau, était l'homme taire il accepta avec empressement. A partir Contournant le lac vers le Sud, la caravane tout indiqué pour ouvrir cette nouvelle voie de ce moment son destin se trouva fixé. Les arriva le 17 février 1823 à Kouka, capitale du à leur influence. années qui lui restaient à vivre furent tout royaume du Bornou où elle fut bien accueillie On ne laissa même pas à Clapperton le temps entières consacrées à l'exploration du conti- par le sultan et par son ministre le cheikh El de publier ses notes de voyage qui ne parurent nent mystérieux. Khanemi. Ce dernier était le véritable souverain qu'en 1826 avec la relation du major Denham. Si le nom de Clapperton doit prendre place possédant seul toute l'autorité et gouvernant On le fit partir de suite en lui adjoignant des dans cette Biographie Coloniale Belge, c'est à sa guise. Sa garde personnelle était composée hommes que l'Afrique n'avait guère éprouvés : parce que les voyages qu'il entreprit ont aidé de guerriers noirs portant le casque et la cotte le médecin Dickson, le capitaine de vaisseau considérablement à circonscrire le bassin du de mailles. Il autorisa gracieusement les voya- Pearce et le chirurgien de marine Morrison, Congo à une époque où l'on n'en connaissait en- geurs à faire des observations et à prendre des sans parler de plusieurs serviteurs. core que bien peu de chose. Il ne faut pas oublier notes sur le pays, surtout grâce à l'intervention Dès le début, des difficultés se présentèrent. que vers 1815, à la fin des guerres napoléonnien- de Bou-Khaloun et de ses Arabes dont il espé- Dickson se sépara du groupe pour pénétrer nes, l'intérieur de l'Afrique était si peu connu rait le concours pour ses expéditions guerrières seul dans l'intérieur du Dahomey où il disparut qu'on tenait encore compte des indications don- qui consistaient le plus souvent en razzias d'es- assez mystérieusement. Les autres voyageurs nées par le géographe arabe Léon l'Africain au claves. Ce fut au cours d'un de ces raids, poussé débarquèrent à Badagri sur le Golfe du Bénin, début du XVIe siècle et même, en remontant jusqu'à Mora dans le Logone à. 200 km a,u sud un peu à l'ouest de Lagos, le 29 novembre plus haut, par les anciens cartographes qui sup- de Kouka, que Bou-Khaloun perdit la vie et 1825. Les marais pestilentiels de la côte, l'at- posaient des liaisons etre les bassins du Nil et que Denham lui-même fut bien près d'être mosphère chaude et humide, eurent biéntôt du Niger. Ce dernier cours d'eau n'avait été massacré. raison de Pearce et de Morrison qui ne se mirent vu dans son haut cours que par Mungo-Park, Mais c'est surtout vers l'Ouest que se por- en route que très difficilement à la suite de sous le nom de Kouara ou Djoliba et quant à taient les préoccupations des explorateurs. De Clapperton, le recrutement des porteurs s'étant son embouchure dans le golfe du Bénin, il n'était ce côté s'étendaient jusqu'au lointain Niger aussi avéré extrêmement dur. Le 27 décembre nullement prouvé qu'elle ne servait pas de déver- dans lequel Mungo-Park s'était noyé en 1806 seulement on se trouvait à Djannah, à 60 soir à une partie des eaux du Haut-Congo. et la mystérieuse Tombouctou où René Caillié milles de la côte, quand Pearce et Morrison Or, à la solution de toutes ces énigmes hydro- ne devait entrer qu'en 1827, des territoires succombèrent tous les deux des suites des fiè- graphiques, Lord Bathurst, secrétaire d'État inconnus occupés par une population bigarrée vres pernicieuses qu'ils avaient contractées dès britannique aux Colonies depuis 1809, s'intéres- de prédominance haoussa c'est-à-dire nègre leur débarquement. sait vivement car la politique de l'Angleterre, mais où les Fellatahs, Peuhls ou Foulbés, peuple Clapperton poursuivit seul sa route accom- alors en plein essor d'expansion, la poussait à pasteur d'origine hamitique, était aussi forte- pagné de son fidèle valet Richard Lander, au chercher des voies de pénétration commerciale, ment représentés, Bien que le Bornou fut en milieu de populations plus ou moins hostiles, le état perpétuel de guerre avec ses voisins occi- plus souvent victime de la rapacité des chefs sinon de nouvelles conquêtes, vers le centre de dentaux, Clapperton, accompagné d'Oudney l'Afrique. C'est pourquoi il favorisa toutes les indigènes et obligé à de longs détours pour fort malade et qui ne devait pas tarder à éviter d'être massacré par les plus féroces. Il expéditions qui tendaient à ce but, quel que succomber aux fatigues du voyage, n'hésita pas fût leur point d'attaque, aussi bien la tentative à s'avancer aussi loin que possible dans cette dut renoncer à se diriger directement vers So- de Tuckey en 1816 pour forcer les portes du direction. Oudney meurt le 12 janvier '1824 à koto en empruntant la voie presque directe du Zaïre que les recherches de Clapperton dans Mourmour, aux sources du Yeou, affluent Niger.
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