DOCSLIB.ORG

The Late Pleistocene-‐Holocene History of the Lake Kivu Ecosystem

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Late Pleistocene-‐Holocene History of the Lake Kivu Ecosystem The Late Pleistocene-Holocene History of the Lake Kivu Ecosystem By R.E. Hecky1 and Peter Reinthal2 1Large Lakes Observatory and Department of Biology, University of Minnesota-Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota USA 55812 email: [email protected] 2Ecology and Evolu=onary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona USA 85721 email: [email protected] 1972 on Lake Kivu-Woods Hole Oceanographic Ins=tu=on survey Nyiragongo on the leA Mikeno on the right- Rwanda coastline to the right Edward Virunga Mts. Kivu Lake Kivu 1462 m ASL Tanganyika 485 m Depth hWp://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect17/Sect17_5.html Envisat SAR image 2060 km2 Landsat image The northwestern coast of the lake gives abundant evidence of episodic and con=nuing volcanic ac=vity. Note circular (crater) shapes on the land and on Tshegera Island in the lake. Verbeke also interpreted subaqueous volcanic cones penetra=ng the lake floor. Sublacustrine Volcanic cones? Schmid et al. 2008. Limnol. Oceanogr. Modern thermohaline stratification unique for a large lake 1) When was this stratification first initiated? 2) Has it been stable or variable over time 3) Have there been deep mixing events and were there catastrophic consequences 4) If so, what causes variability and deep Schmid et al. 2003. G3. mixing In 1971 (illustrated at right with seismic reflec=on transects ) and 1972 Kullenberg piston cores were taken. Loca=on of cores that have been described are below. 1972 cores marked with a prime All cores from < 300 m ended with evidence of low stands e.g. beach deposits, soils, dense carbonate deposits. The seismic reflection profiles similarly indicate thin sediment cover above that depth but thick deposits below 400 m depth. Sediment infill may occur in some valleys and shoals to the south into the Eastern Basin. Core 10 and other deep water cores >400 m taken in 1971 ended in volcanic ash Colour photo of some of the 1971 cores. Note bedding and colors. 6200 y BP 10670 y Locaon of core 4’ 1972 Cores 10 and 13 (1971) ended in massive Degens et al. 1973. Geol. Rundschau ash (not shown). Chaetoceros indicates higher Stephanodiscus salinity Only occurred prior to 5000 y BP when it was dominant Long, thin Characteris=c Nitzschia spp. microfossils in Dominate aAer brown layer- 5000 y BP aqua=c photosynthe=c organisms are rare HIGHLIGHTS OF DIATOM STRATIGRAPHY Initiation of thermohaline structure Initiation of Rusizi River Outlet Late Pleistocene Low Stand -300 m Highlights of chemical stratigaphy Initiation of thermohaline structure Initiation of Rusizi outflow Late Pleistocene low stand -300 m ? ? Weaker Salinity Deep mixing stratification declining? Kivu siliceous microfossil assemblages <5600 y BP Recurring Aquatic microfossils sparse Brown “gel” Paraphysomonas vestita scales layers-deep Colorless chrysophyte mixing >6000 y BP All bars are 8 microns Conclusions: When was thermohaline stratification first initiated? Approximately 5500 y BP Has it been stable or variable over time? Stability has likely strengthened and weakened multiple times over the past 5000 years Have there been deep mixing events and were there catastrophic consequences? Yes, there have been five deep mixing events (two major ones) and extinction has likely occurred? If so, what causes variability and deep mixing? A question we should answer! Two domains of Biodiversity Bioinformatics biological informatics • Sequence databases informatics • Species names (GenBank, Swiss-Prot, (Tropicos, ITIS) FlyBase) 1) Temporal and • Phylogenies • Structure (MMDB) spatial = Ecology (TreeBASE,ToLweb) • Functional genomics • Collections (PlantsP) 2) Genetic • Floras, faunas, • Gene expression Information = biogeography (Jepson (GXD, GEO) Interchange) Evolution • Proteomics • Ecosystems (SWISS-2DPAGE) (SALVIAS) • Traits (Digimorph; MorphBank) Phylogenetics of African Cichlids (Salzburger et al. 2005) Lake Victoria (600+ cichlid species) Lake Kivu (19+ cichlid species) & riverine Lake Malawi (1000+ cichlid species) Lake Kivu cichlids 1) Have genetic capabilities to speciate 2) Lake Victoria cichlid flock is derived from Lake Kivu cichlids (Verheyen et al. 2003; Salzburger et al. 2005) 3) Tanganyika origin for lineages 4) Kivu cichlids key for understanding evolution of Rift lake species flocks Microsatellites = DNA Fingerprints Population assignment test assumes 2 or 3 genetic clusters (K) for all haplocmines from the POPULATION TREE genetic analyses indicate Lake Victoria Region Superflock (LVR) – Shows monophyly of Lake Victoria region superflock Kivu is separate and LVR remains a cluster. (LVRS) and Lake Kivu is sister group Demonstrates haplochromines in Lake Victoria and the region are derived from Lake Kivu. KIVU CICHLIDS Elmer K R et al. PNAS 2009;106:13404-13409 ©2009 by National Academy of Sciences Genner, M. J. et al. Mol Biol Evol 2007 24:1269-1282 Fossil Teeth from Lake Malawi Core Deep, Shallow, Wet dry Luxury accomoda=on in the grain barge. Rats played at night; hammocks preferred. Needed research: 1) More cores 2) More stratigraphic detail and better dating control 3) More use of biomarkers of sources of organic C 4) High resolution metal stratigraphy 5) Side scan sonar surveys particularly along steep slopes (debris flows? Landslides? Vents) 6) More heat flow measurements from within the lake to identify hot spots and their temporal variability 7) Other suggestions Chaetoceros indicates higher Stephanodiscus salinity Only occurred prior to 5000 y BP when it was dominant Long, thin Characteris=c Nitzschia spp. microfossils in Dominate aAer brown layer- 5000 y BP aqua=c photosynthe=c organisms are rare Kivu haplotype 56 shared by six of the endemic species in Kivu is the essential link to the entire flock Kivu spp. are Verheyen et al Science 2003 ecologically diverse Lake Tanganyika detailed diatom, carbonate and major nutrient stratigraphy available for last 18000 y for southern end of lake (core depth 440 m) Sedimentation rates higher in late Pleistocene in both lakes Lake Kivu events likely effect Lake Tanganyika; Rusizi River provides 20% of riverine input (>Lukuga Outflow) and even greater proportion of the salt inputs to Tanganyika under modern conditions and affect likely stronger 5500 y BP Kivu Tanganyika (South Basin 440 m) 6200 y 9500 y Both lakes closed basins prior to 9500 y; hydrothermal activity begins catastrophically in Kivu about 5500 y and may have affected Lake Tanganyika increasing stability of stratification through more saline inflows. Salinity of Kivu has declined since initial event (decline of Chaetoceros). (Note different depth scales; C-14 dates in red). Kivu to Victoria link severed 30-40,000 y BP By molecular Major flock expansion 98,000 to 130,000 y BP .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • "A Revision of the Freshwater Crabs of Lake Kivu, East Africa."
    Northern Michigan University NMU Commons Journal Articles FacWorks 2011 "A revision of the freshwater crabs of Lake Kivu, East Africa." Neil Cumberlidge Northern Michigan University Kirstin S. Meyer Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.nmu.edu/facwork_journalarticles Part of the Biology Commons Recommended Citation Cumberlidge, Neil and Meyer, Kirstin S., " "A revision of the freshwater crabs of Lake Kivu, East Africa." " (2011). Journal Articles. 30. https://commons.nmu.edu/facwork_journalarticles/30 This Journal Article is brought to you for free and open access by the FacWorks at NMU Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal Articles by an authorized administrator of NMU Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected],[email protected]. This article was downloaded by: [Cumberlidge, Neil] On: 16 June 2011 Access details: Access Details: [subscription number 938476138] Publisher Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37- 41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Journal of Natural History Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t713192031 The freshwater crabs of Lake Kivu (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Potamonautidae) Neil Cumberlidgea; Kirstin S. Meyera a Department of Biology, Northern Michigan University, Marquette, Michigan, USA Online publication date: 08 June 2011 To cite this Article Cumberlidge, Neil and Meyer, Kirstin S.(2011) 'The freshwater crabs of Lake Kivu (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Potamonautidae)', Journal of Natural History, 45: 29, 1835 — 1857 To link to this Article: DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2011.562618 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.562618 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.informaworld.com/terms-and-conditions-of-access.pdf This article may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes.
    [Show full text]
  • Living Lakes Goals 2019 - 2024 Achievements 2012 - 2018
    Living Lakes Goals 2019 - 2024 Achievements 2012 - 2018 We save the lakes of the world! 1 Living Lakes Goals 2019-2024 | Achievements 2012-2018 Global Nature Fund (GNF) International Foundation for Environment and Nature Fritz-Reichle-Ring 4 78315 Radolfzell, Germany Phone : +49 (0)7732 99 95-0 Editor in charge : Udo Gattenlöhner Fax : +49 (0)7732 99 95-88 Coordination : David Marchetti, Daniel Natzschka, Bettina Schmidt E-Mail : [email protected] Text : Living Lakes members, Thomas Schaefer Visit us : www.globalnature.org Graphic Design : Didem Senturk Photographs : GNF-Archive, Living Lakes members; Jose Carlo Quintos, SCPW (Page 56) Cover photo : Udo Gattenlöhner, Lake Tota-Colombia 2 Living Lakes Goals 2019-2024 | Achievements 2012-2018 AMERICAS AFRICA Living Lakes Canada; Canada ........................................12 Lake Nokoué, Benin .................................................... 38 Columbia River Wetlands; Canada .................................13 Lake Ossa, Cameroon ..................................................39 Lake Chapala; Mexico ..................................................14 Lake Victoria; Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda ........................40 Ignacio Allende Reservoir, Mexico ................................15 Bujagali Falls; Uganda .................................................41 Lake Zapotlán, Mexico .................................................16 I. Lake Kivu; Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda 42 Laguna de Fúquene; Colombia .....................................17 II. Lake Kivu; Democratic
    [Show full text]
  • The Tragedy of Goma Most Spectacular Manifestation of This Process Is Africa’S Lori Dengler/For the Times-Standard Great Rift Valley
    concentrate heat flowing from deeper parts of the earth like a thicK BlanKet. The heat eventually causes the plate to bulge and stretch. As the plate thins, fissures form allowing vents for hydrothermal and volcanic activity. The Not My Fault: The tragedy of Goma most spectacular manifestation of this process is Africa’s Lori Dengler/For the Times-Standard Great Rift Valley. Posted June 6, 2021 https://www.times-standard.com/2021/06/06/lori- In Africa, we are witnessing the Birth of a new plate dengler-the-tragedy-of-goma/ boundary. Extensional stresses from the thinning crust aren’t uniform. The result is a number of fissures and tears On May 22nd Mount Nyiragongo in the Democratic oriented roughly north south. The rifting began in the Afar RepuBlic of the Congo (DRC) erupted. Lava flowed towards region of northern Ethiopia around 30 million years ago the city of Goma, nine miles to the south. Goma, a city of and has slowly propagated to the south at a rate of a few 670,000 people, is located on the north shore of Lake Kivu inches per year and has now reached MozamBique. In the and adjacent to the Rwanda border. Not all of the details coming millennia, the rifts will continue to grow, eventually are completely clear, but the current damage tally is 32 splitting Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania and much of deaths, 1000 homes destroyed, and nearly 500,000 people Mozambique into a new small continent, much liKe how displaced. Madagascar Began to Be detached from the main African continent roughly 160 million years ago.
    [Show full text]
  • Species Diversity of Pelagic Algae in Lake Kivu (East Africa)
    Cryptogamie,Algol., 2007, 28 (3): 245-269 © 2007 Adac. Tous droits réservés Species diversity of pelagic algae in Lake Kivu (East Africa) Hugo SARMENTO a,b*, MariaLEITAO b , MayaSTOYNEVA c , PierreCOMPÈRE d ,Alain COUTÉ e ,MwapuISUMBISHO a,f &Jean-PierreDESCY a a Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology, URBO, Department of Biology, University of Namur,B-5000 Namur,Belgium b Bi-Eau,F-4900 Angers,France c Department of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University “St Kliment Ohridski”, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria d Jardin Botanique National de Belgique,B-1860 Meise,Belgium e Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle de Paris,Département RDDM, CP 39, 57 rue Cuvier,F-75231 Paris Cedex 05,France f Institut Supérieur Pédagogique de Bukavu, UERHA, Bukavu,D. R. of Congo (Received 24 April 2006, accepted 29 August 2006) Abstract – With regard to pelagic algae, Lake Kivu is the least known among the East- African Great Lakes. The data available on its phytoplanktic communities are limited, dispersed or outdated. This study presents floristic data obtained from the first long term monitoring survey ever made in Lake Kivu (over two and a half years). Samples were collected twice a month from the southern basin, and twice a year (once in each season) from the northern, eastern and western basins. In open lake habitats, the four basins presented similar species composition. The most common species were the pennate diatoms Nitzschia bacata Hust. and Fragilaria danica (Kütz.) Lange-Bert., and the cyanobacteria Planktolyngbya limnetica Lemm. and Synechococcus sp. The centric diatom Urosolenia sp. and the cyanobacterium Microcystis sp. were also very abundant, mostly near the surface under daily stratification conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • Lake Kivu Aquatic Ecology Series 5 Editor: Jef Huisman, the Netherlands
    Lake Kivu Aquatic Ecology Series 5 Editor: Jef Huisman, The Netherlands For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/5637 Jean-Pierre Descy • François Darchambeau Martin Schmid Editors Lake Kivu Limnology and biogeochemistry of a tropical great lake Editors Jean-Pierre Descy François Darchambeau Research Unit in Environmental Chemical Oceanography Unit and Evolutionary Biology University of Liège Department of Biology Allée du 6-Août 17 University of Namur B-4000 Liège, Belgium Rue de Bruxelles 61 B-5000 Namur, Belgium Martin Schmid Surface Waters - Research and Management Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology Seestrasse 79 CH-6047 Kastanienbaum Switzerland ISBN 978-94-007-4242-0 ISBN 978-94-007-4243-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-4243-7 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg New York London Library of Congress Control Number: 2012937795 © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2012 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, speci fi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on micro fi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied speci fi cally for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 LAKE KIVU and ITS GAS 09-05-2016 Kigali Lake Kivu and Gas Extraction. Tell Us More. to Inform the Technically Interested Read
    LAKE KIVU AND ITS GAS 09-05-2016 Kigali Lake Kivu and Gas Extraction. Tell us more. To inform the technically interested readers in Rwanda we set out to describe some basics of Lake Kivu and its gas. Our focus is mainly on the extraction and we often run into people who have questions. Nothing of the knowledge we have accumulated is secret and we are happy to share that with you. Some of what we present may be over simplified as to reach a wide audience. Often people ask about Lake Kivu and then assume that the gas of Lake Kivu is drilled for and extracted from under the Lake. Or they ask or wonder how dangerous is Lake Kivu, if the Lake will explode. Other questions are about the gas extraction and if such is dangerous. A unique and situation, even NASA shares their satellite images of the Lake. We can safely say that Lake Kivu is carefully monitored by experts and scientists. The gas extraction, which currently takes place in the lake, is a unique technological application of engineering and physics. It offers a good economic opportunity to Rwanda and DRC if done well. All operators are monitored by the Lake Kivu Monitoring Programme. From that background the above questions are answered using the knowledge available to date. However, it is always to be remembered that gas extraction is unique in the world. In addition, some scientists qualify Lake Kivu as a living laboratory. More researches need to be done to have a better understanding of the Lake’s behaviour.
    [Show full text]
  • Pleistocene Desiccation in East Africa Bottlenecked but Did Not Extirpate the Adaptive Radiation of Lake Victoria Haplochromine Cichlid Fishes
    Pleistocene desiccation in East Africa bottlenecked but did not extirpate the adaptive radiation of Lake Victoria haplochromine cichlid fishes Kathryn R. Elmera,1, Chiara Reggioa,1, Thierry Wirtha,2, Erik Verheyenb, Walter Salzburgera,3, and Axel Meyera,4 aLehrstuhl fu¨r Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany; and bVertebrate Department, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Vautierstraat 29, 1000 Brussels, Belgium Edited by David B. Wake, University of California, Berkeley, CA, and approved June 17, 2009 (received for review March 3, 2009) The Great Lakes region of East Africa, including Lake Victoria, is the (6). Thus, Lake Victoria is renowned for housing the fastest center of diversity of the mega-diverse cichlid fishes (Perciformes: evolving large-scale adaptive radiation of vertebrates (12, 28, 29). Teleostei). Paleolimnological evidence indicates dramatic desicca- The mitochondrial DNA lineages of this superflock are derived tion of this lake ca. 18,000–15,000 years ago. Consequently, the from Lake Kivu, suggesting that this relatively small, but deep and hundreds of extant endemic haplochromine species in the lake old, Rift Valley lake is the source of the present diversity of must have either evolved since then or refugia must have existed, haplochromine cichlids in the Lake Victoria basin (6). within that lake basin or elsewhere, from which Lake Victoria was The morphological and genetic diversity of the LVRS is even recolonized. We studied the population history of the Lake Victoria more remarkable because paleolimnological data suggest a region superflock (LVRS) of haplochromine cichlids based on nu- complete, or near complete, desiccation of the Lake Victoria clear genetic analysis (12 microsatellite loci from 400 haplochomi- basin between 18,000 and 15,000 years ago (25, 30, 31).
    [Show full text]
  • Modeling Trophic Interactions in Lake Kivu
    Ecological Modelling Archimer April 2008, Volume 212, Issues 3-4, Pages 422-438 Archive Institutionnelle de l’Ifremer http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2007.10.047 http://www.ifremer.fr/docelec/ © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Modeling trophic interactions in Lake Kivu: What roles do exotics play? ailable on the publisher Web site Maria Concepcion S. Villanuevaa, b, *, Mwapu Isumbishoc, Boniface Kaninginic, Jacques Moreaub and Jean-Claude Michad a Laboratoire des Ressources Halieutiques, IFREMER, Avenue du Général de Gaulle, BP 32, 14520 Port-en- Bessin Huppain, France b Department of Tropical Fisheries, Laboratoire d’Agronomie, Environnement et Ecotoxicologie, INP/ENSAT, BP 32607, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France c UERHA, Département de Biologie, Institut Supérieur Pédagogique de Bukavu, BP 854, Bukavu, People's Republic of Congo d URBO, FUNDP, Rue de Bruxelles 61, B-5000 Namur, Belgium blisher-authenticated version is av *: Corresponding author : Maria Concepcion S. Villanueva, Tel.: +33 2315 15637; fax: +33 2315 15601, email address : [email protected] Abstract: An Ecopath model of the southern part of Lake Kivu, a deep African equatorial lake was constructed to quantitatively describe the possible impact of fish introductions in this ecosystem. This study is considered as an initial step in summarizing ecological and biological information, under a coherent framework, on this ecosystem. Fourteen compartments were considered. As a phytoplankton-based food web, it is observed that key food sources are not fully utilized as transfer efficiencies per trophic levels (TL) varies between 4.5 and 9.4%. Zooplankton plays a major role in transferring organic matter from TL1 to higher TLs due to the abundance of zooplanktivores.
    [Show full text]
  • Late Pleistocene and Holocene Afromontane Vegetation and Headwater Wetland Dynamics Within the Eastern Mau Forest, Kenya
    JOURNAL OF QUATERNARY SCIENCE (2021) 36(2) 239–254 ISSN 0267-8179. DOI: 10.1002/jqs.3267 Late Pleistocene and Holocene Afromontane vegetation and headwater wetland dynamics within the Eastern Mau Forest, Kenya ESTHER N. GITHUMBI,1* COLIN J. COURTNEY MUSTAPHI2,3 and ROB MARCHANT4 1Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Box 117, Lund, 221 00, Sweden 2Geoecology, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstraße 27, Basel, 4056, Switzerland 3Center for Water Infrastructure and Sustainable Energy (W I S E), Futures, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science & Technology, PO Box 9124, Nelson Mandela, Tengeru, Arusha, Tanzania 4York Institute for Tropical Ecosystems, Department of the Environment and Geography, University of York, York, YO10 5NG, UK Received 14 April 2020; Revised 9 December 2020; Accepted 11 December 2020 ABSTRACT: The Mau Forest Complex is Kenya's largest fragment of Afromontane forest, providing critical ecosystem services, and has been subject to intense land use changes since colonial times. It forms the upper catchment of rivers that drain into major drainage networks, thus supporting the livelihoods of millions of Kenyans and providing important wildlife areas. We present the results of a sedimentological and palynological analysis of a Late Pleistocene–Holocene sediment record of Afromontane forest change from Nyabuiyabui wetland in the Eastern Mau Forest, a highland region that has received limited geological characterization and palaeoecological study. Sedimentology, pollen, charcoal, X‐ray fluorescence and radiocarbon data record environmental and ecosystem change over the last ~16 000 cal a BP.The pollen record suggests Afromontane forests characterized the end of the Late Pleistocene to the Holocene with dominant taxa changing from Apodytes, Celtis, Dracaena, Hagenia and Podocarpus to Cordia, Croton, Ficus, Juniperus and Olea.The Late Holocene is characterized by a more open Afromontane forest with increased grass and herbaceous cover.
    [Show full text]
  • Symbion Power Lake Kivu Ltd. Kivu 56
    SYMBION POWERDRAFT LAKE KIVU LTD . September 2018 KIVU 56 Addendum to the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Final October 2018 [11.4.3.5] [10669-20181015-ESIA Addendum_final_signed.pdf] [Page 1 of 53] Symbion Power Lake Kivu Ltd. Kivu 56 TITLE AND APPROVAL PAGE Kivu 56 - Extraction of Gas and Electric Power Production Plant in Project Name: the Rubavu District of the Western Province, Rwanda Report Title: Addendum to the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Authors: C. Chidley & N. Naidoo Status of report: Final Date of issue: 15 October 2018 Consultants: Nemai Consulting Approved for Consultants by: ……………………………………… N Naidoo Project Manager Client: SYMBION POWER LAKE KIVU LTD. Approved for Client by: ……………………………………… Alexis Kabuto Chief Executive Officer Prepared by Nemai Consulting for SYMBION POWER LAKE KIVU LTD. Addendum to the ESIA October 2018 i [11.4.3.5] [10669-20181015-ESIA Addendum_final_signed.pdf] [Page 2 of 53] Symbion Power Lake Kivu Ltd. Kivu 56 AMENDMENTS PAGE Date Nature of Amendment Amendment No. Signature 01/10/2018 Draft for Client Review 0 10/10/2018 Client Comments Considered 1 Addendum to the ESIA October 2018 ii [11.4.3.5] [10669-20181015-ESIA Addendum_final_signed.pdf] [Page 3 of 53] Symbion Power Lake Kivu Ltd. Kivu 56 TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE AND APPROVAL PAGE I AMENDMENTS PAGE II TABLE OF CONTENTS III ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS VI 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Purpose of the Addendum 1 1.2 Project Background 1 1.3 Environment and Social Assessment Background 3 1.4 Lender Requirements 3 2 METHODOLOGY 4 2.1
    [Show full text]
  • Lake Level and Paleoenvironmental History of Lake Tanganyika, Africa, As Inferred from Late Holocene and Modern Stromatolites
    Lake level and paleoenvironmental history of Lake Tanganyika, Africa, as inferred from late Holocene and modern stromatolites Andrew S. Cohen* Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721 Michael R. Talbot Geological Institute, University of Bergen, Allegt. 41, 5007 Bergen, Norway Department of Geological Sciences, Preston Cloud Research Laboratory, Stanley M. Awramik University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106 David L. Dettman Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721 Paul Abell Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881 ABSTRACT time between the late sixteenth and early nine- history of that lake, and on the late Holocene cli- teenth centuries, lake level fell to perhaps its mate history of Central Africa. Fossil and living stromatolites are abundant lowest level in the past 2800 yr. By the early Lake Tanganyika is located in the western around the margins of Lake Tanganyika, Af- nineteenth century, lake level had begun to rise branch of the African Rift system (Fig. 1). It is the rica, and provide a wealth of paleolimnologic to the overflow level, apparently the result of a largest of the African rift lakes and the second and paleoclimatic information for the late Holo- regional increase in precipitation/evaporation deepest lake in the world. The lake occupies a se- cene. Six lines of evidence show that stromato- ratios. ries of interconnected half-graben basins, the old- lites and cements are precipitating in the lake to- Weak δ18O/δ13C covariance for late Holo- est of which is probably between 9 and 12 Ma day: (1) carbonate saturation state calculations, cene carbonates suggests that the surface eleva- (Cohen et al., 1993).
    [Show full text]
  • Structure, Paleolimnology and Basin History of the East Kivu Graben, Lake Kivu, Rwanda from Offshore Seismic Reflection Data
    Syracuse University SURFACE Theses - ALL May 2014 Structure, paleolimnology and basin history of the East Kivu Graben, Lake Kivu, Rwanda from offshore seismic reflection data Douglas Alan Wood Syracuse University Follow this and additional works at: https://surface.syr.edu/thesis Part of the Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons Recommended Citation Wood, Douglas Alan, "Structure, paleolimnology and basin history of the East Kivu Graben, Lake Kivu, Rwanda from offshore seismic reflection data" (2014). Theses - ALL. 50. https://surface.syr.edu/thesis/50 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by SURFACE. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses - ALL by an authorized administrator of SURFACE. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Abstract: Lake Kivu, located at the topographic high point of the western branch of Africa’s Great Rift Valley, is regularly subjected to large-magnitude seismic events, violent volcanic discharges, and possible limnic eruptions which pose substantial geohazards to the ~two million Congolese and Rwandan people living around its basin. Although most of the western branch of Africa’s Great Rift Valley is amagmatic, Lake Kivu is bordered to the north and south by two volcanic provinces. Subaqueous springs, charged by the active Virunga Magmatic Complex at the north end of the lake, currently inject gas into the deep- hypolimnion, where it remains in solution at high concentrations. Rapid expulsion of these gases into the atmosphere, possibly induced by seismic, meteorologic, or volcanic events, would be devastating to the local population. To assess the potential danger, it is critical to understand the basin’s structure, and the effects of magmatism and climate changes on the lake.
    [Show full text]