DOCSLIB.ORG

Pests and Diseases Management PESTS of MULBERRY Sl. No

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Pests and Diseases Management PESTS of MULBERRY Sl. No Lecture No.31 Mulberry – pests and diseases management PESTS OF MULBERRY Sl. Common Name Scientific Name Family Order No. 1 Pink mealybug Maconellicoccus hirsutus Pseudococcidae Hemiptera 2 Jassid/leaf hopper Empoasca flavescens Cicadellidae Hemiptera 3 Black Scale Saissetia nigra Coccidae Hemiptera 4 Red Scale Aonidiella auranti Coccidae Hemiptera 5 Spiralling whitefly Aleurodicus dispersus Aleyrodidae Hemiptera 6 Thrips Pseudodendrothrips mori Thripidae Thysanoptera 7 Tobacco leaf caterpillar Spodoptera litura Noctuidae Lepidoptera 8 Moringa hairy Eupterote mollifera Eupterotidae Lepidoptera caterpillar 9 Tussock caterpillar Euproctis fraterna Lymantriidae Lepidoptera 10 Brown hairy caterpillar Porthesia scintillans Lymantriidae Lepidoptera 11 Mulberry leaf -webber Diaphania pulverulentalis Pyralidae Lepidoptera 12 Ash weevil Myllocerus spp Curculionidae Coleoptera M. subfasciatus M. viridanus M. discolor 13 Grasshopper Cyrtacanthacris tatarica Acrididae Orthoptera Neorthacris acuticeps nilgriensis 14 Stem girdler beetle Sthenias grisator Cerambycidae Coleoptera 15 Mango stemborer Batocera rufomaculata Cerambycidae Coleoptera 16 Bark eating caterpillar Indarbela quadrinotata Metarbelidae Lepidoptera 17 Termite Odontotermes sp. Termitidae Isoptera 18 White grub Holotrichia spp. Melolonthidae Coleoptera 19 Mite Tetranychus sp. Tetranychidae Acarina I. Suc in! "e#t# 1. Pink mealy bug: Maconellicoccus hirsutus F:Pseudococcidae O: Hemiptera Diagnostic symptoms Malformation of apical shoots, retarded growth. Wrinkling and curling of affected leaves become dark green in colour. Symptoms are collectively called as Tukra (Bushy top). Nature of damage: Nymphs and adults suck the sap from tender leaves and buds by piercing the plant tissue. The infestation occurs in the nodal joints and succulent apical region. Nutritive value of leaves, leaf yield and plant height are drastically reduced. The affected leaves when fed to silkworm cause a significant reduction in larval weight, cocoon weight, shell weight and shell ratio. Biology The mealy bug lays eggs (=250 no) in a loose cottony terminal ovisac. Freshly laid eggs are orange in colour, smooth a smooth and oval with slightly tapering ends. Eggs turn pink before they hatch. Mealy bug completes its life cycle in 23 – 29 days. Egg: 5 – 6 days; Nymph: 2 –3 months. Management Destroy the affected parts Release Australian lady bird beetle Cryptolaemus montrouzieri @ 150 No./ ha. Release Scymnus coccivora @ 1000 beetles / ha Follow sequential release of predators. Spray DDVP (1l/ha) or FORS 25 mg/l. safe period : 17 days. 2. Leaf hopper / jassids : Empoasca flavescens (F) F: Cicadellidae O: Hemiptera Diagnostic symptoms Triangular dark brown spot at the tips and margin of leaves. Drying starts from periphery to midrib of leaves. Finally leaves become cup shaped and leathery. Hopper burn symptoms on the leaves. Nature of damage Nymphs and adults suck the sap from lower side of the leaves and deplete nutritive value of leaves. Also, suck the sap from tender shoots and twigs causing characteristic hopper burn symptoms. Biology: Female lays pale yellow coloured elongated eggs in the epidermis on the under surface of leaf blade. Nymphs are pale green colour, elongated. Egg : 4 – 9 days; Nymphs : 4 instars. Management . Setting up of light traps for attacking and trapping adults. Spraying of DDPV (Dichlorovos) 76% - 0.05% or dithioate 0.1%. Safe period – 11 days. 3. Black scale : Saissetia nigra F:Coccidae O: Hemiptera Diagnostic symptoms . It occurs on the stem, branches and also as small scales on the bark, . Generally observed in hilly regions on medium sized trees. Nature of damage . Nymphs and adults suck the sap and kill the plants . The surface of the stem is covered all over with scales. Biology Adult female of S. nigra lays about 300 –600 eggs – minute white elongated. It secretes a fibrous waxy material which hardens to form the scale. ♀ moults three twice ♂ moults twice. They lose appendages in reproduction. Parthenogenetic reproduction. b. Red scale : Aonidiella auranti F:Coccidae O: Hemiptera Nymphs and adults attack twigs branches and stems causing a loss of vitality. It does not attack the older plants. In case of heavy infestation, leaves turn yellow and finally the plant while plant dries up. Plants shoots are covered with reddish brown scales with dark patches of sooty mould growing on honey decoration. Management of scale insects . Prune and destroy the affected branches. Mechanical removal of insects in the initial stages of infestation. Apply Fish Oil Resin Soap (FPRS) @ 40 g / l in branches; add wetting agents for better adherence on the scales, spraying of 0.05% malathion . In endemic areas smear with insecticidal solutions, just after pruning or with diesel oil and soap solution (1:3); lime sweeping of stems; scraping of the scale . Release of Cryptolaemus montrouzieri @ 750 No. / ha. Release Chilochorus kuwanae against the red scales II. Foliage feeders 1. Leaf webber, Diaphania pulverulentalis F:Pyraustidae O: Lepidoptera Symptoms . Webbing of leaves and tender shoots . Skeletonization: The larvae web the leaves together and feed from inside on soft tissues and skeletonize them. Grown up caterpillars feed voraciously on tender leaves. Apical leaves are preferred for feeding resulting in stunting. Apical shoots are destroyed due to egg laying. Quality of leaf and yield is severely affected. Biology Egg : ♀ moth lays 100-400 eggs. Eggs are laid one each along the leaf vein on the under side of mulberry leaf. Larvae: 5 instars. Life cycle : 18 – 25 days. Adult : Pale brown spots on yellow back ground of wings. Management . Collection and destruction of affected shoots along with the larvae. Setting up of light traps to attract the adult moths . Follow the TNAU – IPM package. i) Flooding of mulberry field to expose the leaf webber pupae. ii) Release of pupal parasitoid Tetrastichus howardi @ 50,000 / ha ( 1 day after pruning) iii) Release of egg parasitoid Trichogramma chilonis @ 5cc/ha (10 days after pruning iv) Spraying of dichlorvos @ 1ml/lit (500ml/ha) v) Mechanical clipping and burning of affected shoots (40 days after pruning) III. Internal feeders 1.Stem girdler – Sthenias grisator F:Cerambycidae O:Coleoptera Symptoms: The beetles cut around the main stem leaving a clear girdle. The portion above the girdle gradually wilts and dries. Season: Through out the year. Life cycle: Adult is a longihorn beetle. Female deposit eggs underneath the girdled branch at night. Incubation of egg 8 days. The grub tunnels into main stem and feeds. Life cycle : 7 – 8 months. Management: Cutting and burning of affected branches Swabbing the base of the main stem or branches with 0.1% malathion 50 EC emulsion. Care in insecticide usage in mulberry gardens: Silkworm is highly sensitive to insecticide residues. Avoid applying insecticide in mulberry garden. If insecticidal application is essential allow a waiting period of 15 days from spraying to picking of mulberry leaves. Always select safe chemicals with short persistence like dichlorvos, malathion and FORS and plant products. Control measures for mulberry pests in general: Adopt cultural practices like pest free cuttings, removal of weeds, regular pruning Physical methods like collection and destruction of eggs, larva or pupa stage Biological methods like introduction of pathogens and predators have to be carefully done because silkworms are susceptible to Bacillus thuringiensis Select a safer insecticide and avoid insecticide having a long residual life. Generally organophosphorus group of compounds are recommended $ISEASES OF MULBERRY 1. Cercospora leaf spot: Cercospora moricola (Cooke) 2. Powdery mildew: Phyllactinia corylea (Pers) 3. Leaf rust: Cerotelium fici / Aecidium mori (Cast) 4. Bacterial blight: Pseudomonas mori Boyar and Lambert 5. Mulberry leaf mosaic disease: (Viral) 6. Dwarf disease: (Viral) 7. Root rot : Fusarium solani, F. oxysporum Macrophomina phaseolina 8. White root rot: Rosellinia necatrix Berlese 9. Violet root rot: Helicobasidium mompa Tanaka Foliar di#ea#e#& 1. Powdery mildew: Phyllactinia corylea (Pers) Order: Erysiphales Class: Ascomycetes Symptoms Initially white powdery patches appear on the lower surface of leaves which cover the entire leaf surface At a later stage and term black to brown in colour Epidemiology P. corylea is an ecto-parasite It obtainer nutrients by sending haustoria into the epidermal cells through the stomata The diseases is more prevalent during rainy in hills seasons in plains during cooler months. Management Leaves with thick cuticle and epidermises, less number of stomata and more of leaf hairs are less susceptible to the disease Spraying of Dinocap 2% / Wettable sulfur are effective Leaves can be used 10 days after spray Dusting of fine sulphur or sulphur suspension or lime sulphur mixture on the back of the leaves may be effective Spray 0.2% karathane or bavistin or dithane. II. Soil Borne pathogen 1.White root rot: Rosellinia necatrix Berlese Order: Spheriales Class: Basidiomycetes Symptom: Diseased plant growth retards Withering of leaves Stump of the infected plant are covered with white grey mycelial mat Roots rot, finally plant dies 2.Violet root rot: Helicobasidium mompa Tanaka Order: Tremellales Class: Basidiomycetes Symptom: Plants become weak Withering of leaves Stump of the infected plant are covered with violet colored mycelial mat Fails in budding Finally plant dies Season: Throughout the year Management: Infected plants
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Western Ghats), Idukki District, Kerala, India
    International Journal of Entomology Research International Journal of Entomology Research ISSN: 2455-4758 Impact Factor: RJIF 5.24 www.entomologyjournals.com Volume 3; Issue 2; March 2018; Page No. 114-120 The moths (Lepidoptera: Heterocera) of vagamon hills (Western Ghats), Idukki district, Kerala, India Pratheesh Mathew, Sekar Anand, Kuppusamy Sivasankaran, Savarimuthu Ignacimuthu* Entomology Research Institute, Loyola College, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Abstract The present study was conducted at Vagamon hill station to evaluate the biodiversity of moths. During the present study, a total of 675 moth specimens were collected from the study area which represented 112 species from 16 families and eight super families. Though much of the species has been reported earlier from other parts of India, 15 species were first records for the state of Kerala. The highest species richness was shown by the family Erebidae and the least by the families Lasiocampidae, Uraniidae, Notodontidae, Pyralidae, Yponomeutidae, Zygaenidae and Hepialidae with one species each. The results of this preliminary study are promising; it sheds light on the unknown biodiversity of Vagamon hills which needs to be strengthened through comprehensive future surveys. Keywords: fauna, lepidoptera, biodiversity, vagamon, Western Ghats, Kerala 1. Introduction Ghats stretches from 8° N to 22° N. Due to increasing Arthropods are considered as the most successful animal anthropogenic activities the montane grasslands and adjacent group which consists of more than two-third of all animal forests face several threats (Pramod et al. 1997) [20]. With a species on earth. Class Insecta comprise about 90% of tropical wide array of bioclimatic and topographic conditions, the forest biomass (Fatimah & Catherine 2002) [10].
    [Show full text]
  • Studies on Insect Pests of Drumstick and Their Natural Enemies in Northern Dry Zone Climate of Karnataka, India
    Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(12): 2175-2180 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 9 Number 12 (2020) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.912.257 Studies on Insect Pests of Drumstick and their Natural Enemies in Northern Dry Zone Climate of Karnataka, India K. B. Rachana1, S. B. Jagginavar1*, H. T. Prakash2 and S. A. Biradar2 1Department of Agricultural Entomology, College of Agriculture, India 2ICAR-Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Vijayapur, Karnataka, UAS, Dharwad, (Karnataka), India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT K e yw or ds Studies on status of insect pests on drumstick crop and their natural enemies were Drumstick, Noorda conducted at College of Agriculture campus, Vijayapur which is located in Northern dry zone climate of Karnataka. The population dynamics of insect pests on drumstick blitealis, Thrips, Natural enemies etc field was recorded throughout season (2018-19). The results revealed that, the insect pests viz., leaf eating caterpillar, Noorda blitealis Walker larvae found throughout the st Article Info year. The Maximum population (10.24 larvae /5 branches) was recorded during 51 Standard Meteorological Week (December). Thrips infestation was observed Accepted: throughout the year and maximum population (16.40 thrips /5 branches) was recorded 16 November 2020 th during 20 Standard Meteorological Week (May). Other insect viz., coccinellids, Available Online: praying mantid, spiders (Non insect) and parasitoid
    [Show full text]
  • Bioenergetics in Insect-Plant Interactions
    Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Anim. Sci.), VOl. 99, No.3, May 1990, pp. 243-255. © Printed in India. Bioenergetics in insect-plant interactions J MUTHUKRISHNAN School or Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625021, India Abstract. Homeostatic mechanisms involving the regulation or the rates and efficiency or rood consumption and utilization are reviewed. Adjustment in the rates and efficiencies or consumption and utilization or rood during switching on from one host plant to another as well as the compensatory tactics among the consumer species are discussed. Keywords. Plant chemical composition; insect bioenergetics. 1. Introduction The origin of phytophagous insects from their detritivorous ancestors and the emergence of terrestrial plants from aquatic habitat and their establishment on land took place simultaneously (Southwood 1972). The phytophagous insects found a better source of nutrients in terrestrial plants than in the nutritionally poor detritus, on which their ancestors were dependent. Consequently, the plants were subjected to a heavy feeding pressure not only by the insects but also by vertebrates. Since then the chemical war between the coevolving groups of plants and insects resulted in a series of morphological, physiological and ecological adaptations in them (Feeny 19-76). Many plants have modified their metabolic pathways and evolved a variety of toxic secondary chemicals in defense against herbivores (Schoonhoven 1981). On the other hand, in addition to "improving their chemosensory system to enhance host finding and host assessment efficiency, the insects evolved detoxification mechanisms (mixed function oxidases) to counteract the toxic plant chemicals (Brattsten 1979) and homeostatic mechanisms involving regulation of the rates and efficiencies of consumption and utilization of food, to meet their qualitative and quantitative nutritional requirements (Scriber and Slansky 1981).
    [Show full text]
  • Lecture No. 26 PEST MANAGEMENT in AMARANTHUS and MORINGA I
    Lecture No. 26 PEST MANAGEMENT IN AMARANTHUS AND MORINGA I. AMARANTHUS AND OTHER LEAFY VEGETABLES Major pests Amaranthus stem Hypolixus truncatulus Curculionidae Coleoptera weevil Amaranthus Hymenia recurvalis Pyraustidae Lepidoptera caterpillar or webber Minor pests Leaf webber Eretmocera impactella Heliodinidae Lepidoptera Leaf webber Psara basalis Pyraustidae Lepidoptera Tortoise beetle Aspidomorpha exilis Cassididae Coleoptera Grasshopper Atractomorpha crenulata Acrididae Orthoptera Leaf twisting weevil Apoderus tranquebaricus Curculionidae Coleoptera Aphids Aphis craccivora Aphididae Hemiptera Mealy bugs Ferrisia virgata Pseudococcidae Hemiptera Thrips Euryaplothrips crassus, Thripidae Thysanoptera Haplothrips ceylonicus 1. Amaranthus stem weevil: Hypolixus truncatulus (Curculionidae: Coleoptera) Distribution and status Specific major pest. Widely distributed in India and neighbouring countries. It attacks both wild and cultivated crops and leafy vegetables with large leaves. Damage symptoms Grubs bite into stems, feed on pith region making irregular zigzag tunnels and fill with excreta. Stems split longitudinally. Plants dry completely. Adult feeds on tender leaves, makes circular holes in stems, branches and mid-ribs. Attack causes stunting of plants, twisting and swelling of branches and stem and suppression of shoot and leaf production. 1 Bionomics Females lay eggs singly in each hole and cover holes with secretion. A female lays 30-34 smooth, oval and pale yellow eggs, egg period 4 to 10 days. A single stem contains 17-20 grubs in it. Grubs are stout, curved, apodous and white in colour. Grub stage lasts for 12 - 24 days. Full- fed grubs form a greyish-brown hard compact gall like chamber and pupate therein. On emergence, they remain inside the stem for 5 to 6 days, then cut epidermal membrane and emerge out.
    [Show full text]
  • Antifungal and Cytotoxicity Effect of Immune Hemolymph Protein from Eupterote Mollifera Larvae
    International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 05 Issue: 04 | Apr-2018 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 ANTIFUNGAL AND CYTOTOXICITY EFFECT OF IMMUNE HEMOLYMPH PROTEIN FROM EUPTEROTE MOLLIFERA LARVAE Agilandeswari Vinoth Assistant Professor, Department of Biotechnology, Vivekanandha College of Engineering for Women, Tamilnadu, India. ------------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------- ABSTRACT - The hemolymph of insect is a dynamic substance, which has many significant functions. Exploring more on these Antimicrobial peptides may serve as a new biotechnological protein based antibiotics. Immune challenged Hemolymph were collected from the larvae and prepared hemocyte free hemolymph by centrifugation process. The Antifungal activity and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of purified hemolymph was tested against Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Candida olahraga were grown in YPD medium. The haemolytic and haemaggultination activity of the concentrate protein/peptide of the extracellular proteins obtained from Eupterote Mollifera was studied against human RBCs. Finally the molecular weights of the protein/peptide were identified by using Tricine SDS-PAGE. Thus the expected antimicrobial protein/peptide, need to be isolated and cloned for large scale antibiotic production. Key Words: Eupterote Mollifera, Hemolymph, Antifungal, MIC, Haemolytic, Haemaggultination, Human RBCs, Tricine SDS- PAGE,
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of Temperature on Food Intake, Growth and Conversion Efficiency of Eupterote Mollifera (Insecta : Lepidoptera)
    Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Anim. Sci.), Vol. 91, Number 5. September 1982. pp, 417-422. © Printed in India. Effect of temperature on food intake, growth and conversion efficiency of Eupterote mollifera (Insecta : Lepidoptera) S PALANICHAMY*, R PONNUCHAMY t and T THANGARAJ tt *' Department of Zoology, Arulmighu Palaniandavar Arts College, Palni 624602. India t Department of Zoology, Bangalore University, Bangalore 560056, India tt Department of Zoology, University of Madras, Madras 600005, India MS received 12 August 1981 Abstract. The effect of temperature on food intake, growth and conversion efficiency has been studied in the final instar male and female larvae of Eupterote mollifera, Food consumed, assimilated and metabolised decreased with increase in temperature. The larval duration decreased from 12 days for the group reared at 22° C to 5 days fOr the group reared at 37° C. While the rates of feeding, assimi­ lation and conversion increased with increase in temperature, high conversion w~re efficiencies (Kl and K,) observed for the larvae reared at 27 and 32° C. Keywords. Temperature; food intake; Eupterote mollifera, 1. Introduction Many species of lepidopterous larvae are known to cause serious damage to economically important plants (Ayyar 1963). While the energetics of food utili­ zation in relation to temperature have been reported for a few lepidopterans (Waldbauer 1968 ; Mathavan and Pandian 1975 ; Pitchairaj et al 1977), there are no such studies on Eupterote mollifera which is a common pest on drum-stick plant. This paper, based on the earlier studies of energy intake and expenditure pattern (see Palanichamy et al 1979), reports the effect of temperature on food utilization in the tropical moth E.
    [Show full text]
  • Steinernema Glaseri Against the Moringa Hairy Caterpillar, Eupterote Mollifera
    04 Subramanian_149 22-12-2005 15:21 Pagina 149 Nematol. medit. (2005), 33: 149-155 149 1THE INFECTIVITY OF THE ENTOMOPATHOGENIC NEMATODE, STEINERNEMA GLASERI AGAINST THE MORINGA HAIRY CATERPILLAR, EUPTEROTE MOLLIFERA S. Subramanian¥, R. Parthasarathy¥, R.J. Rabindra#, N. Sathiah¥ and S. Rajagopal Babu¥ ¥ Department of Agricultural Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore-641 003, India # Project Directorate of Biological Control (ICAR), Bangalore-560 025, India Summary. The entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema glaseri was tested against the Moringa hairy caterpillar, Eupterote mol- lifera in laboratory investigations. It was highly effective against third, fourth and fifth instars of E. mollifera with LC50 and LT50 in the range of 16.5-24.1 infective juveniles (IJ) per larva and 50.3-69.7 h, respectively. The mortality rate decreased with increase in age of the larvae. Penetration of IJ was less in E. mollifera larvae (18-56%) than in Galleria mellonella larvae (45-85%) but pene- tration of both species differed significantly with the number of IJ applied and the age of the larvae. The yield of IJ per larva was significantly less (0.11-0.21 × 105 per g of larva) in E. mollifera than in G. mellonella (2.75-3.87 × 105 per g of larva). Spray applica- tion of IJ of S. glaseri at a concentration of 1000 IJ per 10 ml was found to be effective, with a mortality of 83.3% of fourth instar larvae of E. mollifera. Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) belonging to and soap industry (Ramachandran et al., 1980; Nautiyal the family Steinernematidae have been recognized as ef- and Venkataraman, 1987), tender shoots, buds, flowers fective insect control agents (Poinar, 1990).
    [Show full text]
  • Severe Damage of Moringa Oleifera Lam. Leaves by Ulopeza Phaeothoracica Hampson (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in Ungogo Local Govern
    Bajopas Volume 7 Number 1 June, 2014 http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bajopas.v7i1.23 Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 7(1): 127 – 130 Received: June 2014 Accepted: June 2014 ISSN 2006 – 6996 SEVERE DAMAGE OF MORINGA OLEIFERA LAM. LEAVES BY ULOPEZA PHAEOTHORACICA HAMPSON (LEPIDOPTERA: CRAMBIDAE) IN UNGOGO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, KANO STATE, NIGERIA: A SHORT COMMUNICATION *Yusuf, S. R. and Yusif, D. I. Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Bayero University, Kano, PMB 3011, Kano State *Correspondence author: [email protected] ABSTRACT The work was carried out at a location (11 0 58`N and 8 026`E) in Ungogo Local Government area of Kano State, Nigeria with objective of identifying an unfamiliar larva feeding on Moringa leaves and to describe its nature of damage. The leaf feeding larvae were sampled and reared through to pupation and to adulthood in the Entomology laboratory, Crop Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Bayero University, Kano, Kano State. The adults that emerged were identified to be Ulopeza phaeothoracica Hampson. On the larval feeding, it was observed that damage caused was very severe on a heavily infested young Moringa tree at the study location. In conclusion, the study revealed that U. phaeothoracica is a leaf feeding pest of M. oleifera and that its activity could be of serious concern especially on young trees of Moringa, kept under poor management conditions. Keywords: Damage, Moringa, Ungogo, Kano INTRODUCTION According to Loebel (2002), Moringa tree Moringa belongs to the family Moringaceae, Genus could serve as an outstanding indigenous source of Moringa , species Oleifera .
    [Show full text]
  • A Preliminary Checklist of Moths (Lepidoptera) from Southern Rajasthan, India
    Rec. zool. Surv. India: Vol. 121(2)/241–256, 2021 ISSN (Online) : 2581-8686 DOI: 10.26515/rzsi/v121/i2/2021/151926 ISSN (Print) : 0375-1511 A preliminary checklist of moths (Lepidoptera) from southern Rajasthan, India Vijay Kumar Koli* and Utkarsh Prajapati Wildlife Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur - 313001, Rajasthan, India; Email: [email protected] Abstract Moths are non-papilionoid Lepidoptera and least studied than butterflies, likely due to mostly being nocturnal habit and cryptic colouration. A preliminary checklist of moth fauna from various southern Rajasthan is presented in the present study based on records from 1 January 2018 to 31 March 2020. We identified 154 moth species representing 10 super families, 18 families and 58 subfamilies. The most species rich families were Crambidae (n=46; 29.87%) Noctuidae (n=30; 19.48%) and Erebidae (n=29; 18.83%), and Geometridae (n=19; 12.34%). The significant outcome of this work is the reportKeywords of 126: species for the first time from the state of Rajasthan. Diversity, India, Lepidoptera, Moths, Rajasthan Introduction Material and Methods Moths are non-papilionoid Lepidoptera and least studied We compiled records of moths observed during various than butterflies, likely due to mostly being nocturnal field visits in protected and non-protected areas of southern habit and cryptic colouration (Lees & Zilli, 2019). Around Rajasthan from 1 January 2018 to 31 March 2020 (Figure 1.42 million moth species identified worldwide make up 1A). Most of the observations in residential houses and 129 families. Of these, over 10,000 are known from India institutional buildings in and around Udaipur city were (Shubhalaxmi, 2018).
    [Show full text]
  • Antibacterial Activity of Immune Hemolymph from a Natural Diet Rearing Eupterote Mollifera Larvae
    International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 05 Issue: 04 | Apr-2018 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF IMMUNE HEMOLYMPH FROM A NATURAL DIET REARING EUPTEROTE MOLLIFERA LARVAE Agilandeswari Vinoth Assistant Professor, Department of Biotechnology, Vivekanandha College of Engineering for Women, Tamilnadu, India. ----------------------------------------------------------------------***------------------------------------------------------------------- ABSTRACT - A Natural diet and rearing system was standardized for Eupterote Mollifera under natural environmental conditions. Larvae of the moth Eupterote Mollifera were reared on a natural diet of moringa oleifera leaves. The last instar larvae were reared till the larvae were formed into moth. And third and fourth instar larvae were immune-challenged by an injection of live Escherichia Coli D31. Hemolymph were collected from the larvae and prepared hemocyte free hemolymph by centrifugation process. The extra cellular protein/peptide was concentrated by AMICON (MWCO-3kDa) ultra-centrifugal filters. The protein concentration was estimated by Bradford dye binding assay. The Antibacterial activity of purified hemolymph was tested against Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria of B.subtilis, E-coli, S.aureus, K.pnemoniae by well diffusion assay and colony counting assay using Escherichia Coli, final average CFU values of two different samples (>3kDa and <3kDa) were calculated by two different dilution ratio. Keywords: Natural diet, rearing, Eupterote Mollifera, immune-challenge, Hemolymph, CFU, Antibacterial INTRODUCTION Insects play many important roles in nature. They aid bacteria, fungi, and other organisms in the decomposition of organic matter and in soil formation. The decay of carrion, for example, brought about mainly by bacteria, is accelerated by the maggots of flesh flies and blowflies.
    [Show full text]
  • European Academic Research
    EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH Vol. IV, Issue 2/ May 2016 Impact Factor: 3.4546 (UIF) ISSN 2286-4822 DRJI Value: 5.9 (B+) www.euacademic.org Food consumption and bioenergetics of the Lime Blue butterfly (Chilades lajus (stoll)) (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera: Lycaenidae) in Sri Lankamalleswara Reserve forest, Southern Andhra Pradesh – India PALEM HARINATH KANIKE SURYANARAYANA SRI PURUSOTHAMA VENKATA RAMANA1 Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences Yogi Vemana University Kadapa Andhra Pradesh, India M. VENKATA REDDY Department of Zoology Sri Krishnadevaraya University- Anantapur Andhra Pradesh –India Abstract: The life history of the long-tailed blue butterfly also called Lime blue, Chilades lajus (Stoll) larval stages in relations to diet consumption, exploitation and the length of life phase on its host plant Citrus aurantifolia have been designated for the first time. The Lime blue, Chilades lajus was one of the species of Lycaenidae butterfly (classification) originated in the Palaeotropics and it was usually seen in exposed scrub and grassland environments. The study was conducted between January to December 2015 at Sri Lankamalleswara reserve forest, Kadapa, India. Chilades lajus completes its life cycle in 15-22 days (Eggs 2-3 days, Larvae: 8-12 days, Pre-Pupa:2-3 days, Pupa: 3-4 days). The standards of food indices 1 Assistant Professor & Corresponding author Email: [email protected] 1459 Palem Harinath, Kanike Suryanarayana, Sri Purusothama Venkata Ramana, M. Venkata Reddy- Food consumption and bioenergetics of the Lime Blue butterfly (Chilades lajus (stoll)) (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera: Lycaenidae) in Sri Lankamalleswara Reserve forest, Southern Andhra Pradesh – India across the instars include approximate digestibility (AD): 66.64 – 96.01%; growth rate (GR): 0.29 - 0.99, consumption index (CI): 2.32 – 8.48, efficiency of conversion of digested food (ECD): 3.53 – 64.77%; efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI): 3.39 – 42.77% as measured in the research laboratory.
    [Show full text]
  • (Lepidoptera) of Western Ghats Region of Karnataka
    Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2021; 9(3): 203-217 E-ISSN: 2320-7078 P-ISSN: 2349-6800 Inventory of moth fauna (Lepidoptera) of www.entomoljournal.com JEZS 2021; 9(3): 203-217 Western Ghats region of Karnataka © 2021 JEZS Received: 19-03-2021 (Chikamanglur and Shivamogga districts) Accepted: 21-04-2021 BM Ravindrakumar M.sc, Department of Zoology, BM Ravindrakumar Gopala, 15, Sri, Dhatha, D’Block, 1st Cross, Shivamogga, DOI: https://doi.org/10.22271/j.ento.2021.v9.i3c.8692 Karnataka, India Abstract In this paper an attempt is made to study the diversity of Moths in the Central part of Western Ghats, i.e., in Chikamanglur and Shivamogga Districts of Karnataka. This part of the Western Ghats is rich in biodiversity with extreme endemism. The survey is aimed at recording the diversity of Moth fauna of this region. The moth survey was done from June 2019 to December 2020. This attempt has led to the identification of 407 moths out of 610 moth taxa photographically recorded from six study sites. The moths identified belongs to 23 families of which Erebidae stood first with 136 species (33.41%), Geometridae with 94 members stood second (23.10%), crambidae with 70 moth species stood third (17.20%), Noctuidae, occupy fourth place with 29 moth taxa (7.12%).Of the different study sites, Krishna Rajendra hill station a high elevation site was richest with respect to Moth fauna, where 296 moth taxa were recorded. This documentation of moth fauna of the central part of Western Ghats in Karnataka will serve as base data.
    [Show full text]