MEDIA COVERAGE of the CAMPAIGN PERIOD June 25

Home , Emmerson Mnangagwa, Fortune Chasi, Jameson Timba, Jessie Majome, Joel Gabuza, Joel Matiza

MEDIA COVERAGE OF THE CAMPAIGN PERIOD June 25 – July 5 2018

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This report is produced by Media Monitors under the programme “Support to media on governance and electoral matters in Zimbabwe”.

The programme conducted by International Media Support and the Media Alliance of Zimbabwe is funded by the European Union and the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

International Media Support (IMS) is a nonprofit organisation working with the media in countries affected by armed conflict, human insecurity and political transition.

The content of this publication is the sole responsibility of Media Monitors and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union or the Norwegian Ministry of foreign Affairs

i Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...... I EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... III CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND ...... 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.2 CONTEXT ...... 1 CHAPTER TWO: FAIRNESS AND BALANCE ...... 2 2.1 SPACE AND TIME ALLOCATED TO POLITICAL PARTIES AND CANDIDATES ...... 2 2.2 ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT MEDIA’S PERFORMANCE IN REPRESENTING POLITICAL PLAYERS...... 7 2.3 TONE OF COVERAGE OF POLITICAL PARTIES ...... 11 2.4.1 NATURE OF WOMEN’S COVERAGE ...... 15 2.5 YOUTH REPRESENTATION IN THE NEWS ...... 16 2.6 ELECTION PROGRMMING - COVERAGE OF POLITICAL PLAYERS IN ELECTION PROGRAMMES IN BROADCAST MEDIA ...... 17 CHAPTER THREE: THE NEWS AGENDA IN THE ELECTORAL PERIOD ...... 24 3.1 THE ELECTION AGENDA ...... 24 3.2 ELECTION ADMINISTRATIVE ISSUES COVERED ...... 26 3.3 CAMPAIGN NEWS ...... 29 CHAPTER FOUR: MEDIA’S CONDUCT IN ELECTION REPORTING ...... 31 4.1 IMBALANCED COVERAGE ...... 31 4.2 POLARISED NATURE OF MEDIA COVERAGE ...... 31 CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION ...... 34 ANNEX 1: SAMPLE OF MONITORED MEDIA ...... 35 ANNEX 2: METHODOLOGY ...... 36 ANNEX 3: COVERAGE OF ASPIRING NATIONAL ASSEMBLY CANDIDATES ...... 37

ii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This report assesses the media’s performance in the coverage of elections for the ten days between June 25 and July 5. This period followed the announcement of the candidates who had successfully been nominated to run in the July 30 elections. Sixteen national and regional news platforms were monitored.

The study assessed the nature of the media’s coverage on  Space and time allocated to political parties and candidates  The tone of coverage of parties and candidates  Gender and youth representation  Nature of programming on election issues  News media’s election agenda, and  The conduct of news media in reporting election related news.

The study of this ten-day period concluded that:

1. There continues to be unbalanced coverage of political parties - ZANU PF continues to receive favourable coverage from the media with the party accounting for 46% of all coverage, 76% in the government- controlled newspapers (Chronicle, Herald and The Sunday Mail) and 50% on ZBC stations (ZTV, Classic263 formerly SFM and Radio Zimbabwe). It was also the most covered party in the privately owned press. 2. There has been a further decline in the diversity and plurality of political parties covered by the media. The number of parties covered declined from 45 during the nomination period to 29 in the monitored period. MDC Alliance and ZANU PF maintained a 64% share of the total coverage while the remaining 27 parties (including Independent candidates) were covered in the remaining 36%. 3. Overall, the tone of coverage for most of the political parties was neutral. There were however disparities in the media’s representation of the bigger political parties whose sentiment varied from platform to platform. The ruling party continues to enjoy more positive coverage in the government-controlled media. 4. Representation of women and youths remains significantly low with women making up 17% of all political players covered and youths making up 6%.

iii

Table 1. Visual summary of key findings

Newspapers Broadcasters Research Overall Public Private ZBC National Local variable Commercial Commercial Radio Radio Total number 29 27 22 20 17 13 of parties covered Number of 243 185 103 65 97 candidates covered

Space and ZANU PF 46 76 58 50 27 7 time allocated MDC Alliance 18 11 26 8 16 27 to political Independents 15 2 2 1 32 42 parties (%) Others 21 11 14 41 25 24

Gender Men 83 92 94 89 74 65 representation Women 17 8 6 11 26 35 (%)

Youth % of youths 6 1 0 0 13 17 representation (%)

Elections Campaigns 61 62 48 81 59 52 Agenda (%) Review 1 16 15 6 4 10 Reforms 11 8 14 4 13 10 Training 3 3 0 0 2 5 Planning 2 5 12 8 9 12 Information 9 1 0 0% 2 2 Voter 9 Registration 0 8 1 7 7 Nomination 4 5 2 0 5 2

iv CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND

1.1 Introduction

The media’s performance during the monitoring period (June 25 - July 5) showed a challenge in adhering to some stipulations of the Electoral Act particularly requirements for fair, balanced and equitable coverage of political parties and actors. Despite these challenges, there has been a commendable effort by the electronic media platforms to comply with the conditions for election programming stated in SI33 of 2008.

In assessing media performance in covering these 10 days, Media Monitors assessed

. The level to which the media is fair and balanced in representing political players . The media’s election agenda and what they consider the most important electoral issues . The media’s professional conduct in reporting elections 1.2 Context

The report covers developments that occurred in the ten days from the 25th of June to the 5th of July. Below are some of the key events covered:

 Different stakeholders react to the White City Stadium bombing Incident. ZRP launches an investigation to arrest the perpetrators.  The signing of the National Peace Pledge by 20 presidential candidates in order to preserve peace before, during and after elections.  ZEC publishes a list of candidates who successfully filed their nomination papers and will be contesting in the July 30 elections.  Disputes over the voters roll availed by ZEC, which did not have photographs. Opposition political parties and civic organisations claim they will conduct independent audits of the voters’ roll.  The High Court dismisses two applications by Veritas, which sought to be allowed to conduct voter education and to push ZEC to disclose names of security personnel in its secretariat.  ZEC and the MDC Alliance reach an impasse over the design of the presidential ballot papers.  Civil society organisations report increases in cases of politically motivated violence.

1 CHAPTER TWO: FAIRNESS AND BALANCE

2.1 Space and time allocated to political parties and candidates

There has been a significant decline in the plurality of political parties covered in the media. There continues to be a challenge in the equitability of coverage as ZANU PF and MDC Alliance consistently receive significantly more coverage than the other political parties.

Political parties

A total of 29 political parties were covered in the media during the monitoring period. This marked a 36% decline from the 45 covered during the nomination process.

Overall, ZANU PF remains the most prominently featured party, its share of coverage improved slightly from 45% to 46%. MDC Alliance was a distant second with 18% of the coverage. The coverage of independent political actors increased by a point from 14% to 15%. Twenty-seven political parties shared the remaining 21% of the coverage.

ZANU PF dominated coverage on three of the five news platforms that were monitored. It was the most visible party in both the private and public newspapers as well as on the ZBC stations. Independent politicians were more prominent on the national and local commercial radio stations.

Presidential candidates

Of the 23 presidential hopefuls, Emmerson Mnangagwa remained the most visible candidate despite shaving 6% from his publicity. He took up 52% of the time and space allocated to presidential candidates. Nelson Chamisa followed with 12% ahead of Joice Mujuru’s 8%. The remaining 20 candidates combined for 18% of the publicity.

National Assembly and provincial councils

Overall 212 candidates were covered in all the monitored media platforms. The print media carried more candidates than the electronic media. The print media featured 170 candidates compared to the electronic media’s 80. ZANU PF candidates dominated the print media but lagged behind independents in the broadcast media.

Local government

Aspiring councilors were not prominently featured in the media. Only 26 candidates were covered during the monitoring period. Eighteen candidates were covered in the press and eight were featured in the electronic media. Despite the limited coverage, the number of actors recorded increased from 12 to 26.

2 Table 2: Coverage of political parties

PARTY Public Private ZBC Commercial Local Commercial Press Press Radio Radio ZANU PF 34251 24921 14962 5156 3274 MDC ALLIANCE 4867 9373 2312 3191 12114 INDEPENDENTS 724 627 164 6195 18750 PRC 202 628 288 2511 4146 MDC-T 1015 1299 714 164 1015 APA 0 41 1558 29 2394 REBUILD ZIM 20 0 3432 0 0 NPF 19 383 1343 58 1368 CODE 102 204 972 107 1661 NAPDR 183 0 1225 0 0 UDM 425 205 720 45 0 BUILD ZIM 465 7 7 786 32 FREEZIM 153 0 900 109 86 CONGRESS NCA 382 114 632 84 0 TAD 0 0 0 880 0 NEW PF 610 128 0 0 0 ZAPU 0 557 3 1 92 DOP 186 156 122 35 0 RPZ 176 258 25 35 0 PPP 216 0 261 0 0 #1980 FZM 228 129 26 74 0 ANSA 0 448 0 0 0 ZIPP 385 6 17 0 0 UDF 202 14 0 0 105 UDA 3 255 0 0 0 MRP 44 130 0 0 0 MPDP 169 0 0 0 0 UANC 1 135 0 0 0 BCP 135 0 0 0 0 AFRICAN 0 0 0 0 116 DEMOCRATS MPCD 56 0 0 0 0

3 Table 3: Coverage of Presidential candidates (F – Female candidate) Candidate Party Space Time Mnangagwa Emmerson ZANU PF 28760 7170 Chamisa Nelson MDC Alliance 5961 2528 Mujuru Joice (F) PRC 264 5529 Chikanga Evaristo RZ 20 3467 Munyanduri Tendai New PF 703 1378 Moyo Nkosana APA 40 1587 Mhambi-Hove Divine NAPDR 193 1225 Mariyacha Violet (F) UDM 630 765 Khupe Thokozani (F) MDC-T 995 213 Madhuku Lovemore NCA 492 669 Mangoma Elton CODE 186 892 Busha Joseph FreeZim Congress 5 900 Mteki Bryn Independent 188 645 Manyika Noah BZA 466 90 Wilson Harry DOP 342 157 Chiguvare Timothy PPPZ 216 261 Kasiyamhuru Blessing ZIPP 387 0 Gava Peter UDF 216 105 Dzapasi Melbah (F) #1980 FMZ 227 1 Shumba Daniel UDA 225 0 Hlabangana Kwanele RPZ 192 25 Mutinhiri Ambrose NPF 147 23 Mugadza William BCP 135 0

4 Table 4: Coverage of National Assembly and Provincial Council candidates (A detailed table of individual candidates is attached as Annex 3) PARTY SPACE TIME INDEPENDENT 757 16009 ZANU PF 10392 4793 MDC ALLIANCE 2484 5629 CODE 120 1657 MDC-T 771 725 TAD 0 1112 NPF 229 441 ANSA 448 0 PRC 339 74 FreeZim Congress 148 195 #1980 FMZ 130 99 MRP 155 0 ZAPU 66 35 NCA 1 47 ZIPP 10 17 BZA 6 0 UDA 3 0 ZDU 1 0

5 Table 5: Coverage of aspiring Local Government candidates

Actor Party Affiliation Space Time Munyaradzi Kufahakutizwi MDC ALLIANCE 0 1548 Tawanda Chidzidzi ZANU PF 0 930 Chipo Chirunga MDC T 0 870 Kelvin Motsi INDEPENDENT 0 769 Chati Butawo BZA 0 735 Neville Mutsvangwa INDEPENDENT 0 423 Richard Ruwonde ZANU PF 160 0 Morgan Mzilikazi ZANU PF 149 0 Edward Dzeka MDC ALLIANCE 142 0 Lot Siziba INDEPENDENT 42 0 Betsero Marazani PRC 40 0 Godfrey Kurauone MDC ALLIANCE 30 0 Herbert Ngwendu ZANU PF 30 0 Simon Muleya ZANU PF 30 0 Christopher Makamba ZANU PF 0 28 Tsungai Makore ZANU PF 25 0 Daniel Sithole NCA 18 0 Goodwill Mushangwe MDC ALLIANCE 15 0 Christopher Sibanda MDC ALLIANCE 12 0 Mlandu Ncube MDC ALLIANCE 12 0 Beauty Nyamidzi INDEPENDENT 6 0 Josphat Kamwendo INDEPENDENT 0 6 Farai Charakatenda INDEPENDENT 3 0 Idah Mbiriza ZANU PF 3 0 Synodia Jena INDEPENDENT 3 0 Tapiwa Murima MDC ALLIANCE 2 0

2.2 Analysis of different media’s performance in representing political players

Newspapers

In the government-controlled newspapers, 243 political actors were featured in the news. Emmerson Mnangagwa was the most prominent political actor on this platform, he accounted for a 59% share followed by Nelson Chamisa with 10%. The top ten actors were mostly ZANU PF actors.

Fig.1 Top political actors in the government controlled newspapers

A total of 185 politicians were covered in the privately owned media with Emmerson Mnangagwa being the most prominent actor. The ZANU PF presidential candidate took up 58% of the space followed by Nelson Chamisa who commanded a 17% share. The private press’ top ten had a mixture of ZANU PF and MDC Alliance representatives.

Fig.2 Top political actors in the private newspapers

Broadcast media

On the ZBC stations, 103 actors were covered. Even though Emmerson Mnangagwa was once again the most visible political actor his share of voice was not as prominent as in the press. He accounted for 29% of the coverage ahead of Rebuild Zimbabwe’s presidential candidate Evaristo Chikanga who had 18%. Although politicians from ZANU PF dominated this platform, it was the most diverse as the national broadcaster featured actors from six other parties in the top ten.

Fig.3: Top political actors on ZBC (radio and TV)

Sixty-five political actors were covered on the national commercial radio stations monitored. PRC’s presidential candidate, Joice Mujuru received the most publicity on this platform during the ten-day period. She took up 21% of the time followed by ZANU PF’s Lewis Mathuthu with 14%. Politicians from ZANU PF and Independent candidates dominated the top ten.

Fig: 4 Top political actors in the national commercial stations

The local provincial featured 97 politicians on the five stations that were monitored. The distribution of time amongst the politicians varied from station to station, however politicians featured were very localized. The top five on each station are shown below.

Table 6: Top political actors in the local provincial radio stations Capitalk (Harare) Political Actor Title Party Affiliation Time Jessie Majome Harare West National Assembly INDEPENDENT 3982 Candidate Zalera Makari Epworth National Assembly INDEPENDENT 3278 Candidate Joice Mujuru Presidential Candidate PRC 2855 Temba Mliswa Norton National Assembly INDEPENDENT 2820 Candidate Job Sikhala Zengeza West National Assembly MDC ALLIANCE 2400 Candidate Hevoi (Masvingo) Political Actor Title Party Affiliation Time Hebert Chikosi MDC Alliance Party Member MDC ALLIANCE 1376 Admire Mufamba Masvingo Municipality Ward 5 PRC 1192 Candidate Michael Taderera Masvingo Urban National NPF 927 Assembly Candidate Chipo Chirunga Masvingo Municipality Ward 2 MDC T 870 Candidate Jacob Masvingo Urban National MDC ALLIANCE 227 Nyokanhete Assembly Candidate Skiez Metro FM (Bulawayo) Political Actor Title Party Affiliation Time Emmerson Presidential Candidate ZANU PF 255 Mnangagwa Nelson Chamisa Presidential Candidate MDC ALLIANCE 145 Thokozani Khupe Presidential Candidate MDC T (TK) 145 Farai Kizito Bulawayo Central National INDEPENDENT 132 Manganda Assembly Candidate Peter Mapfumo Presidential Candidate UDF 105 Gava 98.4 FM (Gweru) Political Actor Title Party Affiliation Time Munyaradzi Shurugwi North National Assembly MDC ALLIANCE 1832 Manungo Candidate Brian Dube Gweru Urban National Assembly MDC ALLIANCE 1681 Candidate Trust Chikohora Gweru Urban National Assembly CODE 1657 Candidate Fanuel Ncube Vungu National Assembly APA 1308 Candidate

10 Macdonald Shurugwi North National Assembly INDEPENDENT 1232 Connick Candidate Diamond FM (Mutare) Political Actor Title Party Affiliation Time Emmerson Presidential Candidate ZANU PF 329 Mnangagwa Esau Mupfumi Dangamvura-Chikanga National ZANU PF 158 Assembly Candidate George Party Member ZANU PF 144 Charamba Michael Madiro Mutare North National Assembly ZANU PF 102 Candidate Perrance Shiri Mashonaland Central Provincial ZANU PF 97 Council Candidate

2.3 Tone of coverage of political parties

Overall, the tone of coverage for most of the political parties was neutral. There were however contestations in the media’s representation of the bigger political parties whose sentiment varied from platform to platform. The ruling party continues to enjoy more positive coverage in the government-controlled media.

State newspapers Most of the parties covered were presented in a neutral manner even though ZANU PF enjoyed significantly more positive coverage than the other parties and MDC Alliance received relatively more negative coverage than the other parties.

Private press The tone of coverage for most of the parties in the private press was generally neutral. While the monitored newspapers were more critical of ZANU PF it also received most of the positive coverage ahead of MDC Alliance.

ZBC The ZBC stations were predominantly neutral in their representation of political actors. However ZANU PF was the only party to enjoy positive portrayal on the national broadcaster. PRC received relatively more negative coverage than the other parties featured on this platform.

National commercial radio On national commercial radio coverage of political parties ranged from positive to neutral with relatively less negative coverage. Most of the parties covered received neutral coverage. PRC and MDC Alliance received relatively more positive coverage while ZANU PF received significantly more negative coverage.

11 Local commercial radio Coverage on the local commercial radio stations was predominantly neutral for all of the parties covered. Independent candidates received relatively more positive coverage.

Table 7: Tone of coverage in the press (in cm2) Party Private Press Public Press Negative Neutral Positive Negative Neutral Positive #1980 FMZ 20 109 0 1 227 0 ANSA 0 448 0 0 0 0 APA 1 47 0 0 0 0 BCP 0 0 0 0 0 137 BZA 0 20 360 0 223 242 CODE 0 208 0 0 16 86 DOP 0 163 0 0 186 0 FreeZim 0 0 0 5 148 0 Congress Independent 0 513 54 20 391 107 MDC Alliance 1039 8177 1093 2958 3288 399 MDC-T 0 1688 0 160 537 413 MPCD 0 0 0 0 0 207 MPDP 0 0 0 0 20 0 MRP 57 143 0 0 44 0 NAPDR 0 10 0 183 0 0 NEW PF 0 128 0 198 70 158 NCA 0 89 0 12 209 161 NPF 0 410 10 8 203 0 NPP 0 133 0 0 123 0 PPP 0 0 0 0 62 287 PRC 82 477 0 0 98 0 RPZ 0 26 228 0 176 0 Rebuild Zim 0 0 0 0 20 0 UANC 0 252 0 0 1 0 UDA 0 255 0 0 3 0 UDF 0 14 0 0 202 0 UDM 0 257 0 0 348 77 ZANU PF 5169 17875 1877 7 26126 10062 ZAPU 66 655 0 1 0 0 ZIPP 0 6 0 0 160 228

Table 8: Tone of coverage on national broadcasters Party ZBC Commercial Radio Negative Neutral Positive Negative Neutral Positive #1980 FMZ 25 5 0 74 1 0 APA 0 1596 0 0 29 0 BZA 0 7 0 0 54 735 CODE 0 972 0 84 24 0 DOP 0 162 0 0 0 35 FreeZim 0 900 0 0 0 109 Congress Independent 0 164 0 1 5042 1117 MDC Alliance 63 2637 0 92 1178 2123 MDC-T 16 111 0 2 70 118 NAPDR 0 1225 0 NCA 0 634 0 0 0 84 NPF 0 1343 0 0 1 56 NPP 0 0 0 0 7 0 PPP 0 307 0 PRC 283 8 0 0 11 2511 RPZ 0 25 0 0 0 35 Rebuild Zim 0 3432 0 0 0 0 TAD 0 0 0 0 880 0 UDM 0 720 0 0 45 0 ZANU PF 27 14952 648 882 3112 1339 ZAPU 0 3 0 0 1 0 ZIPP 0 17 0 0 0 0

Table 9: Tone of coverage on local commercial radio

Party Local Commercial Negative Neutral Positive AFRICAN DEMOCRATS 0 232 0 APA 0 85 0 BUILD ZIM 0 32 0 CODE 0 1611 53 FREEZIM 0 86 0 INDEPENDENT 0 15150 2125 MDC ALLIANCE 0 8019 311 MDC-T 0 1041 0 NPF 0 446 0 PRC 0 4008 107 UDF 0 105 0 ZANU PF 16 3112 203 ZAPU 0 92 0 ZIPP 0 2 0

2.4 Gender representation in election programmes

Representation of women leaders remains relatively low during the electoral period. 17% of space and time allocated to political actors featured women while men took up the remaining 83%. This marked a 2% increase from the coverage recorded during the nomination period. Local and national commercial radio stations allocated the most time to women political actors.

Fig 5: Representation of women in the monitored media (%)

Even though commercial radio stations gave more mileage to women political actors they were the least diverse in terms of the number of women featured on their platforms. Overall, 57 women politicians were featured in the news during the monitoring period. There was more diversity of coverage of women in the press than in the electronic media.

Table 10: Coverage of women in the media News Overall Public Private ZBC National Local platform Press Press Commercial Commercial monitored radio Radio Number 57 28 24 18 11 14 of women covered

Different women dominated on the individual news platforms monitored save for the print media where MDC-T leader Thokozani Khupe was the most prominently featured woman. First Lady, Auxillia Mnangagwa received the most publicity on the ZBC Stations. Joice Mujuru received the most coverage on national commercial radio while Jessie Majome received the most coverage on local commercial radio.

14 2.4.1 Nature of women’s coverage

2.4.1.1 Issues covered

The scope of issues where women political actors featured narrowed down during the monitoring period. Ninety-one-percent of the coverage involving women actors was on politics and governance issues followed by social and legal issues, which contributed, to 4% of their coverage. The remaining 5% was distributed amongst economy (2%), science and health (2%) and Crime and Violence (1%). Most of the politics and governance issues covered were campaign activities, which featured all four presidential candidates and aspiring national assembly candidates. Economic news was dominated by the launch of Women’s Bank meant to fund women’s businesses. First Lady Auxillia Mnangagwa contributed to most of the social and legal news as well as Science and Health though her philanthropic initiatives.

2.4.1.2 Visibility of women in election programmes

In the electronic media, 81% of the coverage of political actors emanated from current affairs programmes with the remaining 19% coming from news bulletins. Local commercial stations gave relatively more time to women political actors in both news bulletins and current affairs programmes. Most of the recorded programmes discussed women’s campaign activities. Radio Zimbabwe’s Mudariro featured MDC-T spokesperson Linda Masarira in a discussion on the role of women in the upcoming elections.

2.4.1.3 Tone of coverage of women political actors

Despite being underrepresented overall, when women were featured in the media they have enjoyed predominantly fair coverage. Overall, 78% of the coverage of women was neutral with 20% being positive. Only 2% presented negative sentiment against women. National commercial radio stations gave most of the positive coverage to women while the private press contained most of the negative sentiment on women political actors. Local commercial radio stations had the most neutral coverage for women.

Fig 7: Tone of coverage for women

2.5 Youth representation in the news

Youth political actors remain marginalised in the news media. Overall they made up 6% of the political actors who were covered in the media. They lagged behind all the age groups that were represented in the media.

Fig 8: Representation of youths in the media (%)

Seven youth political actors were featured in the media during the monitoring period. The public press and local commercial radio carried the highest number of youths; they each featured three. The remaining youth political actor appeared on national commercial radio.

Table 10: Representation of youth political actors in the media News Overall Public Private ZBC National Local platform Press Press Commercial Commercial monitored radio Radio Number 7 3 0 0 1 3 of youths covered

Most of the youth political actors covered belonged to the ZANU PF party; they were featured three times followed by independent politicians, those from MDC Alliance, NPF and PRC who appeared once. The following are the youth politicians covered:  Michael Taderera – Independent (30)  Joana Mamombe – MDC Alliance (32)  Brian Nyamusambira – NPF (23)  Tauya Chinama - PRC (26)  Tatenda Mavetera – ZANU PF (31)  John Paradza – ZANU PF (27)  Kudakwashe Damson – ZANU PF (34)

16 All of the youth political actors mentioned above were featured in the media in connection with their campaigns. 2.6 Election programming - Coverage of political players in election programmes in broadcast media

During the monitoring period, political actors were featured more in current affairs programmes than the other programming variables. Current affairs programmes accounted for 74% of the coverage of political actors whilst the news took up the remaining 26%. Even though there were political adverts recorded, they took up less than 1% of the time (199 seconds). Current affairs programmes were the main publicity earner for politicians on all the news platforms monitored followed by the news. All of the political adverts that were featured were flighted by the ZBC stations (radio and TV). It should be noted that all the adverts recorded were for ZANU PF.

Fig 9: Distribution of programming variables in the electronic media (in seconds)

As the election date approaches there has been an effort by the broadcast media to comply with SI33 of 2008, which sets stipulations on the nature of election programming. The instrument states that broadcasters should air the following programmes:  Programmes to which political parties or candidates are invited to present their election manifestos and policies to the electorate without being interviewed (Direct Access).  Programmes in which there are discussions relating to elections  Interviews with candidates or their representatives on elections  Each of the stations of a public broadcaster shall allocate four hours of available purchasable airtime during an election period for election advertisements, which shall be distributed, equitably to political parties and candidates contesting the election in question.

17 Media Monitors has observed that there has been a good attempt by the monitored stations to adhere to the dictates of the Electoral Act with regards to their conduct in election programming. While during the nomination process, none of the radio and TV programmes qualified to be direct access, this type of programming made up 39% of the programmes recorded during this monitoring period. Programmes such as, The Manifesto on the ZBC stations and Live Radio Rally on CapiTalk FM were examples of direct access programmes monitored. One challenge noted is that some of the direct access programmes are aired before the official prime time (6-10pm) stated in SI33 of 2008. Parties covered before prime time are exposed to fewer viewers or listeners than those covered during prime time. It is imperative that the local broadcast media affords all political parties equitable prime time coverage to interact with the electorate.

Discussions and interviews on election related issues were also prominent on both radio and TV; they made up 40% and 21% of the election related programming that featured political actors. During this monitoring period discussions were centred on party campaigns, topical issues (e.g. the White City Bombing) and voter education. Some of the interviews took the format of debates for example programmes like City Watch, The Platform and Election Debate Series amongst others.

As indicated earlier, even though there were political adverts recorded during the monitoring period, these only took up just 199 seconds. Media Monitors noted that only ZANU PF has managed to consistently flight adverts in the broadcast media. Even though ZBC has requested political parties to send in their campaign adverts there appears to be an urgent need for the media to review their prices for political adverts so that more actors are able to disseminate their adverts to a mass audience.

Fig 10: Overall programming types

SI33 of 2008 also stipulates that coverage of political parties should be equitable. This was not the case during the monitoring period as only 14 political parties were featured in election related programmes. Overall, Independent candidates were the most visible in election programmes with 35% of coverage. MDC Alliance was the most prominent party with 19% of the coverage followed by ZANU PF’s 13%. The remaining 12 parties were featured in 33% of the coverage.

Fig 11: Coverage of political parties in election programming

Table12: Election related current affairs programmes

Current affairs programmes June 25 June – 5 July Station Name of programme Nature of Issues discussed on programme Time of programming broadcast ZTV Melting Pot Discussion The possible impact of the explosion at White City to the Sunday 19:00 political environment in Zimbabwe ahead of elections. Friday 21:20 Analysis of White City Free Airtime A programme focused on revealing what transpired at Sunday 19:40 explosion White City stadium and steps that are being taken to account for the act. ZHRC on Thursday Discussion Discussion on rights that are entitled to citizens ahead of Thursday 18:05 elections Liquid Soil Discussion The presenter is in Mahombekombe, Kariba where they Monday 18:00 are discussing problems facing local people The Manifesto Free Airtime Candidates present their Manifestos without mediators. Wednesday (Evaristo Chikanga, Joseph Makamba Busha) 18:00 and 19:15 Electoral Rights Discussion Discussion on the principles and regulations that guide Wednesday electoral processes so that there is no violation of rights 19:30 Current Affairs Free Airtime 31st African Union Summit in Mauritania Wednesday 21:30 Classic 263 Daily Dose Discussion Unpacking the Peace Pledge: Is it a sign of true peace Tuesday 19:15 (Formerly and tolerance? SFM) Daily Dose Discussion Discussion about the Peace Pledge: If it will convert itself Wednesday to actual or sustainable peace in the election or post- 19:15 election period Key Points Free Airtime Feature of Ziyambi Ziyambi’s speech at the launch of the Thursday 18:35 Zimbabwe Intellectual Property Policy, a product of the Ministry of Justice, Legal and Parliamentary Affairs and other organisations Current Affairs Program Free Airtime Presidential Candidate Rev Evaristo Chikanga of Thursday 20:30 Rebuilding Zimbabwe party shares his vision, desires and unpacks his party’s manifesto Key Points Free Airtime Feature of the First Lady’s Speech at Warren Park where Tuesday 18:35

20 she was addressing widows and orphans on deceased estates

Radio The Elections 2018 Voter Education Voter Education program with guest speaker Ian Wednesday Zimbabwe Goredema from ZESN explaining how election observers 19:00 do their job and why they are important in the election process. Musoro wenyaya Political Debate Political debate between CODE leader, Elton Mangoma, Wednesday MDC ALLIANCE representative Jacob Mupfume and 19:00 Pastor Mkwara debating on how the can hold free and fair elections, discusses the importance of elections and how violence can be avoided in the upcoming elections. Mudariro MDC T spokesperson Linda Masarira discusses women Tuesday participation in the upcoming elections with Executive 19:30 Director for Women's Bureau and Vice President of WCoZ Ronica Mumbire and Munyaradzi Nhengo from PADARE. Current Affairs NPF leader Tendai Peter Munyanduri discusses the Friday problems the country is facing criticizes other politicians 19:00 running for office and outline his plans to improve the country if his party wins the presidential elections.

Star FM Ruvheneko Discussion Discussion with Independent female candidates: Jessie Monday Majome, Dudu Nyirongo and Zalerah Makari 19:30 Spotlight Discussion Discussion revolving around International day of torture Monday 21:10 My Vote, My Right My Discussion Educating voters on their voting rights with Zimbabwe Wednesday Choice Human Rights officers. 18:35 City Watch Political Debate Debate with aspiring candidates for Epworth constituency: Wednesday Kudakwashe Damson, Earthrage Kureva and Zalerah 21:20 Makari Late night politics with Discussion with Dr Noah Pashapa about bridging the gap Thursday George Chisumba in political polarisation and how to heal the nation 20:15 ZimRights Talk Show Discussion with residents of Mudzi North on their Friday understanding of the election process 18:40

ZiFM The Platform Political Debate Political debate between Dr Nkululeko Sibanda of MDC Monday Alliance and political analyst Richard Mahomva looking at 19:30 President Mnangagwa’s policy implementation specifically the devolution and second republic policies. The Platform Current Affairs ZANU PF secretary of Youth Affairs, Lewis Mathuthu Tuesday discusses the White City Stadium explosion 19:30 The Platform Current Affairs Current Affairs program with Media Monitors Director Wednesday Patience Zirima, VMCZ Director Loughty Dube, ZEC 19:30 Media Monitoring Committee member Joice Kazembe, and Zimbabwe Independent Editor Dumisani Muleya looking at how the organizations are going to monitor the elections. The Platform Free Airtime Aspiring presidential candidate Bryn Mteki, aspiring MP Sunday for Chitungwiza North, Rufaro Kaseke, aspiring MP for 19:30 Kadoma Central and African Democrats Party aspiring member of parliament for Gokwe outline their manifestos and plans for development if they are voted into power. The Platform- Ask the Free Airtime Aspiring councilors outline how they plan to improve their 03-07-2018 MP wards if they win elections. 7:30 pm

CapiTalk FM CapiTalk Radio Rally Free Airtime Aspiring candidates are given time to unpack their Monday 18:15 manifestos and listeners get a chance to call in Ruvheneko, Election Debate Ruvheneko, the presenter interrogates aspiring Monday/ Debate Series candidates’ manifestos and call-ins are made Wednesday 19:10 Deep Dive Discussion The presenter discusses political events and electoral Monday 20:10 processes that are in place with the listeners Press Conference Free Airtime MDC Alliance leader addresses a press conference on his Wednesday demands for electoral reforms 20:15

98.4 FM State of Midlands Discussion This program tackles issues that are prevalent in the ---- Midlands province. One of the editions featured

22 independent candidate McDonald Konic 98.4 Talk Debate Aspiring national assembly candidate Nkosi Ndlovu Monday 19:00 unpacks the activities conducted in his constituency and what he intends to do after being elected

CHAPTER THREE: THE NEWS AGENDA IN THE ELECTORAL PERIOD

3.1 The Election Agenda This assessment looked at the amount of space and time allocated to various election related activities and issues. These activities/ issues were categorized under the following headings:

Table 13: Election agenda variables Election issue/activity Description Campaigns Party activities, which included rallies, coordination meetings and profiles of political actors. Information This includes news on voter and civic education by ZEC or civic organisations. Planning Activities of the commission, which include, staff recruitment, procurement, logistics and security. Reforms This includes legal reform proposals. Nomination Mentions of the sitting of nomination courts and the electoral commission’s announcement of the date of nomination. Registration Includes stories on the voter registration processes, Voters’ roll Inspection, and storage of voter registration kits as well as announcement of figures of registered voters. Review Includes insights on the progress of the electoral processes by election observer missions, CSOs and the media

Overall 361 election-related stories were recorded during the monitoring period. Media Monitors noted that campaign activities continue to dominate the elections agenda on all the media outlets monitored. Of the monitored stories, 61% were on party campaigns followed by reviews of the election environment, these made up 11% of the coverage. Stories on electoral reform and the electoral commission’s planning activities contributed 9%. The remaining 10% included reports on voter registration, nomination, training and provision of election related information.

24 Fig 12: Election agenda in the news (%)

Campaigns constituted the majority of election related coverage on all the news platforms monitored. ZBC stations carried most of the campaign activities recorded.

Fig 13: Elections agenda on all news platforms monitored. (%)

25 3.2 Election administrative issues covered

3.2.1 Reform

As elections draw closer there has been an upsurge of calls for electoral reform from opposition parties. Overall 33 stories on electoral reform were recorded across all platforms. The privately owned media carried 69% of the recorded stories whilst the state controlled press and broadcaster carried the remaining 31%.

The privately owned press carried most of the reports that contained calls by opposition parties for electoral reform. There continued to be questions around the independence of the electoral commission as the MDC Alliance accused the electoral commission of failing to implement its mandate impartially. The opposition parties accused ZEC of feigning transparency by allowing opposition parties to observe the printing of presidential ballot papers. Nelson Chamisa’s election agent Jameson Timba argued that, “ZEC is fooling not only the MDC Alliance but Zimbabweans in general, they are fooling the international community that there is commitment to ensure free and fair elections because what is obtaining has left us wondering who is in charge of elections, is ZEC in charge? So, we are saying we must stop (ZEC chairperson Priscilla Chigumba) because we have said it is either ZEC reforms or there is no election1,” The alleged “logjam” between ZEC and MDC Alliance over electoral reforms has forced the party to send emissaries to the international community to seek an intervention. In a statement, Nelson Chamisa noted that, “We, therefore, call upon SADC, the AU and the international community to intervene and save a collapsing process and abate an imminent legitimacy crisis,”2

The narrative in the government-controlled media was in sharp contrast with the privately owned media. The monitored news platforms gave the impression that all was well and that the MDC Alliance was being unreasonable. In its editorial comment titled: MDC Alliance’s ballot demands irrational. The Herald noted that, “A day seldom passes without Nelson Chamisa and his opposition partners making outrageous claims against the electoral body in a manner suggesting they dread Election Day, which is fast approaching. The latest and of course, laughable complaint from the MDC Alliance is the design of the presidential ballot”3.

Another reform issue that was covered in the media was the role of the army in elections. There has been a lot of skepticism around whether the army would accept the election results if President Emmerson Mnangagwa were to lose come July 30. The question was broached at a media conference on the role of the army in the 2018 elections. However, the privately owned media reported that the army had ‘ducked questions on whether the army would allow for a smooth transition of power in the event of victory by an opposition

1 Daily News (3/7) Chamisa cries foul over ZEC 2 Daily News (5/7) Chamisa rejects ‘sham’ ZEC ballot 3 The Herald (4/7) MDC Alliance’s ballot demands irrational,

26 candidate’4. Colonel Overson Mugwisi did not give a direct answer when pressed to explain why the military should be trusted to uphold the Constitution at the polls when it stepped in to overhaul a constitutional order in November, an irritated Mugwisi retorted, “that question is very similar to what I responded to. I made it clear that the conduct of the election would be guided by the Constitution. I think we are deviating from our discussion”5. The reports in the government-controlled media were tamer as they gave the impression that the army would respect the poll outcome.

3.2.2 Election Reviews With the elections less than a month away, the spotlight has been on how various bodies perceive the election environment. As a result, foreign observers, civil society and the media have commented on the prevailing conditions. The media appeared to be divided in the nature of election reviews covered. The government-controlled press published reviews that seemed to support the narrative that preparations for elections were progressing smoothly. The Herald reported that UN was confident that Zimbabwe would run free and fair elections citing comments made by UN Resident coordinator, Bishow Parajuli who said; “They (Zimbabwe) are prepared to run free and fair elections in a peaceful manner as directed by his Excellency the President of Zimbabwe”6. Apart from reviews from the international community, the public media also gave favorable evaluations of the progress made by President Mnangagwa, which justified his mantra that Zimbabwe is open for business. One of The Herald’s correspondents reported that, President Emmerson Mnangngwa's interventions are practical and promoting economic growth by opening up of industries and partnerships with the foreign companies. Progress can now be discerned in the country's economy, which had been stagnant for a very long time”7. This was in reference to the recent tours of Mashaba Asbestos Mine and CSC Masvingo.

The privately owned media countered the narrative in the state owned media. They highlighted the challenges in the electoral environment. The reviews were mostly by members of the civil society who gave their take on the progress of elections. In one of the reports, ZESN and ZLHR published their assessment of the extent to which the Electoral Amendment Act of May 28 was aligned to the constitution, which concluded that there continue to be gaps in the country’s legal statutes. In addition to evaluations of the legal environment, the private media sought comment from human rights defenders who commented on the extent of political violence in the country. ZimRights is quoted by NewsDay saying, “Mudzi district in Mashonaland East had become the latest hotbed of political violence, with candidates complaining of vandalism of their campaign posters amid threats to burn their houses”8. In another report, Zimbabwe Political Victims Trust reportedly dealt with two

4 NewsDay (5/7) Army dodges questions on army transfer, Page 1 5 Daily News (5/7) We will salute Chamisa: Army; Page 1 6 The Herald (29/6) UN confident of free fair elections, Page 1 7 The Herald (29/6) President’s economic interventions practical 8 NewsDay (4/7) Mudzi latest political violence hotbed: ZimRights

27 cases of political violence in Nyanga where two MDC Alliance supporters were assaulted9.

3.2.3 Planning Updates on ZEC’s planning of the elections were more prominently covered in the government controlled media. In terms of logistics, the commission announced that state owned companies Fidelity Printers and Print Flow had started printing ballot papers for the upcoming elections. It also reported that 7,200 people had applied for postal voting. The national broadcaster, ZBC called on political parties and independent candidates to submit their adverts for allocation of airtime. Election preparations were almost threatened by the White City bombing though, presidential candidates went on to sign the National Peace Pledge facilitated by the National Peace and Reconciliation Commission.

3.2.4 Information The electoral commission and civil society organisations were active in creating platforms for knowledge management meant to enlighten the electorate on the electoral processes. The private media carried content from civic organisations, which included details of the Go Zim, Get Out and Vote nationwide campaign. In other news, a local NGO, My Age launched a campaign called I-Vote, which aims to encourage politicians and the electorate to accept the outcome of the election.

3.2.5 Nomination As a follow-up to the sitting of the nomination court, the electoral commission published a list of 48 candidates who withdrew their candidature from the upcoming elections. The political actors who withdrew their candidature were mostly independent candidates and those from MDC Alliance and ZANU PF who had handed in their papers as independent candidates. However there appeared to be an error on the published list as six MDC Alliance candidates were mistakenly withdrawn; the commission however reported to have reinstated them. In related news, ZANU PF reportedly expelled 41 members from the party after they refused to withdraw their candidature and will be contesting as independents10.

3.2.6 Training During the monitoring period ZEC reported that it would be training election officers who would be chairing multi party liaison committee meetings in constituencies. These committees are meant to ensure a peaceful environment before, during and after the elections. Updates on the trainings were mostly featured in the publicly owned print and broadcast media.

9 Daily News (5/7) Zanu PF returns to violence 10 The Herald (3/7) ZANU PF expels 41 members

3.3 Campaign News

A total of 218 campaign stories were recorded during the monitoring period. The publicly owned media carried 56% of the recorded party campaigns whereas the remaining 44% appeared in the privately owned media. Despite extensive coverage of campaign activities, the media only followed up on the campaign events of a few political parties. Overall, the five media platforms covered the campaign activities of five political parties (this does not include interviews and studio discussions). The government- controlled media gave more coverage to political parties’ campaign activities than the private media. ZANU PF’s campaign activities were more prominent on all the monitored platforms.

Table 13: Party events covered by the media Private press Public press ZBC Commercial radio Local provincial Radio Independent Independent Independent ZANU PF MDC Alliance  Magunje  Macheke  Glen View  Shurugwi  Gweru  Macheke PRC MDC Alliance ZANU PF  Victoria  Mvurwi MDC Alliance  Dangamvura – Falls  Redcliff  Mufakose Chikanga  Silobela MDC Alliance ZANU PF  Redcliff  Mvurwi  Hatcliffe  Kadoma  Gokwe  Zaka  Kadoma  Hwange PPP  Norton  Chitungwiza ZANU PF  Chivi South  Hatcliffe  Gokwe-Kana PRC  Uzumba  Chitungwiza  Victoria Falls

29  Marondera  Southlea Park  Bindura  Phelandaba  Jambezi  Makoni  Shurugwi ZANU PF  Gokwe  Hatcliffe  Bikita South  Glen Norah  Gutu South  Mbare  Dangamvura - Chikanga  Chitungwiza  Uzumba  Goromonzi  Chiredzi  Norton  Mberengwa  Beitbridge  Bikita South  Gokwe

30 CHAPTER FOUR: MEDIA’S CONDUCT IN ELECTION REPORTING

4.1 Imbalanced coverage

There has been a general lack of balance in the manner in which the media have represented political parties. Firstly, of the 55 political parties contesting in the upcoming elections only 29 have been covered by the media meaning 42% were not featured at all in the monitored platforms. This is unfair to the political parties as they are running out of time to market themselves to the electorate.

Of the political parties covered, there continues to be inequitable distribution of coverage between the top two parties and the less known political parties. ZANU PF and MDC Alliance combined for 64% of the total coverage whilst the remaining 27 parties shared 21 percent of the coverage. Their average share of coverage stands at 0.7% compared to 32% each for the two main parties.

Media Monitors also noted disparities in the coverage of individual political actors. In the category of presidential candidates, President Emmerson Mnangagwa continues to enjoy the advantage of incumbency as he has racked up 52% of the coverage of political actors followed by Nelson Chamisa’s 12% and Joice Mujuru’s 8%. This means that the other 20 candidates combined for an 18% share down from 20% during the nomination period. The prevailing trend shows that the media has been subliminally setting the agenda for the electorate on who to vote for by not giving equitable time for all presidential candidates.

Election related coverage has not been inclusive, as it has marginalised women and youths. Even though women make up more than 50% of the country’s population their perspective has only been visible in 17% of election related coverage. Similarly with youths making up 70% of the registered voters their interests have been marginalised in all the news platforms monitored. Youth political actors were only visible in 7% of the coverage of political actors.

4.2 Polarised nature of media coverage

It appears the media have not taken heed of calls for fair representation of political parties. Despite being neutral in their coverage of most of the political parties covered, a closer look at the quality of coverage dedicated to the main political parties shows polarised coverage.

A comparison of the positive and negative sentiment received by the two parties shows that the media has been polarised in their reportage. ZANU PF enjoys favourable coverage on four of the five platforms monitored. The party

31 received most of its negative coverage from the privately owned media particularly the privately owned press and commercial radio.

Fig 14: ZANU PF representation in the monitored media

MDC Alliance enjoyed positive coverage on three of the five platforms monitored (private press, national and local commercial radio). Most of its negative coverage emanated from the government controlled media outlets (public press and ZBC stations). The privately owned press has also been critical of MDC Alliance as shown by the slight variation in positive and negative coverage.

Fig 15: MDC Alliance’s representation in the monitored media

32 During the monitoring period, the private and public media have carried opposing narratives on different issues involving the two parties during the monitoring period, which has starved the electorate of objective analysis of what the two parties can deliver if elected into office.

33 CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION

There was a sharp decline in the number of political parties covered during this monitoring period compared to the nomination period. A total of 29 political parties were covered in the media compared to 45 during the nomination period. One would expect more political parties and actors to be covered by the media as the election date edges closer. Despite a decline in political parties covered, the main political parties (ZANU PF and MDC Alliance) maintained a 64% share of the publicity even though ZANU PF’s coverage improved from 45% to 46% and MDC Alliance dropped from 19% to 18%. Independent candidates also improved to 15% up one point from 14%. The remaining 27 parties combined for 21% of the coverage. This trend of coverage disadvantages the smaller political parties that continue to receive marginal coverage as well as the 26 parties that were not featured at all during the ten-day monitoring period.

The tone of coverage for most of the political parties was neutral on all the monitored platforms. This was however not the case with ZANU PF and MDC Alliance as coverage of the two parties continues to be polarised along partisan lines. The ruling party enjoys relatively positive coverage on the government-controlled platforms while MDC Alliance enjoyed more negative coverage. In the privately owned media, ZANU PF continues to endure most of the negative coverage while MDC Alliance enjoys more positive coverage overall. It is prudent for ZEC’s Media Monitoring Committee to address the qualitative challenges in the media’s representation of these two parties as it deprives the electorate of an honest reflection of what the two parties have to offer.

The media has not been inclusive in its representation of marginalised groups who include women and youths. The views of these two groups were not prominently featured on all the news platforms monitored. Women made up 17% of the actors featured and youths were even less visible with 6% of the total coverage. Issues of concern to these two groups have not been given prominence in the media. There is need for more inclusive coverage that mainstreams the interests of these groups so that their perspectives become a priority as the country heads towards the 2018 elections.

The elections agenda has become a priority in the media, which has seen an increase in programming variables that discuss election related issues. There has been a notable effort by the media to comply with the Electoral Act particularly the issue of direct access programmes, which give political actors an opportunity to talk about their manifestos. There however remains a challenge in the lack of diversity in the political parties advertising on both the print and electronic media where only ZANU PF has been able to flight adverts. There may be need to review the prices of adverts as other political parties may not have the capacity to meet advertising costs.

34 Annex 1: Sample of monitored media

The media monitored is a snapshot of the private, commercial and public media in Zimbabwe. It includes:  All four of the country’s daily newspapers.  Two weekly newspapers representing private and government controlled media  Two of ZBC’s four radio stations and the country’s sole TV station, ZTV  Both national commercial radio stations  Four of the eight local provincial radio stations in the country. In determining coverage, this monitoring looked at prime time programming on radio and television (6 – 10pm) and all content except sport and entertainment in print media.

Sample of monitored media News Platform Print Broadcast (6-10pm) Public media  The Herald  ZTV  Chronicle  SFM  The Sunday Mail  Radio Zimbabwe Commercial radio  Star FM  ZiFM Local Provincial radio  CapiTalk FM  Diamond FM  Hevoi FM  Skies Metro FM Private media  Daily News  NewsDay  The Standard

Annex 2: Methodology

Media Monitors used three tools to assess the media’s performance in its allocation of space and time to political parties, the news agenda and the media’s conduct in reporting election related news. Political Pluralism – fairness and balance Monitoring aims to quantify and qualify time dedicated to political parties by the media. The quantitative analysis measures the total amount of space (cm2) and time (seconds) devoted to politicians and political parties by the media. The analysis also evaluates representations of political actors by, tone, gender and age as well as the type of programmes in which they are featured. Media Monitoring of agenda setting The analysis of agenda-setting aims to identify the main topics covered by the main news programmes of the media houses on a daily basis. This type of monitoring identifies the key issues presented in the public discourse and it represents a complementary element to assess the quality of media coverage of topics of public interest during an election campaign. Media monitoring of adherence to journalistic standards in election reporting This layer of analysis aims at verifying to what extent and how election reporting respects professional journalistic standards. In this respect, the Media Monitors (MM) produced an assessment for a number of dimensions (accuracy, separation of facts and opinions, use of misleading headlines and graphics among others.)

36 Annex 3: Coverage of aspiring national assembly candidates

Candidate PARTY Space (cm2) Time (Sec) Action Haruchenjerwi INDEPENDANT 3 0 Amos Chibaya ZANU PF 50 0 Babara Rwodzi ZANU PF 249 0 Bonface Mudzingwa MDC ALLIANCE 3 0 Brighton Ithutheng MRP 44 0 Sibanda Caston Matewu MDC ALLIANCE 5 0 Chester Mhende ZANU PF 3 0 Christopher ZIPP 3 0 Malinganiso Christopher ZANU PF 107 218 Mutsvangwa Cleopas Kundiona ZANU PF 32 0 Clever Kunonga NPF 3 0 Clifford Nhamburo MDC ALLIANCE 3 0 Cluadios Maronge ZANU PF 3 0 Collen Khabani MRP 1 0 Mangena Crispa Musoni MDC ALLIANCE 3 0 Daniel Mabonga INDEPENDENT 40 0 David Chimhini MDC ALLIANCE 32 0 David Musabayana ZANU PF 232 131 Desire Ncube FREEZIM CONGRESS 147 109 Dexter Nduna ZANU PF 40 67 Dorothy Mangami ZANU PF 27 0 Edmore Maramwidze MDC ALLIANCE 1 0 Elvis Mareverwa INDEPENDENT 3 0 Elvis Mugari NPF 3 0 Energy Mutodi ZANU PF 1731 0 Eriam Musendekwa MDC ALLIANCE 49 0 Esau Mupfumi ZANU PF 45 274 Fani Phanuel Phiri ZANU PF 44 0 Festus Dumbu MDC ALLIANCE 3 0 Francis Danha #1980 FREEDOM 130 99 MOVEMENT Francis Mangwendeza MDC ALLIANCE 165 0 Francis Tichaona INDEPENDENT 3 0 Chitehwe Gabbuza Joel Gabuza MDC ALLIANCE 12 0 Gamuchirai Chakwera MDC ALLIANCE 3 0 Gift Chimanikire MDC ALLIANCE 3 0 Gift Gaza ZIPP 1 0

37 Godfrey Gandawa INDEPENDENT 110 5 Godfrey Sithole MDC ALLIANCE 12 0 Godwills ZANU PF 47 64 Masimirembwa Hamandishe MDC ALLIANCE 3 0 Maramwidze Happymore Chidziva MDC ALLIANCE 50 0 Happyson Jasi ZIPP 3 0 Herbet Shumbamhini ZANU PF 5 0 Innocent Dube INDEPENDENT 44 0 Innocent Gonese ZANU PF 360 0 Innocent Makuyana NPF 3 0 Isaac Solomon Tembo INDEPENDENT 1 0 Israel Nyandoro Jacob INDEPENDENT 3 0 Jacob Ngarivhume MDC ALLIANCE 3 0 James Chidhakwa MDC ALLIANCE 6 0 James Maridadi MDC T 81 0 Jealousy Mawarire NPF 47 0 Jeofrey Kabvara PRC 1 0 Jessie Majome INDEPENDANT 50 4462 Joel Biggie Matiza ZANU PF 61 5 Johannes Marisa INDEPENDENT 7 0 John Paradza ZANU PF 27 0 Johnson Madhuku ZANU PF 105 0 Jonah Wakurawarerwa MDC T 3 0 Joosbi Omar ZANU PF 148 0 Joram Gumbo ZANU PF 415 1034 Josaya Sithole ZANUPF 65 0 Joseph Chinotimba ZANU PF 223 36 Joseph Tshuma ZANU PF 75 0 Josinia Maupa INDEPENDENT 206 0 July Moyo ZANU PF 239 32 Juniel Manyere MDC ALLIANCE 3 0 Justin Makota MDC ALLIANCE 3 0 Kandros Mugabe ZANU PF 3 0 Kazembe Kazembe ZANU PF 504 79 Kenneth Musanhi ZANU PF 105 0 Killer Zivhu ZANU PF 131 0 Knowledge Mabvuure BZA 3 0 Knowledge Mupini MDC ALLIANCE 12 0 Kudakwashe Bhasikiti MDC ALLIANCE 311 0 Kudakwashe ZANU PF 602 0 Chinamano Kudakwashe Damson ZANU PF 44 845

38 Kunashe Muchemwa MDC ALLIANCE 6 55 Last Mafuratidze PRC 3 0 Lawrence Mavhaire PRC 3 0 Linda Masarira MDC-T 78 602 Loice Magweba INDEPENDENT 3 0 Lovemore Mapuranga NCA 1 0 Lovemore Matongo MDC ALLIANCE 3 0 Luke Tamborinyoka MDC ALLIANCE 221 0 Lynette Mudehwe MDC T (TK) 24 0 Mabel Chinomona ZANU PF 8 3 Marian Chombo ZANU PF 10 0 Marko Gukwa ZANU PF 3 0 Martin Dinha ZANU PF 575 0 Maxwell Zinyakatira PRC 3 0 Maxwell Munondo ZANU PF 3 0 Mbonisi Gumbo MRP 108 0 Mcumillan Ndlovu MDC ALLIANCE 3 0 Mekia Tanyanyiwa INDEPENDENT 3 0 Michael Madiro ZANU PF 199 107 Mlungisi Moyo ZANU PF 51 34 Moffat Ndou PRC 1 0 Moses Mzila Ndlovu ANSA 448 0 Muchineripi MDC ALLIANCE 52 0 Chinyanganya Munyaradzi Edson INDEPENDENT 1 0 Matombo Murefu Matibiri ZANU PF 3 0 Nelson Shayamano ZANU PF 3 0 Nkosilathi Jiyane ZANU PF 3 0 Noah Mangondo INDEPENDENT 139 71 Noel Saita NATIONAL PF 1 0 Nomvula Mguni MDC-T 30 0 Obert Gutu MDC-T 482 123 Oppah Muchinguri ZANU PF 8 0 Osherd MUTUNAMI MDC ALLIANCE 71 56 Owen Ncube ZANU PF 1132 307 Partone Xaba MRP 1 0 Patrick Chinamasa ZANU PF 303 31 Paul Mavima ZANU PF 119 0 Peter Mahlekete PRC 3 0 Philip Chiyangwa ZANU PF 66 0 Pias Rungwaro MDC T 3 0 Prince Dubeko Sibanda MDC ALLIANCE 12 0 Pupurai Togarepi ZANU PF 556 252

39 Relief Chipere INDEPENDENT 3 0 Ronald Ndlovu FREEZIM CONGRESS 1 0 PARTY Rorana Muchihwa MDC ALLIANCE 3 0 Rueben Chikudo MDC ALLIANCE 2 0 Ruth Maboyi ZANU PF 1 30 Samuel Sipepa Nkomo PRC 170 70 Sarah Mahoka NPF 172 0 Shadreck MDC ALLIANCE 518 0 Mashayamombe Shillah Bikoloni BZA 3 0 Shingi Mathabuka PEOPLE'S RAINBOW 122 0 COALITION Simbarashe Chikazhe ZIPP 3 0 Simon Chidhakwa INDEPENDENT 5 0 Simon Senda UDA 3 0 Simon Simango PRC 24 0 Solani Moyo MDC ALLIANCE 30 0 Stanely Manguma MDC ALLIANCE 9 0 Stephen Kabozo ZANUPF 350 0 Stephen Muchenje MDC ALLIANCE 3 0 Strike Mkandla ZAPU 66 0 Supa Mandiwanzira ZANU PF 71 0 Taurai Nhamburo MDC ALLIANCE 2 0 Tauya Chinama PRC 9 0 Tawanda Bvumo MDC ALLIANCE 130 0 Tawanda Karikoga ZANU PF 15 0 Temba Mliswa INDEPENDENT 15 2841 Tendai Biti MDC ALLIANCE 492 4 Terrance Mukupe ZANU PF 508 12 Thamarie Chimanzi MDC ALLIANCE 3 0 Tinashe Jinga MDC ALLIANCE 3 0 Tinashe Muchenje MDC ALLIANCE 1 0 Tinotenda Evidence INDEPENDENT 3 0 Mckenzie Tongai Mnangagwa ZANU PF 186 36 Tongesai Mudambo ZANU PF 1 0 Tongesai Mudambo ZANU PF 1 0 Trevor Saruwaka MDC ALLIANCE 32 0 Trust Chikohora CODE 120 1657 Tsikadzashe Nemato ZANU PF 7 0 Victor Matemadanda ZANU PF 13 0 Victor Vengeyi INDEPENDANT 3 0 Vimbai Tsvangirai-Java MDC ALLIANCE 164 0

40 Walter Chidhakwa INDEPENDANT 10 7 Webster Shamu ZANU PF 10 0 Welcome Moyo ZDU 1 0 William Zivenge MDC ALLIANCE 39 0 Winston Chitando ZANU PF 338 110 Witness Dube MDC-T 70 0 Xolani Ncube MRP 1 0 Yeukai Simbanegavi ZANU PF 3 0 Zalerah Makari INDEPENDANT 101 4298 Zivanayi Mavesere INDEPENDENT 1 747 Ziyambi Ziyambi ZANUPF 124 258 Aggripa Mutambara MDC ALLIANCE 0 282 Albert Nguluvhe ZANU PF 0 1 Alexio Mudzengerere ZANU PF 0 54 Blessed Muparadze PRC 0 3 Brian Dube MDC ALLIANCE 0 159 Brian Nyamusambira NPF 0 441 Canfred Pambuka NCA 0 44 Clayton Jones PRC 0 1 Costa Machingauta MDC ALLIANCE 0 21 Daniel Mutarisi INDEPENDENT 0 85 David Chikore FREEZIM CONGRESS 0 86 Dhudhuzile Nyirongo INDEPENDANT 0 732 Earthrage Kureva MDC ALLIANCE 0 416 Edmond Mukaratigwa ZANUPF 0 10 Eric Matsunga MDC ALLIANCE 0 44 Farai Kizito Manganda INDEPENDENT 0 213 Fortune Chasi ZANU PF 0 617 Jacob Nyokanhete MDC ALLIANCE 0 227 Joana Mamombe MDC ALLIANCE 0 10 Job Sikhala MDC ALLIANCE 0 2400 Jonathan Chaora MDC ALLIANCE 0 3 Josphat Ngulube INDEPENDENT 0 1 Marco Machona TAD 0 1112 Marshal Mpofu ZAPU 0 32 Michael Taderera INDEPENDANT 0 927 Munyaradzi Manungo MDC ALLIANCE 0 1832 Musatye Mupangure ZAPU 0 3 Nicola Watson MDC ALLIANCE 0 99 Nkosi Ndlovu INDEPENDANT 0 1113 Norman Marikisi ZANU-PF 0 12 Ntando Moyo ZANU PF 0 21 Petronella Kagonye ZANU PF 0 31

41 Rajesh Modi ZANU PF 0 34 Roy Bhila ZANU PF 0 6 Rufaro Kaseke INDEPENDENT 0 506 Simba Mudarikwa ZANU PF 0 2 Sithembile Gumbo ZANU PF 0 1 Susan Matsunga MDC ALLIANCE 0 21 Tendai Muchemwa ZIPP 0 17 Tukisai Chodewa NCA 0 3 Vimbai Musvaburi INDEPENDENT 0 1 Joshua Sacco ZANU PF 0 39