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Emancipatory Politics and the Mpondo Revolts

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Emancipatory Politics and the Mpondo Revolts by Sarah Bruchhausen Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Department of History at RHODES UNIVERSITY SUPERVISOR: Dr Nicole Ulrich 7th June 2016 Abstract This thesis aims to offer a revised view of the Mpondo revolts. The central theoretical concept of the thesis is that of emancipatory politics. Drawing predominantly on archival sources the primary concern of the thesis is to expose and interrogate certain aspects of this historical moment of popular politics which can be seen as emancipatory. In particular the notions of egalitarianism and universal human dignity will be analysed in relation to the popular political subjectivities, formations and praxes of the Mpondo revolts. In so doing this thesis attempts to make a meaningful contribution to present day debates concerning alternative theories of human emancipation by showing what emancipatory politics looked like historically and in practise within the context of the Mpondo revolts. ii Declaration I declare that this thesis is my own work and that all sources I have quoted or used have been indicated and acknowledged by means of complete references. Sarah Bruchhausen 7th June 2016 iii Acknowledgments To Dr Nicole Ulrich my supervisor. Without your incredible support and guidance this thesis would not have been possible. Thank you for your incredible patience and tireless engagement with my work. Through your supervision I have been introduced to concepts, theories and histories which have allowed me to grow as both a historian and a human being. I will forever be grateful for the way in which you have helped me find my own intellectual path and the values you have helped to instil in me as a historian. I would also like to thank Prof Michael Neocosmos and all the intellectuals at UHURU without whom this thesis would not have been possible. To the Melon foundation for funding my Masters degree as part of UHURU and to the previous Dean of Humanities at Rhodes University, Professor Fred Hendricks, for funding my research trip to Mpondoland in 2013, I am very grateful. To the archivists at the Cape Town National Archives Repository I extend my thanks for all their help in guiding me through the process of dealing with archival materials under difficult time constraints. To Prof Thembela Kepe and Prof Noor Nieftagodien thank you both so much for the insightful comments and corrections you provided me as examiners for this thesis. While I have not been able to address all of the concerns you both raised within the constraints of this thesis I will use these valuable critiques and insights you have provided me in order to take the project of thinking emancipatory politics and South African rural resistance history forward. And finally, to my partner George Barrett, my family and my friends for whose support and guidance I will be forever thankful. iv Abbreviations AAC - All African Convention AbM - Abahlali base Mjondolo ANC - African National Congress BA - Bafarutshe Association BJP - Bharatiya Janata Party BIZ - Mbizana CMT - Chief Magistrate of the Transkeian Territories NAD - Native Affairs Department NP - National Party NUM - National Union of Mineworkers PAC - Pan African Congress RDO - Rock Drill Operator SACP - South African Communist Party UTTGC - United Transkeian Territories General Council VA - Vigilance Association v WWII - World War Two ZCA - Zoutpansberg Cultural Association Table of Contents Abstract............................................................................................................................. ii Declaration....................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgments............................................................................................................ iv Abbreviations.................................................................................................................... v Table of Contents............................................................................................................. vi Chapter One - Introduction: Theoretical Framework and Literature Review.......................9 Theoretical Frame.......................................................................................................................12 Emancipatory Politics................................................................................................................ 17 Method........................................................................................................................................21 Literature Review .......................................................................................................................28 Chapter Outline..........................................................................................................................37 Chapter Two - Contextualizing the Mpondo Revolts.........................................................43 Introduction................................................................................................................................ 43 Capitalism, Colonialism, the Chieftaincy and Popular Politics............................................ 44 Betterment, Bantu Authorities and Widespread Resistance in the Reserves.................. 66 Conclusion...................................................................................................................................74 Chapter Three - Popular Politics and the Early Stages of the Mpondo Revolts..................76 Introduction................................................................................................................................ 76 Public Meetings and the Crow d.............................................................................................. 77 Acts of Sabotage.........................................................................................................................88 Conclusion...................................................................................................................................94 Chapter Four - The Mountain Movement: Egalitarianism and Emancipatory Politics.......96 Introduction................................................................................................................................ 96 Mountain Meetings and Peoples Courts................................................................................ 99 vi Leadership and the Mountain Movement...........................................................................108 Conclusion................................................................................................................................ 113 Chapter Five - Violence and Dignity: The Kraal Burning Campaign and Emancipatory Politics........................................................................................................................... 115 Introduction.............................................................................................................................. 115 Violence and the Emergence of the Mountain Movement...............................................117 The Kraal Burning Campaigns.................................................................................................120 The Mountain Movement and the Armed Struggle............................................................126 Conclusion................................................................................................................................ 129 Chapter Six - Women, Gender and the Mpondo Revolts.................................................131 Introduction.............................................................................................................................. 131 The Pitfalls of Androcentric Perspectives of the Mpondo revolts....................................132 Gender, Women and the Mountain Movement................................................................. 134 Gender Beyond the Mountain Movement...........................................................................144 Conclusion................................................................................................................................ 146 Chapter Seven - Slaying a Head of the Hydra: The Ngquza Hill Massacre and Mass Boycotts ...................................................................................................................................... 148 Introduction.............................................................................................................................. 148 Contextualizing the Ngquza Hill Massacre...........................................................................150 Cutting off a head of the Many-Headed Hydra................................................................... 154 Mass Boycotts: A crisis for state and capital........................................................................160 Conclusion................................................................................................................................ 167 Chapter Eight - Unheard of History and Impossible Politics: A 'view from above' of the Mpondo revolts..............................................................................................................169 Introduction.............................................................................................................................
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