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The Japanese State, the Ainu and the Vocabulary of Colonialism 「保護」という名の支配ー植民 地主義のボキャブラリー

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The Japanese State, the Ainu and the Vocabulary of Colonialism 「保護」という名の支配ー植民 地主義のボキャブラリー Volume 11 | Issue 8 | Number 2 | Article ID 3903 | Feb 25, 2013 The Asia-Pacific Journal | Japan Focus Rule in the Name of Protection: The Japanese State, the Ainu and the Vocabulary of Colonialism 「保護」という名の支配ー植民 地主義のボキャブラリー Komori Yoichi, Helen J.S. Lee, Michele Mason By any measure, Japan’s modern empire was formidable. The only major non-Western colonial power in the twentieth century, Japan at the height of its empire controlled a vast Translation by Michele M. Mason area of Asia and numerous archipelagos in the Pacific Ocean. Its reach extended from Introduction to and Selection from Sakhalin Island north of the Japanese Reading Colonial Japan: Text, Context, and archipelago to the Solomon Islands in the Critique South Pacific and expanded into Manchuria, areas of China, Korea, and much of Southeast Michele M. Mason and Helen J.S. Lee Asia and Micronesia. Over the more than seven decades of Japanese colonial rule (1869-1945), Japan successfully naturalized two colonies (Ainu Moshir/Hokkaido and the Ryukyu Kingdom/Okinawa) into its national territory. The massive extraction of resources and extensive cultural assimilation policies radically impacted the lives of millions of Asians and Pacific Islanders. The political, economic, and cultural ramifications of this era are still felt today. 1 11 | 8 | 2 APJ | JF ideological beliefs. In addition to forming economic and political structures, colonial powers enlist the participation of various institutions, educational processes, and publication networks, which produce “knowledge” that rationalizes the colonial order. By making available and analyzing a wide range of sources that represent “media” during the Japanese colonial period, we engage in a dialogue with scholarship in cultural studies and highlight the powerful role that language and imagination play in producing the material realities of Japanese colonialism. Serving as the mainstay of the theoretical framework of Reading Colonial Japan are the following two premises: that colonial discourse never marshals a totalizing persuasive power and that colonial powers do not exert their authority through a single, cohesive, and consistent ideology. As formidable as is the Reading Colonial Japan aims to further deepen ideological capacity to determine reality, knowledge of Japanese colonialism(s),especially when backed by overwhelming providing both an eclectic selection ofmilitary force and economic privileges, there translated Japanese primary sources and always exist inherent contradictions, competing analytical essays that illuminate theideologies, and intersecting subjectivities. As specificities of Japan’s many and varied colonial the resistance movements in Taiwan and Korea projects. The primary documents, which span a suggest, not everyone was convinced of the variety of genres, serve to highlight the “benevolence” of the Japanese imperial project. centrality of cultural production andThe experiences of a collaborating colonial elite dissemination to colonial endeavors and to in Korea, a Chinese “coolie” in Manchuria, an accentuate the myriad ways colonialismOkinawan police officer, or a Japanese female permeated every facet of life. In the essays, the settler differed greatly as any individual’s place contributors are primarily concerned with within a group, and the empire was determined representation and rhetoric and how these by a number of shifting, and not infrequently intersect with operations of power. They incompatible, factors. In fact, one of the most investigate the workings of imperialistlaborious tasks of colonial authorities was to discourse through close readings of cultural police various levels of slippage that potentially representations in colonial narratives and undermined the order of the empire. imagery, revealing how the Japanese imperial project was understood, imagined, and lived. That said, no colonial project succeeds without The contributing scholars take as a premise substantial support from its citizenry. In fact, that colonialism is not simply a military quest, cultural production by a broad spectrum of legal process, or government-led project. “ordinary” Japanese citizens—for instance, a Rather, it is a complex cultural system, both in housewife in Manchuria, settlers in Korea, the formulation of underpinning ideology and manga artists and fiction writers in mainland the execution of policies backed by those Japan—functioned effectively to reinforce the 2 11 | 8 | 2 APJ | JF official political, economic, and cultural policies Protection Law (Hokkaido kyudojin hogo ho, that controlled and violated the lives of the 1899). Komori is a prolific and dynamic scholar colonized throughout Japan’s empire. Whether of literature, who frequently ventures far individual Japanese actively promoted the beyond the normal confines of the field. He is imperial project or quietly acquiesced to its sometimes considered an institutional and demands, they were, to varying degrees, intellectual outsider, due to having received his complicit with imperial ideology. Although a Ph.D. from Hokkaido University, his sharp young man volunteering for the army might criticism of political, economic, and social have been a conspicuous expression of loyalty injustice, and his on-going activism against to the imperial state, the works featured in changing Article 9 of the Japanese constitution. Reading Colonial Japan show that no one was While Komori is famous for his trenchant precluded from participating in the promotion readings of canonical writers, such as Higuchi and maintenance of the colonial campaign. Ichiyo, Natsume Soseki, and Miyazawa Kenji, Women, for instance, published “memoirs” that he is also firmly grounded in a school of literary mobilized colonial rhetoric and their promotion studies that is committed to providing historical of state policies in locally published cookbooks contextualization and understanding the power served imperial causes in significant ways well of language to determine and shape history. beyond the restricted domestic sphere of the home. Likewise, children’s manga, such as the Komori’s essay, entitled “Rule in the Name of Adventures of Dankichi, reveal both unsettling ‘Protection’: The Vocabulary of Colonialism” manifestations of racialized colonial(“Hogo” toiu na no shihai: shokuminchishugi no justifications and the unapologetic recruitment bokyaburarii, 1997) illuminates the juridical of Japanese children’s imaginary world and implementation of the Japanese state’s minds. In fact, every mode of expression was expansionist aspirations in Hokkaido through a mobilized to further the colonial agenda. If laws close analysis of the vocabulary and tone in the such as the “Hokkaido Former NativesHokkaido Former Natives Protection Law. This Protection Law” dramatically impinged on and regulation was ostensibly drafted to stabilize restricted the lives of the colonized, a variety of the lives of Ainu, who had lost their means of fictional works justified unequal powerlivelihood because of incursions into their relations between Japan and its many colonial homelands by Japanese colonizers. The law entities. Be it depictions of the naturescape in endorsed individual land grants and the Hokkaido that erased the existence of the adoption of Japanese agricultural practices as island’s indigenous population, or thethe best means to rescue Ainu from poverty. “retelling” of a violent legend of Taiwanese For those Ainu who complied there were also “barbarians,” literary depictions of the Other provisions for medical treatment and education joined forces with official arguments to shore for children. It might be better understood, up a colonial world order. Many Japanese however, as a program of forced assimilation, citizens from all walks of life consumed, which worked in tandem with other laws to accepted, and reiterated the implicit and undermine the ability of Ainu communities to explicit messages of such texts, therebysupport themselves in traditional ways and to participating in the imperial project in the most suppress their language, history, and cultural mundane, yet indispensible, ways. practices. Below we showcase a translated essay by This work by Komori is significant as an early, Komori Yoichi, professor of Japanese literature and still rare, example of scholarship that at the University of Tokyo, which is paired with clearly recognizes Hokkaido as a modern a translation of the Hokkaido Former Natives Japanese colony. His liberal use of scare quotes 3 11 | 8 | 2 APJ | JF in the original chapter functions to disrupt Japanese and Koreans in the colonial context. conventional meanings, emphasize the power Her publications include “Voices of the of naming, and highlight how words determine “Colonists,” Voices of the “Immigrants”: and obfuscate reality and history. In order to “Korea” in Japan’s Early Colonial Travel improve readability, we have eliminated some Narratives and Guides, 1894-1914” (Japanese of the scare quotes in the translation after a Language and Literature, 2007), “Writing term has been sufficiently established as Colonial Relations of Everyday Life in Senryu” deserving critical analysis. (positions: east asia cultures critique, 2008), and “Dying as Daughter of the Empire” This introduction and text are adapted from: (positions: east asia cultures critique, forthcoming). READING COLONIAL JAPAN: TEXT, CONTEXT, AND CRITIQUE edited by Michele Mason and Helen Lee Rule in the Name of “Protection”: The Copyright (c)2012 by the Board of Trustees of Vocabulary of Colonialism1
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