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Field Performance Evaluation of Water Level Sensors

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Field Performance Evaluation of Water Level Sensors Field Performance Evaluation of Water Level Sensors Research and Development Office Science and Technology Program (Final Report) ST-2017-7833-01 Hydraulic Laboratory Report HL-2017-07 U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation Research and Development Office Sept. 2017 Mission Statements Protecting America's Great Outdoors and Powering Our Future The Department of the Interior protects and manages the Nation's natural resources and cultural heritage; provides scientific and other information about those resources; and honors its trust responsibilities or special commitments to American Indians, Alaska Natives, and affiliated island communities. The following form is a Standard form 298, Report Documentation Page. This report was sponsored by the Bureau of Reclamations Research and Development office. For more detailed information about this Report documentation page please contact Bryan Heiner at 303-445-2140. THIS TEXT WILL BE INVISIBLE. IT IS FOR 508 COMPLIANCE OF THE NEXT PAGE. Disclaimer: This document has been reviewed under the Research and Development Office Discretionary peer review process https://www.usbr.gov/research/peer_review.pdf consistent with Reclamation's Peer Review Policy CMP P14. It does not represent and should not be construed to represent Reclamation's determination, concurrence, or policy. Form Approved REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE OMB No. 0704-0188 T1. REPORT DATE: T2. REPORT TYPE: T3. DATES COVERED SEPT. 2017 RESEARCH T4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER Field Performance Evaluation of Water Level Sensors 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 1541 (S&T) 6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT NUMBER Bryan Heiner ST-2017-7833-01 Tom Gill 5e. TASK NUMBER 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 85-856000 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION Hydraulic Investigations and Laboratory Services REPORT NUMBER U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, HL-2017-07 PO Box 25007, Denver CO 80225-0007 9. SPONSORING / MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S Research and Development Office ACRONYM(S) U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, R&D: Research and Development PO Box 25007, Denver CO 80225-0007 Office BOR/USBR: Bureau of Reclamation DOI: Department of the Interior 11. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S REPORT NUMBER(S) ST-2017-7833-01 12. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Final report can be downloaded from Reclamation’s website: https://www.usbr.gov/research/ 13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 14. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words) Water level sensors are a key element in electronic monitoring and control networks for open channel water conveyance systems. This project – funded through Reclamation’s Science and Technology Program and carried out with support from Reclamation’s Yuma Area Office and Western Colorado Area office (along with in-kind contributions from cooperating irrigation districts) – was conducted by Reclamation’s Hydraulic Investigations and Laboratory Services Group (HILS) to document field performance of a range of water level sensing instruments as an information source for interested parties. 15. SUBJECT TERMS: Ultrasonic Level Sensors, Pressure Transducers, Bubblers, Float and Pulley 16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 17. LIMITATION 18. 19a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE OF ABSTRACT NUMBER PERSON U OF PAGES Bryan Heiner a. REPORT b. ABSTRACT c. THIS PAGE 19b. TELEPHONE NUMBER U U U S Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8/98) P Prescribed by ANSI Std. 239-18 BUREAU OF RECLAMATION Research and Development Office Science and Technology Program Hydraulic Investigations and Laboratory Service, Technical Service Center, Denver CO, 86-68560 (Final Report) ST-2017-7833-01 Hydraulic Laboratory Report HL-2017-07 Field Performance Evaluation of Water Level Sensors Prepared by: Bryan Heiner, P.E. Hydraulic Engineer, Hydraulic Investigations and Laboratory Services Group, 86-68560 Prepared by: Tom Gill, P.E. Hydraulic Engineer, Hydraulic Investigations and Laboratory Services Group, 86-68560 Technical Approval: Tony Wahl, P.E. Hydraulic Engineer, Hydraulic Investigations and Laboratory Services Group, 86-68560 Peer Review: Joe Kubitschek, P.E. Hydraulic Engineer, Hydraulic Investigations and Laboratory Services Group, 86-68560 This document has been reviewed under the Research and Development Office Discretionary peer review process https://www.usbr.gov/research/peer_review.pdf consistent with Reclamation's Peer Review Policy CMP P14. It does not represent and should not be construed to represent Reclamation's determination, concurrence, or policy. Executive Summary The impetus for this field performance monitoring project was to address requests Reclamation engineers have repeatedly encountered from irrigation districts and other water conveyance system operators: “Is there any information available documenting the long-term accuracy and reliability of water level sensors?” Water level sensors are a key element in electronic monitoring and control networks for open channel water conveyance systems. Failure of a water level sensor can readily lead to damage costs that are orders of magnitude greater than the cost of the failed instrument. This project – funded through Reclamation’s Science and Technology Program and carried out with support from Reclamation’s Yuma Area Office and Western Colorado Area office (along with in-kind contributions from cooperating irrigation districts) – was conducted by Reclamation’s Hydraulic Investigations and Laboratory Services Group (HILS) to document the field performance of a range of water level sensing instruments as an information source for interested parties. Commercially available water level sensors were purchased from a variety of sources. Sensors were required to have an analog output and have a relatively low upfront cost. A technique for calibrating water level sensors both in the lab and in the field was developed which allowed for accurate and repeatable calibrations over a wide range of water levels throughout the duration of the project. Test sites were identified at three different projects including South Platte Ditch Company (SPDC), Orchard-Mesa Irrigation District (OMID) and Gila Gravity Main Canal (GGMC) to install the sensors and monitor their performance over several irrigation seasons. Recalibration of the sensors were completed at random intervals during service and showed that slopes were unaffected for the majority of the sensors over the testing period. Offsets to the sensors were a different situation, which appeared to change over time. Contents Water Level Sensors Instrument Selection ..........................................................................9 Sensor Calibration ................................................................................................................9 Field Test Sites ...................................................................................................................13 Setup of Field Sites ........................................................................................................14 South Platte Ditch Company Sites .................................................................................14 Orchard Mesa Irrigation District Sites ...........................................................................16 Gila Gravity Main Canal Sites .......................................................................................19 Data Collection ..................................................................................................................25 Examination of Collected Data Examples .....................................................................27 Project Summary ................................................................................................................31 Sensor Database Containing Calibrated Slope Values and Approximate Cost for Each Tested Sensor ..................................................................................................... A-1 Figures Figure 1. Calibration with water column ...........................................................................10 Figure 2. Calibration with reflective surface .....................................................................11 Figure 3. Example sensor calibration plot .........................................................................12 Figure 4. Performance monitoring field locations .............................................................13 Figure 5. SPDC Main Flume .............................................................................................15 Figure 6. SPDC Company Lateral Flume ..........................................................................16 Figure 7. SPDC Smart Lateral Flume ................................................................................16 Figure 8. OMID Hydropower and Hydro Pumping Plants ................................................17 Figure 9. Sensor placement upstream of the OMID hydro power plant trash rack ...........17 Figure 10. Sensor installation downstream from the OMID hydropower trash rack.........18 Figure 11. Sensor installation upstream of the OMID hydro pumping trash rack .............19 Figure 12. Upstream view of GGMC trash rack ................................................................20 Figure 13. Sensor location immediately below the GGMC trash rack .............................21 Figure 14. GGMC long-throated flume site .......................................................................21 Figure 15. GGMC upper spill structure level
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