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Onboard Monitoring and Reporting System For Onboard Monitoring and Reporting for Commercial Motor Vehicle Safety Final Report December 2007 FOREWORD This Final Report documents the results of the investigation and development of a prototype hardware and software suite that allowed for online measurement of a set of driving characteristics that are indicators of unsafe driving behavior. Via the prototypical suite, feedback could be provided to drivers, either directly in real-time or through carrier management. This would allow truck drivers to significantly improve their attentiveness and enhance their safety performance. In the prototype development work, the monitored parameters and the type of feedback to be given were systematically selected by first examining commercial vehicle crash causes in the literature and then deriving five categories or “core behavioral categories,” which, as a whole, comprise the feature set recommendations for an ideal onboard driver monitoring system. The five monitoring categories or behaviors are listed as follows: 1. Speed Selection 2. Following Behavior 3. Attention (or Inattention) 4. Fatigue 5. General Safety After identifying the five categories, a prototypical suite was developed, installed, and tested on a Class 8 tractor, and a concept for Field Operational Testing (FOT) was developed. This Report will be of interest to anyone interested in the use of onboard monitoring technology that provides a combination of real-time and non-real-time driver monitoring feedback to enhance safe behaviors for heavy truck and bus drivers. NOTICE This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The United States Government assumes no liability for its contents or the use thereof. The contents of this Report reflect the views of the contractor who is responsible for the accuracy of the data presented herein. The contents do not necessarily reflect the official policy of the Department of Transportation. This Report does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation. The United States Government does not endorse products of manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers’ names appear herein only because they are considered essential to the objective of this document. Technical Report Documentation Page 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient’s Catalog No. FMCSA-RRT-07-030 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date: Onboard Monitoring and Reporting for Commercial Motor Vehicle Safety December 2007 Final Report 6. Performing Organization Code 7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No. James A Misener, Christopher Nowakowski, Xiao-Yun Lu, Thomas Koo JD Margulici, John Spring, Scott Johnston, ZuWhan Kim, Sue Dickey, Kenny Kuhn, Paul Kretz, Jerry Robin, and Martin Walker 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. University of California Partners for Advanced Transit and Highway (PATH) 1357 S. 46th Street, Bldg 452 11. Contract or Grant No. Richmond, CA 94804-4648 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13. Type of Report and Period Covered Department of Transportation Final Report Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration Office of Research and Analysis 1200 New Jersey Ave. SE, Room 600 West 14. Sponsoring Agency Code Washington, DC 20590 FMCSA 15. Supplementary Notes 16. Abstract This Final Report describes the process and product from the project, Onboard Monitoring and Reporting for Commercial Motor Vehicle Safety (OBMS), in which a prototypical suite of hardware and software on a class 8 truck was developed and tested. The OBMS suite allows for online measurement of a set of driving characteristics which are indicators of unsafe driving behavior. These characteristics included speed, following distance, lane-keeping performance, safety belt use, and the use of turn signals. Feedback could be provided to the drivers, either directly via real-time feedback or through carrier management, to allow drivers to significantly improve their safety performance. For example, if a driver received a report that he/she is not using his/her turn signals during lane changes, that driver can then be monitored during a follow-up period to determine if the feedback had corrected the deficiency. Commercial fleets would pioneer this concept because they have the resources and organizational structure to provide feedback and training to professional drivers. This concept differs from commercial onboard devices in that it is an ensemble set of instruments (not one or a few warning devices) with a safety focus and different feedback modalities. It is comprehensive in that it addresses crash causes and provides “corrective” feedback in real-time and/or post trip feedback, depending on the particular subsystem(s) which are activated. In essence, the objective is to improve driver safety behavior. Thus, it does not explicitly address fleet management or other non-safety operations (for example, vehicle location). A systems engineering process was applied to this research, resulting in a prototypical OBMS hardware suite and a plan to follow-up this effort with an FOT. This project is the result of a Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration’s Cooperative Agreement with the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans). It was undertaken by the California Partners for Advanced Transit and Highways (PATH) program, with assistance from the California Center for Innovative Transportation (CCIT) and a subcontractor, Advanced Systems Engineering Consulting. 17. Key Words: 18. Distribution Statement Commercial Motor Vehicle, Driver Safety, Electronic Onboard Recorder, FOT, Hours of Service, Lane Departure Warning Systems, Onboard Monitoring 19. Security Classification (of this report) 20. Security Classif. (of this page) 21. No. of Pages 22. Price 226 Form DOT F 1700.7 (8-72) Reproduction of completed page authorized. SI* (MODERN METRIC) CONVERSION FACTORS APPROXIMATE CONVERSIONS TO SI UNITS APPROXIMATE CONVERSIONS FROM SI UNITS Symbol When You Know Multiply By To Find Symbol Symbol When You Know Multiply By To Find Symbol LENGTH LENGTH in inches 25.4 millimeters mm mm millimeters 0.039 inches in ft feet 0.305 meters m m meters 3.28 feet ft yd yards 0.914 meters m m meters 1.09 Yards yd mi miles 1.61 kilometers km km kilometers 0.621 miles mi AREA AREA in2 square inches 645.2 square millimeters mm2 mm2 square millimeters 0.0016 square inches in2 ft2 square feet 0.093 square meters m2 m2 square meters 10.764 square feet ft2 yd2 square yards 0.836 square meters m2 m2 square meters 1.195 square yards yd2 ac acres 0.405 hectares ha ha hectares 2.47 acres ac mi2 square miles 2.59 square kilometers km2 km2 square kilometers 0.386 square miles mi2 VOLUME VOLUME fl oz fluid ounces 29.57 milliliters ml ml milliliters 0.034 fluid ounces fl oz gal gallons 3.785 liters l l liters 0.264 gallons gal ft3 cubic feet 0.028 cubic meters m3 m3 cubic meters 35.71 cubic feet ft3 yd3 cubic yards 0.765 cubic meters m3 m3 cubic meters 1.307 cubic yards yd3 MASS MASS oz ounces 28.35 grams g g grams 0.035 ounces oz lb pounds 0.454 kilograms kg kg kilograms 2.202 pounds lb T short tons (2000 lbs) 0.907 megagrams Mg Mg megagrams 1.103 short tons (2000 lbs) T TEMPERATURE (exact) TEMPERATURE (exact) °F Fahrenheit 5(F-32)/9 Celsius °C °C Celsius 1.8 C + 32 Fahrenheit °F temperature or (F-32)/1.8 temperature temperature temperature ILLUMINATION ILLUMINATION fc foot-candles 10.76 lux lx lx lux 0.0929 foot-candles fc fl foot-Lamberts 3.426 candela/m2 cd/m2 cd/m2 candela/m2 0.2919 foot-Lamberts fl FORCE and PRESSURE or STRESS FORCE and PRESSURE or STRESS lbf pound-force 4.45 newtons N N newtons 0.225 pound-force lbf pound-force pound-force psi 6.89 kilopascals kPa kPa kilopascals 0.145 psi per square inch per square inch * SI is the symbol for the International System of Units. Appropriate rounding should be made to comply with Section 4 of ASTM E380. TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Acronyms.......................................................................................................................... vi Executive Summary................................................................................................................... viii 1. Introduction................................................................................................................................1 2. Onboard Monitoring Concept Development...........................................................................5 2.1. Delineating Causal Factors in Crashes ............................................................................5 2.2. Driver Behavior Task Analysis......................................................................................18 2.3. Principles to Guide Driver Monitoring Feedback..........................................................22 2.4. Onboard Monitoring Review .........................................................................................25 2.5. Proposed Driver Monitoring Tasks and Methods..........................................................36 3. Stakeholder Feedback .............................................................................................................57 3.1. Group Discussions .........................................................................................................57 3.2. Carrier Q&A Discussion Outline...................................................................................58 3.3. Summary Results and Relevancy...................................................................................62 4. Prototype
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