DOCSLIB.ORG

Link Status of the Dodo

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Link Status of the Dodo Acclaim for Kary Mullis’s DANCING NAKED IN THE MIND FIELD “This bona-fide wild card of the scientific community writes with eccentric gusto.… Mullis has created a free- wheeling adventure yarn that just happens to be the story of his life.” —Elle “Entertaining … [Mullis is] usefully cranky and combative, raising provocative questions about received truths from the scientific establishment.” —The New Yorker “A very good book by a fascinating man.… [Mullis] enjoys an almost frighteningly brilliant mind and yet somehow manages to keep his feet firmly on the ground.… This guy cuts through the nonsense to the quick, tells it like it is, and manages to do so with insouciance [and] occasional puckishness.… But lighter moments aside, what he has to say is important.” —F. Lee Bailey “Refreshing … brashly confident … indisputably entertaining.” —The San Diego Union-Tribune “One of the most unusual scientists of our times, a man who would be a joy to put under a microscope.” —Chicago Sun-Times “In this entertaining romp through diverse fields of inquiry, [Mullis] displays the openmindedness, eccentricity, brilliance, and general curmudgeonliness that make him the colorful chracter he is. His stories are engaging, informative, and fun.” —Andrew Weil, M.D. FIRST VINTAGE BOOKS EDITION, JANUARY 2000 Copyright © 1998 by Kary Mullis All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. Published in the United States by Vintage Books, a division of Random House, Inc., New York, and simultaneously in Canada by Random House of Canada Limited, Toronto. Originally published in hardcover in the United States by Pantheon Books, a division of Random House, Inc., New York, in 1998. Vintage and colophon are registered trademarks of Random House, Inc. The Library of Congress has cataloged the Pantheon edition as follows: Mullis, Kary B. Dancing naked in the mind field/Kary Mullis. p. cm. eISBN: 978-0-307-77278-7 1. Science—Miscellanea—Popular works. II. Title. Q173.M96 1998 081 —dc21 97-48879 www.vintagebooks.com v3.1 I dedicate this book to Nancy Lier Cosgrove Mullis. Jean-Paul Sartre somewhere observed that we each of us make our own hell out of the people around us. Had Jean-Paul known Nancy, he may have noted that at least one man, someday, might get very lucky, and make his own heaven out of one of the people around him. She will be his morning and his evening star, shining with the brightest and the softest light in his heaven. She will be the end of his wanderings, and their love will arouse the daffodils in the spring to follow the crocuses and precede the irises. Their faith in one another will be deeper than time and their eternal spirit will be seamless once again. Or maybe he would have just said, “If I’d had a woman like that, my books would not have been about despair.” This book is not about despair. It is about a little bit of a lot of things, and, if not a single one of them is wet with sadness, it is not due to my lack of depth; it is due to a year of Nancy, and the prospect of never again being without her. CONTENTS Cover Title Page Copyright Dedication 1. The Invention of PCR 2. The Big Prizes 3. A Lab Is Just Another Place to Play 4. Fear and Lawyers in Los Angeles 5. The Realm of the Senses 6. I Think, Therefore I Wire 7. My Evening with Harry 8. Intervention on the Astral Plane 9. Avogadro’s Number 10. Who’s Minding the Store? 11. What Happened to Scientific Method? 12. The Attack of the Loxosceles reclusae 13. No Aliens Allowed 14. The 10,000th Day 15. I Am a Capricorn 16. The Age of Nutritional Obsession 17. Better Living through Chemistry 18. Case Not Closed 19. Have Slides Will Stay Home 20. Am I a Machine? 21. Professional Biochemistry 22. The Age of Chicken Little Acknowledgments About the Author 1 THE INVENTION OF PCR THE SUN HAD been hot that day in Mendocino County. It was May. A dry wind had come out of the east, and nobody knew how hot it had been until, around sunset, the wind stopped. I drove up from Berkeley through Cloverdale headed to Anderson Valley. The California buckeyes poked heavy blossoms out into Highway 128. The pink and white stalks hanging down into my headlights looked cold, but they were loaded with warmed oils that dominated the dimension of smell. It seemed to be the night of the buckeyes, but something else was stirring. My little silver Honda’s front tires pulled us through the mountains. My hands felt the road and the turns. My mind drifted back into the lab. DNA chains coiled and floated. Lurid blue and pink images of electric molecules injected themselves somewhere between the mountain road and my eyes. I see the lights on the trees, but most of me is watching something else unfolding. I’m engaging in my favorite pastime. Tonight, I am cooking. The enzymes and the chemicals I have at Cetus are my ingredients. I am a big kid with a new car and a full tank of gas. I have shoes that fit. I have a woman sleeping next to me and an exciting problem, a big one that is in the wind. “What subtle cleverness can I devise tonight to read the sequence of the King of molecules?” DNA. The big one. There are pressing reasons to want to read this molecule. Children are born with genetic defects, sometimes with tragic consequences like muscles that wither and die. Such things could be predicted and averted if we could read the DNA blueprints. Then there are the looming but not so pressing reasons for knowing DNA—the ones that extend out to horizons mankind has not yet reached. Understanding the intricate mechanisms of our own genes will have more than just medical impact. It will be one of the long and tangled strands of our future as a growing civilization of the planet Earth. Having a detailed understanding of why children resemble parents will lead to genetic manipulating by those who may prefer alterations over strict duplication. Genetic engineering will not be a new endeavor. Evolution is and always has been a genetic engineer. It’s just that people with eyes and minds and imagination see things in the distance and they get impatient. They will want control and they will want it soon and they will have it. The DNA molecules in our cells are our history, and they are the stuff of which our future will be crafted. All of the organs of all of the plants and animals of Earth and organs that have never been in the light of the moon or the sun, will be ours to explore—to use and adapt to our needs. Our will be done on Earth as we sail off to the stars in heaven. Yes, DNA is the big one. Tonight I am playing with a fire that will burn as brightly as Antares, descended behind these fragrant mountains several hours ago. The key to the problem lies in the oligonucleotides that my laboratory at Cetus now easily makes. Like a “FIND” sequence in a computer search, a short string of nucleotides in a synthetic molecule might be able to define a position along a very much longer natural DNA molecule. Finding a place to start is of utmost importance. Natural DNA is a tractless coil, like an unwound and tangled audio tape on the floor of the car in the dark. What kind of chemical program would be required to “FIND” a specific sequence on DNA with 3 billion nucleotides and then display that sequence to a human who was trillions of times larger than the DNA? Instead of a list of statements in BASIC or FORTRAN run on a computer and displayed on a screen, I had to arrange a series of chemical reactions, the result of which would represent and display the sequence of a stretch of DNA. The odds were long. Like reading a particular license plate out on Interstate 5 at night from the moon. I knew computer programming, and from that I understood the power of a reiterative mathematical procedure. That’s where you apply some process to a starting number to obtain a new number, and then you apply the same process to the new number, and so on. If the process is multiplication by two, then the result of many cycles is an exponential increase in the value of the original number: 2 becomes 4 becomes 8 becomes 16 becomes 32 and so on. If I could arrange for a short synthetic piece of DNA to find a particular sequence and then start a process whereby that sequence would reproduce itself over and over, then I would be close to solving my problem. The concept was not out of the question because in fact one of the natural functions of DNA molecules is to reproduce themselves. They do it every time a cell divides into two daughter cells. A short piece of synthetic DNA could be treated in such a way that it would stick to a longer strand of DNA in a specific way if the sequences matched up somewhere on the long piece. The matching process would not be perfect. I might locate a thousand different places that were similar to the one I was searching for in addition to the correct one. A thousand out of the 3 billion in the human genome would be no trivial feat, but it wouldn’t be enough.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Como Citar Este Artigo Número Completo Mais Informações Do
    Encontros Bibli: revista eletrônica de biblioteconomia e ciência da informação ISSN: 1518-2924 Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência da Informação - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina STANFORD, Jailiny Fernanda Silva; SILVA, Fábio Mascarenhas e Prêmio Nobel como fator de influência nas citações dos pesquisadores: uma análise dos laureados de Química e Física (2005 - 2015) Encontros Bibli: revista eletrônica de biblioteconomia e ciência da informação, vol. 26, e73786, 2021, Janeiro-Abril Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência da Informação - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina DOI: https://doi.org/10.5007/1518-2924.2021.e73786 Disponível em: https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=14768130002 Como citar este artigo Número completo Sistema de Informação Científica Redalyc Mais informações do artigo Rede de Revistas Científicas da América Latina e do Caribe, Espanha e Portugal Site da revista em redalyc.org Sem fins lucrativos acadêmica projeto, desenvolvido no âmbito da iniciativa acesso aberto Artigo Original Prêmio Nobel como fator de influência nas citações dos pesquisadores: uma análise dos laureados de Química e Física (2005 - 2015) Nobel Prize as an influencing factor in researchers' citations: an analysis of Chemistry and Physics laureates (2005 to 2015) Jailiny Fernanda Silva STANFORD Mestre em Ciência da Informação (PPGCI/UFPE) Bibliotecária-chefe Seminário Teológico Batista do Norte do Brasil (STBNB), Recife, Brasil [email protected] https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2112-6561 Fábio Mascarenhas e SILVA Doutor em Ciência da Informação (USP), Professor Associado Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Departamento de Ciência da Informação, Recife, Brasil [email protected] https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5566-5120 A lista completa com informações dos autores está no final do artigo RESUMO Objetivo: Analisa a influência nos índices de citação por parte dos pesquisadores que foram contemplados pelo prêmio Nobel nas áreas da Física e Química no período de 2005 a 2015.
    [Show full text]
  • Biochemistrystanford00kornrich.Pdf
    University of California Berkeley Regional Oral History Office University of California The Bancroft Library Berkeley, California Program in the History of the Biosciences and Biotechnology Arthur Kornberg, M.D. BIOCHEMISTRY AT STANFORD, BIOTECHNOLOGY AT DNAX With an Introduction by Joshua Lederberg Interviews Conducted by Sally Smith Hughes, Ph.D. in 1997 Copyright 1998 by The Regents of the University of California Since 1954 the Regional Oral History Office has been interviewing leading participants in or well-placed witnesses to major events in the development of Northern California, the West, and the Nation. Oral history is a method of collecting historical information through tape-recorded interviews between a narrator with firsthand knowledge of historically significant events and a well- informed interviewer, with the goal of preserving substantive additions to the historical record. The tape recording is transcribed, lightly edited for continuity and clarity, and reviewed by the interviewee. The corrected manuscript is indexed, bound with photographs and illustrative materials, and placed in The Bancroft Library at the University of California, Berkeley, and in other research collections for scholarly use. Because it is primary material, oral history is not intended to present the final, verified, or complete narrative of events. It is a spoken account, offered by the interviewee in response to questioning, and as such it is reflective, partisan, deeply involved, and irreplaceable. ************************************ All uses of this manuscript are covered by a legal agreement between The Regents of the University of California and Arthur Kornberg, M.D., dated June 18, 1997. The manuscript is thereby made available for research purposes. All literary rights in the manuscript, including the right to publish, are reserved to The Bancroft Library of the University of California, Berkeley.
    [Show full text]
  • Running with (CRISPR) Scissors: Tool Adoption and Team Assembly
    Running with (CRISPR) Scissors: Tool Adoption and Team Assembly Samantha Zyontz* MIT Sloan School of Management May 2019 Abstract Research tools are essential inputs to technological progress. Yet many new tools require specialized complementary know-how to be applied effectively. Teams in any research domain face the tradeoff of either acquiring this know-how themselves or working with external tool specialists, individuals with tool know-how independent of a domain. These specialists are scarce early on and can choose domain teams to create many applications for the tool or to focus on complicated problems. Ex ante it is unclear where the match between domain teams and external tool specialists dominates. The introduction of the DNA-editing tool CRISPR enables identification of external tool specialists on research teams by exploiting natural difficulties of applying CRISPR across disease domains. Teams have a higher share of external tool specialists in difficult diseases, especially for subsequent innovations. This suggests that external tool specialists and domain teams match more often to solve complex but influential problems. As more tools like Artificial Intelligence emerge, research teams will have to also weigh the importance of their possible solutions when considering how best to attract and collaborate with external tool specialists. * Ph.D. Candidate, MIT Sloan School of Management, Technological Innovation, Entrepreneurship, and Strategic Management. I am indebted to Scott Stern, Pierre Azoulay, Jeff Furman, Florenta Teodoridis, Michael Bikard, Danielle Li, and Tim Simcoe for their guidance and suggestions that immensely improved this paper. Appreciation also belongs to Joanne Kamens and her staff at Addgene, Aditya Kunjapur, Wes Greenblatt, and other CRISPR scientists for helping me to understand the science and institutions in this setting.
    [Show full text]
  • Regional Oral History Office University of California the Bancroft Library Berkeley, California
    Regional Oral History Office University of California The Bancroft Library Berkeley, California Program in Bioscience and Biotechnology Studies RONALD E. CAPE, M.B.A., Ph. D. BIOTECH PIONEER AND CO-FOUNDER OF CETUS Interviews Conducted by Sally Smith Hughes in 2003 Copyright © 2006 by The Regents of the University of California Since 1954 the Regional Oral History Office has been interviewing leading participants in or well-placed witnesses to major events in the development of northern California, the West, and the nation. Oral history is a method of collecting historical information through tape-recorded interviews between a narrator with firsthand knowledge of historically significant events and a well-informed interviewer, with the goal of preserving substantive additions to the historical record. The tape recording is transcribed, lightly edited for continuity and clarity, and reviewed by the interviewee. The corrected manuscript is indexed, bound with photographs and illustrative materials, and placed in The Bancroft Library at the University of California, Berkeley, and in other research collections for scholarly use. Because it is primary material, oral history is not intended to present the final, verified, or complete narrative of events. It is a spoken account, offered by the interviewee in response to questioning, and as such it is reflective, partisan, deeply involved, and irreplaceable. ************************************ All uses of this manuscript are covered by legal agreements between The Regents of the University of California and Ronald Cape, dated December 18, 2003. The manuscript is thereby made available for research purposes. All literary rights in the manuscript, including the right to publish, are reserved to The Bancroft Library of the University of California, Berkeley.
    [Show full text]
  • If You Want to Have Good Ideas You Must Have Many Ideas.”
    “If you want to have good ideas you must have many ideas.” —Linus Pauling EVERYONE AGREES THAT IT would be troubling news if America’s rate of innovation were to decrease. But we can’t seem to agree at all about whether this is actually happening. We care about innovation so much not simply because we like new stuff, although we certainly do. As the novelist William Makepeace Thackeray observed, “Novelty has charms that our mind can hardly withstand.”1 Some of us can hardly withstand the allure of new gadgets; others are charmed by the latest fashion styles or places to see and be seen. From an economist’s perspective, satisfying these desires is great—taking care of consumer demand is usually seen as a good thing. But innovation is also the most important force that makes our society wealthier. Why Innovation is (Almost) Everything Paul Krugman speaks for many, if not most, economists when he says, “Productivity isn’t everything, but in the long run it is almost everything.” Why? Because, he explains, “A country’s ability to improve its standard of living over time depends almost entirely on its ability to raise its output per worker”—in other words, the number of hours of labor it takes to produce everything, from automobiles to zippers, that we produce.2 Most countries don’t have extensive mineral wealth or oil reserves, and thus can’t get rich by exporting them.* So the only viable way for societies to become wealthier— to improve the standard of living available to its people—is for their companies and workers to keep getting more output from the same number of inputs, in other words more goods and services from the same number of people.
    [Show full text]
  • Humankind 2.0: the Technologies of the Future 6. Biotech
    Humankind 2.0: The Technologies of the Future 6. Biotech Piero Scaruffi, 2017 See http://www.scaruffi.com/singular/human20.html for the full text of this discussion A brief History of Biotech 1953: Discovery of the structure of the DNA 2 A brief History of Biotech 1969: Jon Beckwith isolates a gene 1973: Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer create the first recombinant DNA organism 1974: Waclaw Szybalski coins the term "synthetic biology” 1975: Paul Berg organizes the Asilomar conference on recombinant DNA 3 A brief History of Biotech 1976: Genentech is founded 1977: Fred Sanger invents a method for rapid DNA sequencing and publishes the first full DNA genome of a living being Janet Rossant creates a chimera combining two mice species 1980: Genentech’s IPO, first biotech IPO 4 A brief History of Biotech 1982: The first biotech drug, Humulin, is approved for sale (Eli Lilly + Genentech) 1983: Kary Mullis invents the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for copying genes 1986: Leroy Hood invents a way to automate gene sequencing 1986: Mario Capecchi performs gene editing on a mouse 1990: William French Anderson’s gene therapy 1990: First baby born via PGD (Alan Handyside’s lab) 5 A brief History of Biotech 1994: FlavrSavr Tomato 1994: Maria Jasin’s homing endonucleases for genome editing 1996: Srinivasan Chandrasegaran’s ZFN method for genome editing 1996: Ian Wilmut clones the first mammal, the sheep Dolly 1997: Dennis Lo detects fetal DNA in the mother’s blood 2000: George Davey Smith introduces Mendelian randomization 6 A brief History of Biotech
    [Show full text]
  • Front Matter (PDF)
    working scientists from the graduate student level up- wards who apply PCR to problems in human, animal and plant genetics, cell biology, diagnostics, forensic science and molecular evolution. CONTENTS PERSPECTIVES James D. Watson, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Kary Mullis, La Jolla AN IN-DEPTH LOOK AT PCR Primers, Oligos and Hybridization Wojciech Rychlik, National Biosciences, Inc. Biology of DNA Polymerases Tom Kunkel, National Institutes of Health ~ ii~~ ~ PCR Automation and Genotyping Stanley Rose, The Perkin-Eimer Corporation APPLICATIONS OF PCR Human Genome Project Glen A. Evans, University of Texas A Decade of PCR Human Genetics Henry Erlich, Roche Molecular Systems Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory and The Perkin- Molecular Diagnostics Elmer Corporation celebrate 10 years of amplifica- Tom Caskey, Baylor College of Medicine tion with a videotape library in which Nobel prize Forensic Analysis winners Kary Mullis and James Watson and 19 other Bruce Budowle, FBI Academy distinguished scientists review the applications and Gene Evolution/Ancient DNA evolution of the amplification technique hailed as one Svante P~i~ibo, University of Munich of the century's most important scientific tools. Agriculture and the Third World Richard Jefferson, CAMBIA In 1995, the polymerase chain reaction will be 10 Gene Expression in Single Cells years old. The technique that began as a late-night in- Jim Eberwine, University of Pennsylvania spiration by an unrenowned scientist is now the bed- In Situ PCR rock of DNA research, gene discovery, diagnostics Ashley Haase, University of Minnesota development, forensic investigation and environmen- Combinational Libraries and Rapid Evolution tal science. It has built an industry, provoked a court Andrew Ellington, Indiana University case, and spawned a dozen books, countless papers THE FUTURE OF PCR and a journal.
    [Show full text]
  • PDF, JSE 34:4, Winter 2020
    JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC EXPLORATION A Publication of the Society for Scientific Exploration (ISSN 0892-3310) published quarterly, and continuously since 1987 Editorial Office: [email protected] Manuscript Submission: http://journalofscientificexploration.org/index.php/jse/ Editor-in-Chief: Stephen E. Braude, University of Maryland Baltimore County Managing Editor: Kathleen E. Erickson, San Jose State University, California Assistant Managing Editor: Elissa Hoeger, Princeton, NJ Associate Editors Carlos S. Alvarado, Parapsychology Foundation, New York, New York Imants Barušs, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada Daryl Bem, Ph.D., Cornell University, Ithaca, New York Robert Bobrow, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York Jeremy Drake, Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Massachusetts Michael Ibison, Institute for Advanced Studies, Austin, Texas Roger D. Nelson, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey Mark Rodeghier, Center for UFO Studies, Chicago, Illinois Harald Walach, Viadrina European University, Frankfurt, Germany Publications Committee Chair: Garret Moddel, University of Colorado Boulder Editorial Board Dr. Mikel Aickin, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ Dr. Steven J. Dick, U.S. Naval Observatory, Washington, DC Dr. Peter Fenwick, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK Dr. Alan Gauld, University of Nottingham, UK Prof. W. H. Jefferys, University of Texas, Austin, TX Dr. Wayne B. Jonas, Samueli Institute, Alexandria, VA Dr. Michael Levin, Tufts University, Boston, MA Dr. David C. Pieri, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA Prof. Juan Roederer, University of Alaska–Fairbanks, AK Prof. Peter A. Sturrock, Stanford University, CA Prof. N. C. Wickramasinghe, Churchill College, UK SUBSCRIPTIONS & PREVIOUS JOURNAL ISSUES: Order forms on back pages or at scientific- exploration.org. COPYRIGHT: Authors retain copyright. However, when an article has been submitted to the Journal of Scientific Exploration, the Journal holds first serial rights.
    [Show full text]
  • Lessons on the Role of Fun/Playfulness from a Geology Undergraduate Summer Research Program Olga S
    Lessons on the Role of Fun/Playfulness from a Geology Undergraduate Summer Research Program Olga S. Jarrett1, Pamela Burnley2 ABSTRACT This paper examines past and current experiences with fun and playfulness of participants in two summers of an NSF funded summer research experiences for undergraduates (REU) geosciences program. Thirty students responded to questionnaires on the role of play in their previous learning and their playful, inspirational, or “ah-ha” feelings while doing their summer research. They reported a sense of playfulness during science classes, promoted by engagement with interesting phenomena, ability to work independently, and a relaxed atmosphere. Their descriptions of playfulness in the program were similar to those of scientists describing playfulness while doing research. They described the fun of the work itself, the opportunities for playful social interactions with peers, and excitement at finding results. Implications for science education involve the inclusion of playfulness and fun in the modeling of scientific inquiry and the structuring of science classes and labs to allow more students‟ input into their own learning, the provision of field experiences, and the allowance of some socialization. FUN/PLAYFULNESS FROM A THEORETICAL play experience to social-emotional development and the PERSPECTIVE development of fluid thinking and problem solving ability “Imagination is more important than knowledge. (Bekoff & Byers, 1998; Brown, 2009). Innovative Knowledge is limited. Imagination encircles the companies applying science and technology have world.” attempted to hire playful people and have included opportunities to play to encourage innovation (Schrage, “If A equals success, then the formula is: A=X+Y+Z. X 2000; Dodgson, Gann & Salter, 2005; Mainemelis, Harvey, is work.
    [Show full text]
  • SCIENTIFIC THINKING M N EL-Bolkainy
    SCIENTIFIC THINKING Part II Scientific Era (1600 AD – 2000 AD) M N EL-Bolkainy 2013 OBJECTIVES A The Search for a Method (Scientific revolution) B The Search for Etiology & Mechanisms 1. Gross pathology 2. Epidemiology 3. Microscopic pathology 4. Molecular pathology (Biotechnology revolution) THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION (1650 – 1800) AIM To replace the historic approach of gaining knowledge based on speculation by a more rational objective method THE PIONEER FOUNDERS Francis Bacon Galileo Galilei Rene Descartes England Italy France (1561-1626) (1564-1642) (1596-1650) THE ADVANCEMENT OF LEARNING (Bacon, 1605) THE VISION • Science and technology could transform the world to the better • Science placed in unworthy (irresponsible) hands could be destructive • Young scientists are more creative than old ones THE TWO WORLD SYSTEMS (GALILEO, 1623) ACADEMIC FREEDOM The first to revolt against dogmatism by supporting the heliocentric theory QUANTITATION OF OBSERVATIONS Hence allowing mathematical analysis DISCOURSE ON METHOD (Descartes, 1637) SKEPTICISM • We start by doubt (hypothesis) in order to reach truth (conclusion) • The only reliable knowledge is mathematics • Except for God and Soul, the whole universe is mathematical • The aim of science is to control nature THE STEPS OF SCIENTIFIC METHOD 1. Definition of a problem 2. Collect data (observations) 3. Formulate a hypothesis 4. Test hypothesis (experiment) 5. Draw conclusions 6. Publication of results 7. Reproducibility by others RESEARCH ERRORS SAMPLE Selected sample Few cases METHODS Outdated reagents Equipment error Personal error Statistical mischoice CONCLUSION Invalidity Causality error THE TREE OF LIVE Association or Causal Relation ? Medieval concept of genesis of Animals from plants CRITERIA OF CAUSALITY 1. Strong association 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Angewandte Chemie International Edition: 1993 02/15/20 1
    Baran Group Meeting Kelly J. Eberle Angewandte Chemie International Edition: 1993 02/15/20 1 January 1993: A Timeline Hot topics: 1993: In Chemistry -Fullerenes Martin Luther King Jr. Day February -Porphyrins observed in all 50 states NH N -!-lactam antibiotics -Electron Transfer Reactions World Trade Center bombing in N HN New York City (1992 Nobel Prize Winner, Rudolph Marcus of Caltech) March Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1993: Baby born April DNA-Based Chemistry in NJ -Kary Mullis (PCR) ‘Walker, Texas -Michael Smith (oligonucleotide-based, site-directed Ranger’ TV debut mutagenesis) May ACIEE ’93 Top Authors: Volume 32 Dietmar Stalke (9) Budweiser commercial dog June Spuds Mackenzie dies 12 Issues Waldemar Adam (6) 654 articles Roland Boese (6) Steven Spielberg’s Jurrasic Park Arnold Rheingold (6) premieres in theaters Paul Schleyer (6) July Most cited articles (not including reviews) Pfaltz et al, 566 (630) Golfer Jack Nicklaus wins the US Chiral Phosphinoaryldihydrooxazoles as Ligands in Asymmetric Senior Open by one stroke August Catalysis: Pd‐Catalyzed Allylic Substitution Ruth Bader Ginsburg sworn in Meijer et al, 1308 (488) as US Supreme Court Justice Poly(propylene imine) Dendrimers: Large‐Scale Synthesis by September Hetereogeneously Catalyzed Hydrogenations Lehn et al, 69 (315) ‘Seinfeld’ wins Emmy for October Multicomponent Self‐Assembly: Spontaneous Formation of a Cylindrical Outstanding Comedy Series Complex from Five Ligands and Six Metal Ions Nelson Mandela and F. W. deKlerk Lehn et al, 703 (301) awarded Nobel Peace Prize Self‐Assembly, Structure, and Spontaneous Resolution of a Trinuclear November Triple Helix from an Oligobipyridine Ligand and NiII Ions Herrmann et al, 1157 (266) Snoop Dogg releases December debut album ‘Doggystyle’ Methyltrioxorhenium(VII) as Catalyst for Epoxidations: Structure of the Active Species and Mechanism of Catalysis NASA STS-61 mission launches Endeavour to repair Hubble Telescope 4 TSRI papers: Boger, Ghadiri, Sharpless, Nicolaou (review, The Battle of Calicheamicin ") Baran Group Meeting Kelly J.
    [Show full text]
  • Upfront Cutting the Cost of Antibody Manufacture in My View
    APRIL 2015 # 07 Upfront In My View Business Sitting Down With Cutting the cost of Bacteriophages: the answer to Fight for your (intellectual Dirk Sauer, Novartis’ Global antibody manufacture antibiotic resistance? property) rights! Head of Ophthalmics 10 18 44 – 46 50 – 51 28842 MM Ad. 16/04/2015 16:59 Page 1 A cell line for life Part of our gene to GMP cell culture capability, Apollo™ is a mammalian expression platform developed by FUJIFILM Diosynth Biotechnologies’ scientists. Created with manufacture in mind, it will deliver a high quality recombinant cell line to take your biopharmaceutical from pre-clinical through to commercial production - a cell line for life. Apollo™ mammalian expression platform delivers: l Rapid representative and clinical material l Optimised cell line development process l Low regulatory risk l Simple technology access l Fast track into manufacture www.fujifilmdiosynth.com/apollo Who’s Who on the Cover? In no particular order. Turn to page 23 for The Power List 2015 1 Parrish Galliher 21 Keith Williams 41 Richard Bergstrom 61 Ian Read 81 Dalvir Gill 2 Mark Offerhaus 22 Chris Frampton 42 Jens H. Vogel 62 Meindert Danhof 82 A. Seidel-Morgenstern 3 Shinya Yamanaka 23 Rino Rappuoli 43 Kenneth Frazier 63 John Aunins 83 David Pyott 4 Tyler Jacks 24 Robert Hugin 44 Peter Seeberger 64 Marijn Dekkers 84 Dennis Fenton 5 Olivier Brandicourt 25 Robert Bradway 45 Julie O’Neill 65 Marshall Crew 85 Barry Buckland 6 Robert Langer 26 Robin Robinson 46 Brian Overstreet 66 Joseph Schlessinger 86 Abbe Steel 7 Carsten Brockmeyer 27 Raman Singh 47 Claus-Michael Lehr 67 Alan Armstrong 87 Andreas Koester 8 Louis Monti 28 Mark Fishman 48 J.
    [Show full text]